The Effect of N Deposition on Nitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide Emissions from Temperate Forest Soils

Long-term and short-term N deposition effects on N₂O and NO emissions from forest soils were compared. Long-term NH₃ deposition (> 20 years) from a poultry farm to a downwind woodland (decreasing from 73 to 18 kg N ha^-1 y^-1, 30 to 110 m downwind of the farm) resulted in the re-emission of 6% and 14% of NH₃-N deposited as N₂O-N and NO-N, respectively. However, when in short-term (2-3 years) field experiments the atmospheric N deposition to mature conifer plantations was raised by fumigation with NH₃ to 15 kg N ha^-1 y^-1 or by acid mist to 48 and 96 kg N ha^-1 y^-1 the N deposited was immobilised. In the acid mist experiment more than 2 years of acid mist (48 and 96 kg N ha-1 y^-1) were required to significantly increase N₂O emissions from -0.3 μg N₂O-N m^-2 h^-1 (control) to 0.5 and 5.7 μg N₂O-N m^-2 h^-1, respectively. This suggests, that N deposition simulation studies in soil ecosystems, which have previously not been exposed to high rates of N (by deposition or fertilisation), need to be long-term. Also, measurements of N₂O and/or NO may be a non-destructive, quick indicator of the N status of the soil.     

林分类型和氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

为揭示亚热带森林土壤N₂O排放对林分类型和氮添加的响应特征,选取位于福建省三明市的中亚热带米槠次生林、杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤为研究对象,分别设置无氮添加(N0 mg/kg)、低氮添加(N10 mg/kg)、中氮添加(N25 mg/kg)和高氮添加(N50 mg/kg)4个氮添加水平,进行微宇宙培养试验,测定土壤N₂O排放。结果表明：与无氮添加处理相比,氮添加整体上降低3种林分土壤pH,增加土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量。无氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量分别为9.67和9.62 mg/kg,显著高于米槠次生林土壤N₂O累积排放量6.81 mg/kg。低氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量显著高于米槠次生林。但在中氮和高氮添加处理中,3种林分土壤N₂O累积排放量均无显著性差异。不同氮添加处理均促进3种林分土壤N     

氧气浓度对水稻土N2O排放的影响

通过室内模拟试验,在25℃,60%田间持水量条件下,研究了氧气浓度(200、100和20 ml/L)和铵态氮浓度(10、30和50 mg/kg)对6个水稻土(p H 5.23~7.83,黏粒含量71.0~522 g/kg)N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:供试水稻土N_2O排放通量随铵态氮浓度的增加、氧气浓度的下降而增加。逐步回归分析表明,N_2O累积排放量与铵态氮含量、土壤有机碳含量、黏粒含量呈正相关关系,与氧气浓度呈负相关关系(R2=0.845,P0.01)。氧气浓度下降增加N_2O排放可能与硝化产物中N_2O比例增加和反硝化作用加强有关,但不同氧气浓度条件下各N_2O产生过程的贡献还需进一步研究。     

森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对氮输入的响应研究进展

大气中氧化亚氮（N2O）浓度的上升加剧了全球变暖。森林土壤在调节大气N2O浓度中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来,氮（N）输入对森林土壤N2O通量的影响备受关注。然而,森林土壤N2O排放对N输入响应的机制,尤其是植物和微生物对N2O通量的调控作用尚缺乏系统研究。因此,本文综述了N输入如何通过森林植被（根系N吸收、凋落物分解和形成丛枝菌根）和土壤微生物（微生物量和群落组成）调控N2O产生途径从而影响森林土壤N2O排放。结果表明,植物的竞争性氮吸收能降低氮输入对N2O排放的促进作用,其作用大小可能主要取决于土壤“氮饱和”状态。植物凋落物主要通过分解过程中的养分归还和次生代谢产物释放来影响氮输入背景下的森林土壤N2O排放,前者具有促进作用,而后者具有抑制作用。丛枝菌根主要通过吸收有效氮和水分、促进团聚体形成以及改变N2O相关功能基因群落调控森林土壤N2O通量。N输入导致的土壤酸化或养分限制,通常会降低微生物量和/或改变微生物群落组成,从而控制N2O排放。N输入对N2O不同产生途径也会造成影响,受土壤湿度、N2O底物浓度以及N2O相关功能基因丰度（AOB、 AOA、nirK、 nirS和nosZ）的调控。未来在模型预测中,需要将植物氮吸收、凋落物分解、菌根以及N2O产生途径充分纳入模型,以提高模型预测准确性,为全球变化背景下制订森林管理政策和温室气体减排措施提供支持。     

