北京“土壤-饲料-奶牛”系统氮磷流动及环境损失时空特征

分析大城市郊区"土壤-饲料-奶牛"养殖体系养分流动和环境排放特征是合理控制养殖规模、促进农牧结合、保护生态环境和保障畜禽产品供应等政策制定的基础。本研究选取北京市郊区28个规模化奶牛农场,调研包括饲料来源和投入、奶牛生产和粪尿管理以及产品输出情况。结合公开发表的文献数据和北京市统计数据,利用NUFER-animal模型对1980—2013年北京市规模化奶牛农场"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统养分流动特征、利用效率和环境损失的时空变化进行了定量化分析。结果表明,1980—2013年,奶牛个体尺度(仅包括泌乳牛)氮利用效率从14.9%增加到21.2%,磷利用效率从13.8%增加到27.3%;群体尺度(包括犊牛、育成牛、青年牛、泌乳牛和干乳牛)氮利用效率从14.5%增加到18.2%,磷利用效率从15.8%增加到24.9%;系统尺度(土壤-饲料-奶牛)氮利用效率从11.3%增加到15.8%,磷利用效率从13.3%增加到22.3%。北京市奶牛养殖个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度氮利用效率在1985年前减少;而1985年后逐渐增加。个体尺度、群体尺度和系统尺度磷利用效率均不断增加。系统尺度氮总损失从1980年的1 516 t增加到2013年的16 973 t;磷总损失从114 t增加到1 763 t。生产1 kg氮磷产品造成的氮和磷损失均表现出不断减少的趋势。北京市"土壤-饲料-奶牛"生产系统氮磷流动特征发生了很大变化,养分利用效率和总环境损失不断增加。产生这一变化的原因是养殖数量的增加、养殖模式从传统向集约化转变和环保管理措施的完善。因此,调整奶牛养殖从数量型向质量型转变以及提高喂养技术和粪尿管理水平等是提高都市奶牛养殖可持续发展的必要措施。     

Fine root decomposition,nutrient mobilization and fungal communities in a pine forest ecosystem

Despite its importance to energy flow and nutrient cycling the process of fine root decomposition has received comparatively little detailed research. Disruption of the fine root-soil interface during preparation of root litterbags for decomposition studies could affect decay rates and nutrient mobilization in part by altering the community of decay organisms. We compared rates of decomposition and nutrient release from fine roots of pine between litterbags and intact cores and characterized the fungal community in the decomposing roots. Fine root decomposition was about twice as fast overall for intact cores than litterbags, and rapid mobilization of N and P was observed for roots in cores whereas nutrients were immobilized in litterbags. Fungal communities characterized using 454 pyrosequencing were considerably different between decaying roots in intact cores and litterbags. Most interesting, taxa from ectomycorrhizal fungal orders such as Boletales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales appeared to be more common in decaying roots from cores than litterbags. Moreover, the rate of N and P mobilization from decaying fine roots was highly correlated with taxa from two orders of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Thelephorales, Cantharellales). Although we caution that DNA identified from the decaying roots cannot be conclusively ascribed to active fungi, the results provide tentative support for a significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in decomposition and nutrient mobilization from fine roots of pine.     

中国食物链养分流动与管理研究

为寻求食物生产与消费系统中粮食安全、资源高效和环境友好的协调和农业绿色发展途径,研究团队构建了"土壤-作物-畜牧-家庭-环境"(简称食物链系统)研究体系,运用物质流动和养分代谢理论方法创立了养分流动模型,深入研究了该系统养分流动规律及调控机理,经过近十多年系统研究,获得结果如下:(1)提出食物链养分流动金字塔概念模型,创建了食物链系统养分流动模型。通过分析养分在"土壤-作物-畜牧-家庭-环境"系统的行为特征,发现养分从"土壤-作物-畜牧"向"家庭"的流动呈金字塔状,其形状决定了系统生产力、养分效率和环境效应。处于金字塔顶端的"家庭"消费驱动了系统养分流动,决定了养分效率;"土壤-作物-畜牧"位于金字塔底层,支撑顶层"家庭"消费,决定了系统养分通量,也是养分调控的核心。在此基础上,开发了食物系统养分流动模型——UFER,构建了参数体系,实现了国家和区域尺度食物链氮磷流量、利用效率和环境排放的定量分析。(2)揭示了食物链系统氮磷养分流量、利用效率及其资源环境代价的时空变化特征。阐明了我国土壤-作物系统、农牧系统和整个食物链系统氮磷养分流量、养分效率和环境排放的时空分异特征;明确了土壤作物、畜牧和家庭各子系统对整个食物链养分环境排放的贡献;提出了食物氮(磷)代价概念,发现我国食物生产和消费的资源环境代价增速很快,已远远超过发达国家。(3)明确了食物链系统养分流动的驱动因素,阐明了提高养分效率和降低环境排放的调控机理。明确了决定食物链系统养分效率的关键环节,发现城镇化、食物结构变化和畜牧业发展是食物链养分流动加速的主要驱动因子;阐明了增加粮食和饲料进口、优化膳食结构和改善农牧业养分管理技术等对食物链系统优化的效应及作用机制。发现农牧结合和粪尿资源化利用是大幅度减少化肥需求和环境排放的关键途径,是实现农业绿色发展和食物链养分优化管理的重要突破口。     

