猪胎儿神经干细胞的分离培养和分化

本研究旨在从猪胎儿脑组织中分离培养神经干细胞,观察神经干细胞生长特性和体外增殖、分化特点.利用神经干细胞培养体系,从胎龄30 d的猪胎儿脑组织中分离培养神经干细胞并诱导神经干细胞贴壁分化,采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞和分化细胞表面标志或相关基因.结果成功分离培养出神经干细胞,神经干细胞具有分化潜能.神经干细胞中Nestin表达强阳性,β-actin、DCX、Hesl、Oct4、Desmin、CD-90、Nanog和Sox2表达阳性;体外诱导的神经干细胞可以分化为星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).结果提示,从猪胎儿脑组织分离神经干细胞具有可行性和有效性,神经干细胞具有自我更新、增殖和分化潜能.     

哺乳动物神经干细胞研究进展

神经干细胞是神经系统内保持持续增值和分化能力的细胞，目前对神经干细胞的来源、分布、增殖、分化都有较清楚的认识，但是还有许多问题有待解决。研究表明神经干细胞在治疗多种神经系统疾病方面有很大的应用价值，细胞移植是神经干细胞在临床应用中的一个十分有效的途径。     

妊娠中期猪胎儿神经干细胞分离培养及分化

从妊娠中期猪胎儿(胎龄60 d)脑组织分离培养神经干细胞并诱导其贴壁分化,采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞及其分化细胞的表面标志.结果显示,神经干细胞中DCX、Hes1、Oct4、CD-90、Nanog、Sox2和Nestin表达阳性;体外诱导的神经干细胞可以分化为星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).结果表明,从妊娠中期猪胎儿脑组织可以分离神经干细胞,神经干细胞具有自我更新和分化潜能.     

BMP4对SVZa神经干细胞增殖和分化的调控

为了解BMPs在SVZa神经干细胞增殖和分化过程中的作用，在使用不同浓度BMP4诱导SVZa神经干细胞增殖分化的基础上，利用启动子活体荧光标记技术，动态显示BMP4的表达．结果表明，低浓度(1～5ng／mL)BMP4促进sVZa神经干细胞的增殖，而高浓度BMP4(10～100ng／mL)抑制其增殖；BMP4在分化的早期(10d)促进神经元的分化，而在4d以后抑制神经元的分化；加入BMP4的拮抗剂Noggin可以阻断其作用,在嗅球，BMP4的主要作用可能是促使神经元祖细胞退出细胞周期启动分化，在RMS可能为促进其增殖并维持神经元祖细胞状态，而在SVZa，BMP4则主要促进神经干细胞向星形胶质细胞分化。     

人参皂甙Rb1对脂肪干细胞向神经细胞分化的作用研究

为了研究人参皂甙Rb1在脂肪干细胞向神经细胞分化过程中的作用,试验采用MTT方法检测了人参皂甙Rb1对脂肪干细胞向神经细胞分化过程中的增殖作用,采用Western-blot方法检测了不同浓度Rb1对脂肪干细胞向神经细胞分化效率的影响,同时采用q PCR方法检测了分化过程中miRNA-124的变化情况。结果表明:人参皂甙Rb1可以促进脂肪干细胞向神经细胞分化过程时的细胞增殖,同时高浓度人参皂甙Rb1可以显著促进脂肪干细胞向神经细胞分化的效率。证明人参皂甙Rb1可以促进脂肪干细胞向神经细胞的分化。     

妊娠中期猪羊水来源干细胞EGFP基因转化及体外分化

本研究旨在获得妊娠中期猪羊水来源千细胞,并通过用EGFP对干细胞进行标记,为以EGFP作为示踪标记对干细胞进行体内移植研究奠定基础.利用羊水来源干细胞培养技术体系,从胎龄60 d猪胎儿羊水中分离获得干细胞,通过脂质体介导转染将EGFP基因导入干细胞,诱导转基因干细胞向肌细胞和神经细胞分化,观察其分化特点.采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞和分化细胞表面标志或相关基因.结果成功分离培养出妊娠中期猪羊水来源干细胞,并获得转EGFP基因干细胞.干细胞在表达EGFP的同时仍具有分化潜能.干细胞中Oct4、CD-90和Sox2表达阳性;体外诱导的干细胞能分化为肌细胞(表达myf-6和myoD)、星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).研究表明,从妊娠中期猪胎儿羊水中分离干细胞具有可行性和有效性,转EGFP基因干细胞具有自我更新、增殖和分化潜能,可以用EGFP对羊水来源干细胞进行标记、追踪,为EGFP作为示踪标记对干细胞用于体内移植研究奠定了基础.     