外源氮添加对湿地土壤N_2O排放量的影响

为搞清湿地土壤驱动N2O排放的关键氮源类型,有效减少湿地N2O的排放,本文通过室内控制温湿度,用气相色谱法分析不同外源氮素对湿地N2O排放的影响。结果表明:外加氮源组总是高于对照组N2O排放量(4.4 mg·m-3)。在设定的剂量范围内,单独添加尿素或尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合时N2O排放量呈现先增后减的单峰分布趋势,峰值分别为10.6 mg·m-3和229.0 mg·m-3;单独添加硝酸铵时N2O排放量(32.6~111.0 mg·m-3)随着氮素添加量增加呈现持续上升趋势。单独添加尿素或硝酸铵、尿素与硝酸铵1∶1配合均促进N2O的排放,但硝酸铵尿素混合添加对N2O排放量的贡献单独添加硝酸铵单独添加尿素。这为预测内蒙古高原区农牧交错带湿地氮素输入可能带来的温室效应和有效减排提供科学依据。     

不同氮磷肥施用对春玉米农田N_2O排放的影响

农田过量施肥会增加N2O排放,使农田土壤成为重要的温室气体排放源。为减少农田N2O排放,利用自动观测系统研究了春玉米农田中不同肥料对N2O排放的影响,并结合作物产量及N2O的排放量探索减少温室气体排放的施肥措施。采用田间试验方法设定了不施肥（CK）、尿素（U）、尿素加磷肥（NP）和硝酸磷肥（NOP）4个处理进行研究。结果表明,各处理下N2O排放总量分别为：CK0.21kgN·hm-2、U1.19kgN·hm-2、NP0.93kgN·hm-2、NOP0.69kgN·hm-2;N2O排放主要受施肥、灌溉,降雨和土壤温度的影响;在作物生长后期土壤含氮量小于7mgN·kg-1的情况下,观测到土壤吸收N2O的情况;各处理下排放因子均小于政府间气候变化委员会（IPCC）的缺省值1%,表明IPCC推荐的排放因子不适用于估算中国北方的春玉米农田N2O排放。施加磷肥有助于减少农田N2O排放并提高产量,硝态磷肥较尿素可以显著减少N2O排放。综合考虑产量和N2O排放,相对于施用尿素和尿素加磷肥处理,硝酸磷肥处理不仅可节约15%和30%的肥料投入,而且分别减少42%和26%的N2O排放,具有减排不减产的良好效果。     

农田土壤N_2O排放研究进展

农田土壤的N2O排放主要是在微生物的作用下通过硝化和反硝化作用产生的。土壤中多变的理化性质影响各种微生物的生长,因而硝化和反硝化过程中产生N2O的途径也不同,尤其以硝化过程的研究进展最快。影响N2O的生成和排放有:土壤含水量、温度、O2以及土壤结构和质地等物理因素,pH和氮肥等其它因素。本文详细地阐述旱地和水田土壤中这些影响因子与N2O的作用机理的差异,及农田土壤中的N2O排放估计的方法。区分硝化和反硝化作用中生成N2O的贡献可用15N标记法和不同浓度的乙炔抑制法。     

微生物介导的农业土壤氧化亚氮减排研究进展

氧化亚氮(N₂O)是一种在大气存留时间长且破坏臭氧层的重要温室气体。农业土壤源N₂O是其重要来源,具有产生路径广、影响因素多、调控复杂等特点。减少农业土壤N₂O排放一直是研究的热点。含有N₂O还原酶的N₂O还原细菌能将N₂O还原为氮气(N2),这是目前已知的微生物还原N₂O唯一的汇。直接应用微生物减少农业土壤N₂O排放是一种新兴的减排技术。本文详细阐述了农业土壤N₂O的生物源与汇,重点论述了N₂O减排微生物的筛选及应用策略。综述了微生物介导的农业土壤N₂O减排的两种微生物生态学机制：一种是利用含有nos Z基因的N₂O还原细菌直接减少N₂O排放,另一种是利用能改变N₂O还原细菌群落组成和丰度及其活性的植物根际促生菌间接减少N₂O排放。最后,讨论了影响微生物介导的...     