晚播对紫云英生长、养分积累和根际微生物的影响

大田条件下,依据水稻收获时间设置3个晚播播期(10月30日、11月10日和11月20日)。对不同播期处理下紫云英生长状况、鲜草产量、养分积累量以及根际微生物等影响进行研究。结果表明,播期显著影响紫云英的生长及物质养分积累。随着播期的推迟,紫云英的株高、密度、单株复叶数、单株鲜重、单株干重均呈下降趋势。鲜草产量随播期推迟显著降低,10月30日播种的鲜草产量最高,达19 006.35 kg/hm2。不同播期植株地上部C、N、P、K含量差异不显著,积累量则随播期的推迟而显著降低。播期显著影响紫云英根际土壤微生物量,根际土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均随播期的推迟而显著减少。本试验条件下,11月10日以后播种的紫云英鲜草产量、养分积累量等指标均显著低于10月30日播种的处理。晚播紫云英播期控制在11月之前可获得较高的产草量和养分积累,取得较好的还田效果。     

皖南红黄壤地区连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响

在皖南红黄壤地区利用大田试验研究了连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量、养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:在施用氮肥的基础上合理配施磷钾肥,促进了油菜的生长发育,提高了油菜植株的养分含量和养分吸收量,从而显著增加了油菜的产量,并且磷肥的增产效应大于钾肥效应,三季油菜平均产量以处理P90K120最高,达到了1968.7 kg hm-2;同时连续施用磷钾肥能够改善土壤养分含量,显著提高了土壤速效钾、速效磷含量,与试验前土壤相比,速效磷增加了14.83~20.2 mg kg-1,速效钾增加了69.51~109.61 mg kg-1。     

氮磷钾对桔梗干物质积累及桔梗皂苷D含量的影响

采用3因素3水平的盆栽正交试验研究了不同浓度N(7.5、15、30 mmol L-1)、P(0.5、2、4 mmol L-1)和K(3、6、18 mmol L-1)营养液配比对桔梗干物质积累、养分吸收利用及桔梗皂苷D含量的影响。结果表明:在N_3、P_2、K_2水平处理下桔梗叶片光和色素含量及净光合速率各自达到最大值。随着栽培时间的延长,桔梗根部干物质及N、P、K积累量逐步增加,桔梗皂苷D含量则先下降后上升,但均在10月份显著升高。N、P、K肥对桔梗干物质积累及桔梗皂苷D含量的影响顺序为氮肥钾肥磷肥。10月收获时,分别在N_2、P_2、K_2水平处理下,桔梗根部干物质积累量及桔梗皂苷D含量最大。全生育期内桔梗植株对N、P、K的吸收量为101.93、86.24、158.10 mg plant-1。且春夏季N、P、K营养在桔梗地上部分高于地下部分,而秋季营养物质向根部集中。结论:桔梗植株全生育期内对氮、钾肥需求较多,且氮肥对桔梗的生长影响最大,每生产100 kg桔梗干物质需N、P_2O_5、K_2O的比例为1∶0.90∶1.27。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中氮磷钾肥施用对饲草产量和养分吸收的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了苏丹草-黑麦草轮作中N、P、K肥施用对饲草的产量、养分吸收及土壤性质的影响.结果表明:N、P、K肥的施用可分别使饲草鲜草产量提高6.1倍、1O.6倍和O.6倍,各处理差异均达显著水平.N肥施用后饲草对N、P和K的吸收量与不施N处理相比分别提高6.9倍、3.5倍和4.7倍;P肥施用后饲草对N、P和K的吸收量与不施P处理相比分别提高5.9倍、23.2倍和7.3倍;K肥施用后饲草对N,P和K的吸收量与不施K处理相比分别提高O.3倍、O.7倍和7.4倍.N、P、K肥的施用可相互促进肥料表观利用率的提高.P、K肥的施用有利于缓解土壤酸化,轮作后各处理土壤有机质含量无显著差异,缺P处理的土壤NH4 -N含量明显较高,施N处理土壤中P含量明显降低,缺N、缺P处理轮作后土壤K含量明显高于其他处理.     