亚硝酸盐中毒抑制小鼠成体神经发生

雄性成年昆明小鼠分为亚硝酸盐染毒组和生理盐水对照组,通过灌胃进行亚硝酸盐染毒,用BrdU腹腔注射和免疫组织化学方法研究齿状回神经干细胞的增殖和新生细胞的存活状况,用多重免疫荧光标记研究神经干细胞的分化和迁移方向。结果显示,染毒组小鼠齿状回颗粒层中的BrdU阳性细胞数量、存活率均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),表明亚硝酸盐中毒对小鼠新生神经干细胞的增殖和存活产生了影响。染毒组BrdU/NeuN双阳性细胞的数量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,染毒组中神经干细胞的迁移方向无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,亚硝酸盐中毒能显著抑制小鼠神经干细胞增殖,降低新生细胞的存活率。     

褪黑激素调控干细胞增殖与分化研究进展

褪黑激素作为机体内源同步因子传递光周期信号,可调节机体昼夜节律和季节性活动。干细胞在修复组织器官损伤等领域受到许多研究者的关注,然而干细胞在体外有效的增殖和分化是其广泛应用于临床的前提和基础。近年来有文献报道褪黑激素对干细胞增殖、分化具有重要的调控作用。论文就褪黑激素调控干细胞增殖与分化的研究进展做一综述,为提高干细胞治疗效果提供新思路。     

荷斯坦奶牛乳腺干细胞的成神经诱导鉴定及催乳素对其增殖活性的影响

本研究旨在探究荷斯坦奶牛乳腺干细胞的多向分化潜能及催乳素对其增殖活性的影响。采用尼氏染色法对乳腺干细胞向神经细胞分化的情况进行鉴定,利用RT-PCR技术对诱导后的乳腺干细胞进行基因水平检测;MTT法检测催乳素对乳腺干细胞增殖活性的影响。结果表明:荷斯坦奶牛乳腺干细胞经成神经诱导后,细胞中有类似神经元的细胞出现,并且细胞周围出现许多微管样的结构,经尼氏染色呈阳性。诱导后神经细胞标记基因NSE和β-Tubulin Ⅲ呈阳性表达。催乳素刺激可促进乳腺干细胞的增殖,低浓度时乳腺干细胞的活力较好,且100ng·mL~(-1)为增殖最适浓度。     

骨髓间质干细胞(MSCs)的研究进展

干细胞研究在近几年来已经成为全球生命科学研究领域的一大热点和前沿,其中的骨髓间质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells MSCs)研究最多.近年来的研究表明,MSCs本身还具有增殖和多向分化潜能,其增殖能力介于胚胎干细胞和成体组织细胞之间.     

新生Wistar大鼠海马神经细胞的体外培养与鉴定

为探讨原代Wistar大鼠海马神经细胞的体外培养方法,本研究取新生24 h内的Wistar大鼠海马组织,无菌剪碎后采用胰酶消化法分离细胞,用含20%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基培养,逐日在倒置相差显微镜下观察。结果发现,从海马组织中分离出的神经细胞具有增殖能力,细胞对数生长期为2~8 d,最长培养30 d;细胞经免疫荧光鉴定Nestin表达呈阳性;免疫组织化学结果显示,在传代培养细胞的胞体和突起均有NF阳性标记物,GFAP抗体和CD68抗体显色均为阴性。由此可见,分离培养的细胞是具有自我更新增殖和多分化潜能的神经元细胞。     