Effects of Straw Incorporation Methods on Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions from a Wheat-Rice Rotation System

The incorporation of straw with a microbial inoculant (a mixture of bacteria and fungi, designed to accelerate straw decomposition) is being increasingly adopted within the agricultural sector in China. However, its effects on N and C trace gas emissions remain unclear. We conducted a field experiment to investigate the effects of different straw incorporation methods (with and without microbial inoculant) in the wheat season on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions from a wheat-rice rotation system in China. The treatments comprised N, P, and K fertilizers only (NPK), NPK plus rice straw (NPKS), NPKS plus Ruilaite microbial inoculant (NPKSR), and NPKS plus Jinkuizi microbial inoculant (NPKSJ). Rice straw incorporation before wheat sowing significantly decreased N₂O emissions during the wheat season and stimulated N₂O and CH₄ emissions during the subsequent rice season. Compared with the NPKS treatment, the NPKSR and NPKSJ treatments decreased N₂O emissions during the wheat season, but had no effect on N₂O or CH₄ emissions during the subsequent rice season. Annually, the two treatments were comparable regarding N₂O emissions. Although the global warming potentials of the NPKSR and NPKSJ treatments were lower than that of the NPKS treatment during the wheat season, no significant differences were observed during the subsequent rice season, or over the entire rotation cycle. The annual greenhouse gas intensity was slightly lower in the NPKSR and NPKSJ treatments than in the NPKS treatment. Overall, these results suggest that the incorporation of rice straw with a microbial inoculant in the wheat season was the best strategy tested for managing straw resources within the wheat-rice rotation system.     

Effects of Maize-Soybean Intercropping on Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Silt Loam Soil in the North China Plain

Maize(Zea mays L.), a staple crop in the North China Plain, contributing substantially to agricultural nitrous oxide(N_2O)emissions in this region. Many studies have focused on various agricultural management measures to reduce N_2O emissions. However, few have investigated soil N_2O emissions in intercropping systems. In the current study, we investigate whether maize-soybean intercropping treatments could reduce N_2O emission rates. Two differently configured maize-soybean intercropping treatments, 2:2 intercropping(two rows of maize and two rows of soybean, 2M2S) and 2:1 intercropping(two rows of maize and one row of soybean,2M1S), and monocultured maize(M) and soybean(S) treatments were performed using a static chamber method. The results showed no distinct yield advantage for the intercropping systems. The total N_2O production from the various treatments was 0.15 ± 0.04–113.85 ± 12.75 μg m~(-2) min~(-1). The cumulative N_2O emission from the M treatment was 16.9 ± 2.3 kg ha~(-1) over the entire growing season(three and a half months), which was significantly higher(P 0.05) than that of the 2M2S and 2M1S treatments by 36.6% and 32.2%, respectively. Two applications of nitrogen(N) fertilizer(as urea) at 240 kg N ha~(-1) each induced considerable soil N_2O fluxes. Short-term N_2O emissions(within one week after each of the two N applications) accounted for 74.4%–83.3% of the total emissions. Soil moisture, temperature, and inorganic N were significantly correlated with soil N_2O emissions(R~2= 0.246–0.365, n =192, P 0.001). Soil nitrate(NO_3~-) and moisture decreased in the intercropping treatments during the growing season. These results indicate that maize-soybean intercropping can reduce soil N_2O emissions relative to monocultured maize.     

不同施氮水平对菜地土壤N_2O排放的影响

通过大田试验研究了不同施氮水平对蔬菜地土壤N2O排放的影响。试验设置5个氮水平[0（N0）、430（N1）、860（N2）、1290（N3）、1640（N4）kgN.hm-2],2a试验期间种植的蔬菜有辣椒、萝卜、菠菜和小白菜。结果表明,施氮显著影响N2O排放通量,各施氮水平土壤N2O排放通量范围分别为-8~39、0.4~157、12~626、8.5~982、16~1342μg.m-.2h-1;同时,氮肥施用显著提高了N2O排放总量,各施氮处理（N0、N1、N2、N3和N4）试验期间土壤N2O平均排放总量分别为0.48、1.35、4.49、7.83、10.57kgN.hm-2,土壤N2O排放系数范围是0.33%~1.13%,且施氮水平与土壤N2O排放总量间呈显著的指数函数关系;不同季节蔬菜地土壤N2O排放总量差异很大,其中最大的是辣椒,最小的是菠菜;此外,土壤N2O排放通量季节变化除受施氮水平影响外,还受土壤温度的影响,排放高峰出现在高温的夏季。     

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Coal Mine Land Reclaimed with Stabilized Manure