长期集约经营对雷竹林土壤碳氮磷库特征的影响

为了研究长期集约经营对雷竹林土壤碳库与养分库的影响,在浙江省临安市三口镇选择了两块相邻的集约经营雷竹林样地（经营时间分别为1a和15a）采样,分析测定了土壤不同形态碳、氮和磷,并利用核磁共振方法分析了土壤总有机碳的波谱特征。结果表明：与集约经营1a雷竹林比较,15a集约经营雷竹林土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳、热水溶性有机碳和易氧化碳含量分别增加了249%、197%、81.8%和116%,但微生物生物量碳含量下降了17.6%。土壤有机碳的固态核磁共振结果表明,雷竹林土壤有机碳以烷基碳和烷氧碳为主。与1a集约经营的比较,15a集约经营后,土壤烷基碳和烷基碳/烷氧碳比（A/O-A）显著增加（p < 0.05）、芳香碳和芳香度显著下降（p < 0.05）,而烷氧碳和羧基碳没有显著变化。与集约经营1a雷竹林比较,15a集约经营雷竹林土壤水溶性有机氮、NH4 -N、NO3--N、有效磷和有机磷含量显著增加（p < 0.05）,但微生物生物量氮和微生物生物量磷含量分别下降了36.5%和22.7%。综上所述,长期集约经营导致雷竹林土壤碳库和氮磷养分库的贮量显著增加,而土壤微生物活性和土壤有机碳库的稳定性却显著下降。     

赣南飞播马尾松林林下植被盖度对土壤质量的影响

为了探明林下植被盖度对赣南飞播马尾松林土壤质量的影响,选取3种林下植被盖度（> 70%,30%～70%,< 30%）的林分,对其表层（0—10 cm）土壤理化性质的16个指标进行比较分析,筛选出土壤容重、田间持水量、土壤有机质、速效磷、pH值作为土壤质量评价指标,运用土壤理化综合指数评价不同林下植被盖度下土壤质量水平。结果表明:3种林下植被盖度间,土壤容重、土壤含水量、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、pH值存在显著差异（P < 0.05）;非毛管孔隙度、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾不存在显著差异（P > 0.05）。不同林下植被盖度的土壤理化综合指数存在极显著差异（P < 0.01）,土壤质量随着林下植被盖度的增加而得到显著提高。     

Elevated enzyme activities in soils under the invasive nitrogen-fixing tree Falcataria moluccana

Like other N-fixing invasive species in Hawaii, Falcataria moluccana dramatically alters forest structure, litterfall quality and quantity, and nutrient dynamics. We hypothesized that these biogeochemical changes would also affect the soil microbial community and the extracellular enzymes responsible for carbon and nutrient mineralization. Across three sites differing in substrate texture and age (50-300 years old), we measured soil enzyme activities and microbial community parameters in native-dominated and Falcataria-invaded plots. Falcataria invasion increased acid phosphatase (AP) activities to >90 μmol g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹ compared to 30-60 μmol g⁻¹ soil h⁻¹ in native-dominated stands. Extracellular enzymes that mineralize carbon and nitrogen also increased significantly under Falcataria on the younger substrates. By contrast, total microbial biomass and mycorrhizal abundance changed little with invasion or substrate. However, fungal:bacterial ratios declined dramatically with invasion, from 2.69 and 1.35 to <0.89 on the 50- and 200-year-old substrates, respectively. These results suggest that Falcataria invasion alters the composition and function of belowground soil communities in addition to forest structure and biogeochemistry. The increased activities of AP and other enzymes that we observed are consistent with a shift toward phosphorus limitation and rapid microbial processing of litterfall C and N following Falcataria invasion.     