昆虫神经系统和神经干细胞的研究进展

昆虫的神经系统属于腹神经索型,控制着激素分泌、进食、运动以及支配内脏器官的活动,与脊椎动物的神经系统相比较,其结构简单易于实验操作。对昆虫神经系统的研究,可发现特异性靶标细胞,用于开发新型环保杀虫剂等。此外,昆虫神经干细胞的分裂、分化调控机制与脊椎动物甚至人类有很多的相似性,因而对昆虫神经干细胞的研究可为人类退化性神经疾病研究提供借鉴。本文着重阐述昆虫特别是果蝇的神经系统结构,神经细胞的类型,成神经细胞(neuroblasts,NBs)以及神经干细胞分裂、分化调控机制等方面的研究进展,期望能为开展家蚕神经干细胞的研究提供参考。     

骨骼肌卫星细胞的研究进展

目前已证实骨骼肌是具有多向分化潜能的成体干细胞的一个储存库。研究者认为骨骼肌中至少有两种干细胞:肌肉卫星细胞(muscle satellite cells)和肌源干细胞(muscle-derived stem cells),由于骨骼肌卫星细胞占了绝大部分,因此肌肉干细胞主要指骨骼肌卫星细胞。作者主要对肌肉卫星细胞的分离、培养、纯化、鉴定及影响其增殖与分化的机制做了简要概述。     

Equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells: isolation, identification, trilineage differentiation and effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment

Reasons for performing study: Two studies report variability in proliferation and limited adipocyte differentiation of equine peripheral blood‐derived adult mesenchymal stem cells, thus casting doubt on their adipogenic potential. Peripheral blood can be a valuable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells if cell culture conditions permissive for their adherence, proliferation and differentiation are defined. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment has been reported to mobilise haematopoietic progenitor stem cells into the peripheral blood in humans and mice, but similar experiments have not been done in horses. Objectives: To optimise cell culture conditions for isolation, propagation and differentiation of adult stem cells from peripheral blood and to assess the effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on adult stem cell concentrations. Methods: Peripheral blood was collected from the jugular vein of 6 research mares, and mononuclear cells were isolated. They were subjected to cell culture conditions that promote the adherence and proliferation of adult stem cells. The cells were characterised by their adherence, expression of cellular antigen markers, and trans‐differentiation. Each horse was subjected to 3 hyperbaric oxygen treatments, and stem cells were compared before and after treatments. Stem cells derived from adipose tissue were used as controls. Results: One‐third of the horses yielded viable stem cells from peripheral blood, positive for CD51, CD90 and CD105, and demonstrated osteocyte, chondrocyte and adipocyte differentiation. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment resulted in a significant increase in CD90‐positive cells. Horses that did not yield any cells pretreatment did so only after 3 hyperbaric oxygen treatments. Conclusions and potential relevance: Peripheral blood can be a valuable source of adult stem cells, if one can identify reliable equine‐specific markers, provide methods to increase the number of circulating progenitor cells and optimise cell culture conditions for growth and viability. Our findings are important for further studies towards technological advances in basic and clinical equine regenerative medicine.     

Role of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) through p38 and ERK1/2 pathway in the differentiation of rat neuronal stem cells

Gap junctional intercellular communications (GJIC) contributes to neural function in development and differentiation of CNS. In this study, we have investigated the expression of GJIC during the differentiation of neuronal stem cells and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced neuronal stem cell-derived cells from rat brain. During neuronal stem cell differentiation, expressions of Cx43 and 32 were increased for the duration of 72 hr, however the effect were decreased on the 7d. In the neuronal stem cell-derived cells, pretreatments with p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB203580, and MEK inhibitor, PD98059, could protect GJIC against TPA-induced inhibition of GJIC. Our data suggest that GJIC plays an important role during neuronal stem cell differentiation, and ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway may be closely related functionally to regulate gap junction in rat neuronal stem cell-derived cells.     

Effects and neuro-toxic mechanisms of 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and endosulfan in neuronal stem cells.