Mine‐soil treatment using stabilized manure rapidly sequesters large quantities of organic carbon and nutrients. However, the nutrient‐rich soil conditions may become highly conducive for production and emission of N₂O. We examined this possibility in a Pennsylvania coal mine restored using poultry manure stabilized in two forms: composted (Comp) or mixed with paper mill sludge (Man + PMS) at C/N ratios of 14, 21, and 28 and compared those with the emissions from conventionally treated soil. The mine soil was extremely well drained with 59% coarse fragments. Soil–atmosphere exchange of N₂O and CO₂ was determined using a sampling campaign of ten measurements between 16 June and 14 September 2009 (90 days) and 13 measurements between 28 June and 9 November 2010 (134 days) using static vented chambers at ambient and increased moisture (water added) content. Potential denitrification was determined in a laboratory incubation experiment. While non‐amended mine soil did not have a measurable potential for denitrifying activity, the manure‐based amendments introduced the potential. Soil water filled pore space was less than 60% on most sampling days in both ambient and water‐added plots. Daily N₂O‐N emissions ranged between 40 and 70 g N ha⁻¹ with cumulative emissions of 2–4 kg N ha⁻¹ from non‐amended, lime and fertilizer (L + F) and Comp, and 3–10 kg N ha⁻¹ from Man + PMS treatments. The maximum emission obtained from Man + PMS represented <1% loss of applied N. Although stabilized manure‐treated soil exhibits the potential for N₂O production, the emission is limited when soils are excessively well drained and reducing conditions rarely develop. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of Watering Methods on the Short-Term Pulse Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Disturbed Horticultural Soil

To reveal the impact of soil disturbance and surface watering (SW) following soil disturbance on the pulse nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, incubated experiments were conducted on disturbed soil with two watering regimes [surface watering only (SWO) and subsurface watering followed by surface watering (SUW+SW)]. Intensive soil disturbance led to pulses N₂O emissions from SUW + SW soil (>8,693 μg N₂O m^?2 h^?1 with a peak of 30,938 μg N₂O m^?2 h^?1), although the water-filled pore space (WFPS) was substantially lower than the previously reported optimal soil moisture range (45–75% WFPS) for peak N₂O emissions. N₂O emissions from the disturbed soil after SW were much lower than those from SUW + SW soil, increased as the soil dried, and peaked when the WFPS fell within the optimal soil moisture range. These peaks were considerably less than those resulting from the intensive disturbance in SUW + SW soil. Thus, SW after intensive soil disturbance may be effective for mitigating of pulse N₂O emissions caused by soil disturbance.     

肥水管理方式对蔬菜田N2O释放影响的模拟研究

通过田间静态箱监测和DNDC模型模拟的方法,对比研究了崇明岛东滩蔬菜田在常规肥水管理和精确滴灌施肥方式下N2O的排放情况,从排放特征、全年通量、单位氮肥N2O损失率以及单位作物产量排放量等方面分析了不同肥水管理方式对旱田土壤N2O排放的影响。 结果表明,基于土壤和作物养分平衡管理的精确滴灌施肥技术,由于减少了氮肥施用量并改进了肥水分配方式,提高了肥料的利用效率,在保持农作物产量的基础上减少了N2O的排放。与常规肥水管理方式相比,滴灌施肥区2006年和2007年的N2O排放通量分别减少6.2和6.8 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,单位氮肥N2O损失率明显降低,2006年和2007年单位产量排放量分别削减53.2％和58.9％。     

Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Emissions after Landspreading of Slurry as Influenced by Application Technique and Dry Matter-Reduction. II. Short Term Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Strategies reducing NH₃ volatilisation from slurry include separation of slurry, special application techniques and additives. We studied the impact of manure separation and application technique on N₂O release after manure application. Untreated and separated cattle slurry (dry matter content of 7.1% and 4.4%, respectively) was applied to winter wheat using broadcast and banded application and injection. The N₂O emissions were measured at high frequency for 14 to 20 days after slurry treatment by the closed chamber method. Manured plots showed significantly higher N₂O emissions than the control plots but neither dry matter reduction of slurry nor application technique significantly influenced the N₂O emissions. The variability of N₂O emission was influenced by the application technique and increased in the order: banded application – injection – broadcast application. There was no correlation between NH₃ losses from applied slurry and N₂O emissions. Thus reducing ammonia volatilisation will not necessarily increase N₂O emissions.     