马尾松采伐迹地火烧黑炭对土壤营养元素含量的短期影响

以中亚热带33年生马尾松人工林采伐迹地为研究对象,分析了炼山1年后移除黑炭(B0)、单倍黑炭(B1)、双倍黑炭(B2)处理和未炼山对照(UB)土壤可提取态常量(P、K、Ca、Na、Mg)和微量(Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)元素含量及其比值的变化特征。结果表明:(1)黑炭输入量对土壤常量元素的影响因土层而异,在0—10 cm土层,B2土壤K、Ca和Mg含量显著高于B0土壤(P0.05),黑炭输入量对10—20 cm土壤常量元素含量没有影响(P0.05)。在0—10,10—20 cm土层,B2土壤速效P含量均显著高于UB土壤(P0.05)。不同黑炭输入量处理土壤速效P含量无显著差异(P0.05);(2)不同黑炭输入量处理土壤微量元素含量无显著差异(P0.05),但在10—20 cm土层,B2土壤Mn含量显著高于UB土壤(P0.05);(3)炼山没有显著影响土壤钠钾吸附比(SPAR)、Ca/Mg和Ca/Al。黑炭输入量对土壤Ca/Mg的影响因土层而异,在10—20 cm土层,B2处理土壤Ca/Mg显著高于B0和B1处理土壤Ca/Mg(P0.05),而在0—10 cm土层不同黑炭处理土壤Ca/Mg没有显著差异(P0.05)。因此,炼山产生的黑炭在短期内有助于提高土壤常量养分元素含量,并对于维持土壤结构稳定性具有积极意义,今后应持续监测黑炭对土壤养分的长期影响,从而完善炼山黑炭在人工林经营管理中的应用。     

Soil fauna alter the effects of litter composition on nitrogen cycling in a mineral soil

Plant chemical composition and the soil community are known to influence litter and soil organic matter decomposition. Although these two factors are likely to interact, their mechanisms and outcomes of interaction are not well understood. Studies of their interactive effects are rare and usually focus on carbon dynamics of litter, while nutrient dynamics in the underlying soil have been ignored. A potential mechanism of interaction stems from the role fauna plays in regulating availability of litter-derived materials in the mineral soil. We investigated the role of soil fauna (meso, macro) in determining the effect of surface-litter chemical composition on nitrogen mineralization and on the micro-food web in mineral soils. In a field setting we exposed mineral soil to six types of surface-applied litter spanning wide ranges of multiple quality parameters and restricted the access of larger soil animals to the soils underlying these litters. Over six months we assessed litter mass and nitrogen loss, nitrogen mineralization rates in the mineral soils, and soil microbes and microfauna. We found evidence that the structure of the soil community can alter the effect of surface-litter chemical composition on nitrogen dynamics in the mineral soil. In particular, we found that the presence of members of the meso- and macrofauna can magnify the control of nitrogen mineralization by litter quality and that this effect is time dependent. While fauna were able to affect the size of the micro-food web they did not impact the effect of litter composition on the abundance of the members of the micro-food web. By enhancing the strength of the impact of litter quality on nitrogen dynamics, the larger fauna can alter nitrogen availability and its temporal dynamics which, in turn, can have important implications for ecosystem productivity. These findings contribute to evidence demonstrating that soil fauna shape plant litter effects on ecosystem function.     

氮肥用量对滨海滩涂区甘薯干物质积累、氮素效率和钾钠吸收的影响

我国沿海滩涂种植能源作物甘薯有广阔的前景。为确定苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量,比较了6个施氮水平下甘薯的成活率(SR)、商品率(CR)、蔓薯比(V/T)、干物质积累(DMA)、氮素累积值(NAV)、氮利用效率(NUE)、氮收获指数(NHI)及钾钠吸收的差异。结果表明:(1)施氮量与甘薯地上部分DMA和NAV均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,余同),对地下部分NAV影响较小(P>0.05)。(2)与不施氮比较,施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2对甘薯的V/T、SR、NUE和NHI均无显著影响。(3)甘薯的CR、地下部分和块根DMA以及理论产量(NAV×NUE×NHI)均以施氮60 kg(N)·hm-2显著高于其他处理。施氮量超过60 kg(N)·hm-2,施氮量与甘薯的V/T值呈极显著正相关,与SR、CR、NUE、NHI、地下部分和块根DMA均呈极显著负相关。(4)甘薯对钾钠的吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,二者呈极显著正相关。甘薯地上部分钾钠含量均在施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2时达到最高值。施氮量对钾钠含量比没有影响。因此,苏北滩涂区甘薯适宜施氮量为60 kg(N)·hm-2。     