Endocrine disrupters are exogenous compounds thought to mimic the action of estrogen or other hormones and influence endocrine activity in the body (Juberg, 2000). These chemicals have adverse effects not only in the reproductive system but also in the central nervous system during development and throughout life. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of environmentally persistent and widespread halogenated hydrocarbons. It has been reported that PCBs are potential neurotoxicants. Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide that is extensively used to control pests in vegetables, cotton, and fruits. To determine the effect of 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5',-hexachlorobiphenyl(2, 4, 5-HCB) and endosulfan on embryo nervous system, we isolated neural stem cells from rat brain at embryonic day 17. Isolated neural stem cells showed pluripotenty. Stem cells could differentiate into neurons and glia. Neurite formation in endosulfan and 2, 4, 5-HCB treated cells. And it appeared to be decreased as compared with that in untreated cells. In order to know the neuro-toxic mechanisms of 2, 4, 5-HCB and endosulfan in neuronal stem cells, we investigated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity (MAPK) and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Endosulfan decreased the MAPK activity in dose dependent manner. Endosulfan and 2, 4, 5-HCB inhibited GJIC compared to the untreated cell by scrape loading dye transfer (SL/DT). 2, 4, 5-HCB and endosulfan decreased the expression of connexin 43 in dose dependent manner. These results indicated that 2, 4, 5-HCB and endosulfan may inhibit differentiation and proliferation of neural stem cells and gap junctional intercellular communication which play a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.     

Isolation and culture of rabbit primordial germ cells

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are embryonic precursors of the gametes of adult animals and are considered stem cells of the germline. Since their proliferation in vitro correlates well with the schedule of developmental changes in vivo, they might be interesting research tools for genomic imprinting, germ-cell tumors and fertility. Furthermore, once primordial germ cells are separated and placed on a feeder layer with cytokines, they become cultured pluripotent cell lines called embryonic germ (EG) cells. EG cells share several important characteristics with embryonic stem (ES) cells as they can also contribute to the germ line of chimeras. To investigate the characteristics of PGCs and establish rabbit EG (rEG) cells, we cultured rabbit PGCs (rPGCs) in vitro with various combinations of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and forskolin on inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder layers. The present study found PGC proliferation in early cultures and induction of rEG-like colonies. These cells expressed pluripotent markers, such as alkaline phosphatase activity, OCT-4, Sox-2 and SSEA-1, in the undifferentiated state; however, the cells did not develop into a teratoma when injected into the kidney capsules of SCID mice, although the restricted differentiation potentials to neural cells were determined via embryoid body formation. From these characteristics and further characterization of the germ stem cell markers Vasa, SCP-1 and SCP-3, we suggested that these were hybrid cells with characteristics somewhere between PGC and EG cells.     

鸡胚胎干细胞及其应用研究进展

鸡胚胎干细胞是一种多能性干细胞,从X期胚盘分离胚盘细胞或早期鸡胚的生殖嵴分离原始生殖细胞,经体外长期抑制分化培养可得到鸡胚胎干细胞。为维持细胞在培养过程中的未分化状态,需要采用饲养层细胞培养,同时设计合理的培养液配方并添加多种抑制分化或促进增殖的细胞因子。通过碱性磷酸酶活性检测、胚胎表面特异性抗原检测、分化试验及嵌合体试验等方法,可对鸡胚胎干细胞进行准确鉴定。文章主要就鸡胚胎干细胞的分离、培养与鉴定方法的研究进展及其应用前景进行简要综述,为进一步发展更高效的鸡胚胎干细胞培养体系并应用于生产实践提供一定的借鉴。     

造血干细胞研究进展

造血干细胞是具有自我更新、高度增殖和多向分化潜能的细胞群体,在人体造血系统中起着至关重要的作用。本文介绍了造血干细胞的生物学特征、表面标志以及造血干细胞在干细胞移植、细胞治疗和基因治疗等方面的临床应用和前景。     

鱼类胚胎干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞是存在于早期胚胎或原始生殖嵴,具有发育全能性和无限增殖能力的一类细胞。作为实验材料,该类细胞已广泛应用于基因的表达与调控、细胞分化的机制、动物克隆及转基因动物生产等研究领域。与其他哺乳动物胚胎干细胞的研究相比,虽然鱼类胚胎干细胞的研究起步较晚,但近年来该领域的研究进展迅速。本文综述了鱼类胚胎干细胞的分离培养、生物学特性、体外分化能力及嵌合体形成等方面的研究进展。