不同施氮水平对稻麦轮作农田氧化亚氮排放的影响

利用江苏常熟田间随机区组试验,以密闭箱法采集气样,气相色谱分析N2O浓度,对稻麦轮作制下不同施氮水平的土壤N2O排放进行了观测,探讨了不同施氮水平对稻麦轮作农田氧化亚氮排放的影响。结果表明,土壤N2O排放量受施氮量的影响,稻季和麦季N2O排放量都随旌氮量的增加而增加;稻季N2O排放量最大峰值出现在烤田复水期间,其排放量大小主要受基肥和分蘖肥施用量的影响,并随施氮量的增加而增大;麦季最大峰值出现在气温回暖的第二次追肥后,排放量的最大峰值也随施氮量的增加而增大;稻麦轮作土壤N2O排放以麦季的排放为主,麦季N2O累积排放量在轮作周期中占三分之二。     

模拟氮沉降对森林土壤酚类物质和可溶性糖含量的影响

采用野外原位试验模拟氮沉降,研究其对福建建瓯万木林自然保护区杉木林(CUL)、浙江桂(CIC)和罗浮栲林(CAF)3种林分土壤多酚、单宁和可溶性糖含量的影响。每个林分设置对照(CK,0 kg/(hm2·a))、低氮(LN,30 kg/(hm2·a))和高氮(HN,100 kg/(hm2·a))3个处理。结果表明:针叶杉木林土壤多酚含量最高,单宁和可溶性糖含量最低,且均与另两个阔叶树种林分差异显著。杉木和罗浮栲林土壤多酚含量随着氮添加量的增加而显著降低,浙江桂多酚受HN处理影响不大,仅LN处理显著降低49.4%。氮沉降主要表现为降低土壤单宁含量,LN处理分别显著降低杉木林、浙江桂和罗浮栲林单宁含量43.5%、70.0%和79.5%;而HN处理仅降低阔叶林土壤单宁含量。然而,氮沉降增加土壤可溶性糖含量,与对照处理相比,LN处理分别显著增加杉木、浙江桂和罗浮栲林土壤可溶性糖48.8%、19.2%和19.8%。各林分凋落物中多酚、单宁和可溶性糖含量受氮沉降的影响不显著。     

Nitrogen Deposition and Nitrate Leaching at Forest Edges Exposed to High Ammonia Emissions in Southern Bavaria

The atmospheric deposition of air pollutants was studied by means of monitoring canopy throughfall at six forest stands. The investigation was carried out in Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) forests in Southern Bavaria with high ambient ammonia concentrations due to either adjacent intensive agriculture or poultry housing. Five monitoring plots transected the forest edges and forest interior from the edge, at 50, 150, about 400 m and about 800m to the interior. Additionally, nutrient concentration in soil solution was sampled with suction cups at each plot, and C/N ratio of the humus layer was also determined. The variation of ambient ammonia concentration between three of the six investigated sites was estimated using diffusive samplers. In order to compare the effects of atmospheric deposition on European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce additional monitoring plotswere installed under each of these species in a mixed beech and spruce stand. Bulk deposition and soil water samples were analysed for major ions (NO₃ ^-, NH₄ ⁺, SO₄ ^2-, Cl^-, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca^2+M).The results show a substantial increase of deposition towards the forest edges for all ions. This so called 'edge effect' continued in most cases until a distance from 50 to 150 m from edge. For both ambient ammonia concentrations and nitrogen deposition, it can be concluded that increased dry deposition is the main reason for the edge effect. Over 76% of the nitrogen ratios in throughfall deposition between the edge and 50 m distance into the spruce forest exceed 1.0. Except for potassium, beech generally showed lower ratios than spruce.Due to high nitrogen deposition the forest floor, C/N ratios were lower at stand edges when compared to their interior. In contrast to the increase of nitrogen deposition at the edge, nitrate export below the main rooting zone was lower at the edge. Nitrate export was generally lower under beech than spruce. Nitrogen budgets of some plots were negative, indicating a reduction of total ecosystem nitrogen stock.The results show that forest edges, especially in areas with high air pollution, receive much more atmospheric deposition than the interior parts of closed forest stands. As many deposition studies in forests were conducted at field stations in the central parts of forests the estimated deposition for the whole forest may be underestimated. This may be important to consider in geo-statistical studies and models aiming to estimate spatial critical deposition values, especially with an increasing fragmentation of the forest cover.     

丛枝菌根真菌调控土壤氧化亚氮排放的机制

氮素是陆地生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子,自Haber-Bosch反应以来,氮肥的生产和施用极大地提高了粮食产量.然而过量施用氮肥导致氮肥利用率低,并造成了严重的环境污染,包括氮沉降、硝态氮淋洗以及N2O排放等.微生物直接参与土壤氮素循环,固氮微生物、氨氧化和反硝化微生物分别在土壤固氮、铵态氮转化和硝态氮转化过程中起...