Exploitation of litter and soil by the train millipede Parafontaria laminata (Diplopoda: Xystodesmidae) in larch plantation forests in Japan

Swarms of the train millipede (Parafontaria laminata) are known to occur every 8 years; during the swarms, adults emerging from the soil have an extremely high density in natural and plantation forests in central Japan. Their influence on organic layer accumulation on forest floors was investigated under field conditions in plantation larch forests in central Japan, before and after the adult swarming period of 2000. In addition, the adult millipede feeding preference and the amount of food consumed were observed in the laboratory. The field density of adults ranged from 11 to 311 individuals m⁻² in October 2000; the highest biomass was 28.6±16.4 g dry wt m⁻². Reduction of the forest floor organic layer was density- dependent when the population consisted of 7th instar larvae; however, the adult population did not consume in a density-dependent manner. Higher levels of geophagy were observed in high-density treatments in the laboratory. We hypothesized that the geophagy of the millipedes was partly supported by the naturally high organic matter content of Andosol, and that soil consumption would sustain an extremely high biomass in a temperate conifer forest soil.     

福建省长汀县水土流失区马尾松种群对干旱的响应与恢复

[目的] 探究福建省长汀县水土流失区先锋树种马尾松对干旱的响应与后续恢复,为该区植被恢复与重建工作提供科学支持。[方法] 选择在长汀县河田镇的严重退化地,建立30 m×30 m的种群监测样方,测量样方内所有马尾松个体基径、树高和繁殖情况。借助存活生长函数与繁殖函数计算2016—2020年的马尾松各生命率变化情况,并结合标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)计算的同期年度SPEI指数进行分析讨论。[结果] ①长汀县水土流失区发生年度干旱时,马尾松各生命率响应明显。个体生长量减少,存活率下降,此时繁殖径级提前,小径级马尾松繁殖概率增加,马尾松为维持种群存在对策调整; ②长汀县水土流失区进入恢复期后,小个体生长量增加,存活率逐渐增加,繁殖概率先增加后减少。大径级个体各生命率均逐渐回升,恢复速度相对较快,但所有个体均未恢复至干旱发生前状态。[结论] 严重退化地马尾松种群对干旱的响应程度较高,各个生命率(存活、生长和繁殖)变化较快,但种群的恢复能力较差。     

黑龙江省东部山地红松人工林生态系统水化学特征

对黑龙江省东部山地红松人工林生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干径流、枯透水和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、总溶解固体、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行了检测。结果表明:大气降水经过林冠层后,其水化学特征发生了明显变化,pH和DO降低,TURB和TDS明显增加,化学元素含量均不同程度增加。树干径流除了Cu外其余各化学元素含量均明显增加。穿透水和树干径流中各元素的变异系数较大。枯透水各化学元素的变异系数低于其他水样,只有Mn元素变化较大。穿透水、树干径流和枯透水中的K、Ca淋溶量较大,Cu、Zn淋溶量较少,根据淋溶系数的大小排列穿透水的淋溶序列为Mn>K>Mg>Cu>Fe>Ca>Na>Zn,树干径流的淋溶序列为Mn>Mg>K>Fe>Ca>Cu>Na>Zn,而枯透水的淋溶序列为Mg>Mn>K>Fe>Ca>Cu>Na>Zn。     

贵州高原山地马尾松人工林土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特性

采用空间代替时间的方法,选取贵州中部高原山地8,18,26,36年生4个林龄的马尾松人工林为研究对象,通过测定林下土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量,分析不同发育阶段林分土壤养分变化规律及化学计量比特征。结果表明:马尾松人工林土壤SOC、TN、TP平均值分别为12.24,1.94,0.35g/kg,C∶N、C∶P和N∶P平均值分别为6.58,38.70和13.65,C∶N∶P的平均值为39∶6∶1,其养分含量总体不高。随土层深度增加,4个林龄土壤SOC、TN含量降低,但C∶N增加,TP、C∶P和N∶P无明显变化规律。随林龄增加,土壤SOC、TN、N∶P先降低后升高,而TP则持续降低;C∶N除在36年生林分中显著降低外,其余各林分均无显著差异;C∶P无明显变化规律。相关分析表明,SOC、TN是调控马尾松人工林土壤生态化学计量比的主要因素。研究结果可为进一步明确贵州高原山地马尾松人工林土壤养分循环特征提供重要参考。     

Plant growth and nutrition in pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity of ectomycorrhizal root tips inoculated with seven individual ectomycorrhizal fungal species at high and low nitrogen conditions

We investigated the functions and ecological traits of seven individual ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species derived from a Pinus thunbergii-dominated (nitrogen-poor) and a Robinia pseudoacacia-dominated (nitrogen-rich) area. P. thunbergii seedlings were inoculated with seven individual ECM fungal species and cultured under high nitrogen (nitrogen group) and low nitrogen (control group) conditions. Control seedlings were not inoculated with any ECM fungus. Seedlings harvested were examined for the numbers of non-mycorrhizal and ECM root tips, growth, nutrient status (nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon) and the activity of dehydrogenase and phosphomonoesterase in the root tips. The relationships among the growth, nutrient status and the enzymatic activity in the seedlings inoculated with each ECM fungal species were also analyzed by canonical discriminants. As the results, inoculation of ECM fungi made the plant growth significantly higher than those of non-inoculated seedlings. Plant growth significantly correlated with the phosphorus content, N:P ratio and phosphomonoesterase activity, especially in the nitrogen group. Dehydrogenase and phosphomonoesterase activities in the seedlings were higher when the ECM fungi from a nitrogen-rich area were inoculated than when those from a nitrogen-poor area were inoculated. The canonical discriminant analyses separated seedlings by inocula: no fungus, ECM fungi from a nitrogen-poor area, and those from a nitrogen-rich area. These results suggested the possibility that nitrogen deposition caused P shortage and the P absorbing ability was higher in the ECM fungi in nitrogen-rich forests than those in nitrogen-poor forests.     

碳氮比对水芹浮床系统去除低污染水氮磷效果的影响

随着我国经济的快速发展,农业面源污染问题日益严重,加剧了淡水水质恶化的趋势。本研究以浮床水芹(Oenanthe javanica)系统和无植物对照(Control)为对象,研究了其对不同碳氮比农村低污染水[定义为农业生产或农民生活过程中产生的,富含植物生长所需的氮、磷等养分与多种微量元素且满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准一级B要求(GB 18918—2002一级B:TN≤20 mg·L~(-1),TP≤1 mg·L~(-1))的那部分污水]中氮(N)、磷(P)、化学需氧量(COD)的净化效果。试验所用低污染水为生活污水(TWW)和外加碳源生活污水(高碳氮比,TWW-HC)两种。整个试验历时82 d,中间换水一次。试验结果表明水芹浮床系统接纳高碳氮比低污染水对氮磷的去除效果较好。外加碳源能在短时间内快速降低低污染水中N、P的浓度,试验3 d时TWW-HC中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)的去除率分别达40.8%、38.4%、62.8%。整个试验周期TWW-HC组对TN的去除率为73.9%~96.0%,高于TWW组(60.6%~85.9%);该组对TP的去除率为68.0%~81.1%,高于TWW组和Control组(TP去除率分别为21.3%~54.9%和19.2%~58.1%)。收获时TWW-HC处理水芹生物量、平均株高和相对生长速率均显著高于TWW处理(P0.05)。TWW-HC处理通过植物吸收带走的N、P分别占系统对N、P去除量的58.2%和37.6%,明显高于TWW处理(相应比例分别为8.7%和11.0%)。这说明通过外加碳源调节进水C∶N比促进了水芹的生长和对污水中养分的吸收利用,有利于水芹浮床系统对N、P的去除。     

Soil properties influencing erodibility of soils in the Ntabelanga area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

Soil erosion has serious off-site impacts caused by increased mobilization of sediment and delivery to water bodies causing siltation and pollution. To evaluate factors influencing soil erodibility at a proposed dam site, 21 soil samples collected were characterized. The soils were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, pH, electrical conductivities, mean weight diameter and soil particles’ size distribution. Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, dispersion ratio (DR), clay flocculation index (CFI), clay dispersion ratio (CDR) and Ca:Mg ratio were then calculated. Soil erodibility (K-factor) estimates were determined using SOC content and surface soil properties. Soil loss rates by splashing were determined under rainfall simulations at 360?mmh^?1 rainfall intensity. Soil loss was correlated to the measured chemical and physical soil properties. There were variations in soil form properties and erodibility indices showing influence on soil loss. The average soil erodibility and SOC values were 0.0734?t?MJ^?1?mm^?1 and 0.81%, respectively. SOC decreased with depth and soil loss increased with a decrease in SOC content. SOC significantly influenced soil loss, CDR, CFI and DR (P??1. Addition of organic matter stabilize the soils against erosion.