管渠灌溉对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨不同灌溉方式对夏玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响,以夏玉米为研究对象,设定传统连续灌溉(T)、管渠灌溉(P)、波涌流灌溉(S)和固定隔畦波涌灌溉(G)4种灌溉方式,对比分析4种不同灌溉方式下对夏玉米的叶面积指数、株高、地上部干物质积累量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果显示:①夏玉米生育期内4种不同灌溉方式下株高相差不显著,基本不受灌溉方式的影响;②全生育期内P处理叶面积指数最大,且在不同畦段的叶面积指数变化不大。T处理叶面积指数在畦中段与畦尾段上的叶面积指数相差较大;③P处理的地上部干物质积累量最高,总体表现为PSTG;④在夏玉米产量上,P处理比T处理提高了7.64%,且P处理水分利用效率最高,对比T处理、S处理和G处理分别提高了17.5%、9.3%和11.9%。因此,管渠灌溉能提高水分利用效率,在山东泰安对夏玉米采用管渠灌溉可以取得较好的节水和增产效果。     

不同生育时期分根区交替灌溉对烤烟生长和氮钾含量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了在2种施肥条件下,不同生育时期分根区交替灌溉(APRI)对烤烟生长、干物质积累与分配以及烟叶氮(N)、钾(K)含量的影响。结果表明,伸根期和成熟期APRI不但对烤烟植株有明显的增高作用,而且能显著提高烟叶中N、K含量。与常规灌溉(CI)相比,低肥时伸根期和成熟期APRI的株高、烟叶N含量、K含量分别提高5.19%、9.16%、6.42%和14.02%、28.03%、28.13%;高肥时分别提高9.11%、23.71%、18.75%和16.55%、38.57%、50.84%。可见在较高肥条件下,烤烟伸根期和成熟期进行分根区交替灌溉是烟叶适产优质生产中一种较好的水分调控方式。     

绿洲灌区交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的产量及水分利用效率

在河西绿洲灌区,通过大田试验,研究了交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的产量及水分利用效率(WUE)。结果表明,交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的产量及WUE较单作显著提高。在低、中、高3个灌水水平下,间作土地当量比分别为1.30、1.35、1.38;净占地面积上间作小麦经济产量较单作小麦分别提高了20.96%、28.34%、33.10%,间作玉米经济产量较单作玉米分别提高了38.30%、41.65%、41.98%,间作增产作用显著;间作耗水量较相应单作耗水量的加权平均分别增加了5.37%、4.71%、4.18%;WUE间作较单作小麦和单作玉米分别提高了55.97%、63.86%、68.46%和8.29%、12.71%、14.02%,WUE间作与单作小麦差异显著,但与单作玉米差异不显著。     

乳熟后灌溉对夏玉米水分利用效率及干物质转运的影响

于2011—2012年玉米生长季节,采用3个高产玉米品种,在乳熟后期分期(设9月20日、9月25日、9月30日3水平,不灌水为对照,分别用I9.20、I9.25、I9.30和CK表示)进行灌溉单因素试验。结果表明:各灌水处理与CK相比,成熟期1 m土体土壤含水率提高2.92%~14.14%。不同灌水处理农田蒸散量变幅为380.67~434.91 mm,处理间由小到大为I9.25、I9.20、I9.30、CK。不同处理影响干物质积累转移,CK和I9.30处理提高了吐丝前营养器官同化物向籽粒的转化效率,I9.20与I9.25处理则提高了吐丝后营养器官同化物的转化效率,而最终产量以I9.20与I9.25处理较高。不同处理籽粒水分生产率为21.94~26.53 kg/m3,以CK最高或较高。这表明,乳熟后适期灌溉,虽然降低了水分利用率,但提高了籽粒产量。结合本研究地区小麦-玉米一体化生产,乳熟后灌水建议在9月20~25日期间进行。     

模拟调亏灌溉对玉米根系生长及水分利用效率的影响

以营养液培养的方法,在模拟调亏灌溉下研究玉米根系生长和蒸腾效率的变化,并确定了调亏灌溉的根系水势范围与调亏时间,证明调亏灌溉能够在一定土壤水势范围内刺激根系生长,减少作物蒸腾,提高作物水分利用效率。     

交替灌溉下不同水氮模式对大豆生长及水分利用效率的影响

为优化交替灌溉下大豆水氮供给模式,通过田间防雨棚试验,研究了灌水量和施氮量对大豆生长及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,水氮耦合对大豆株高、叶面积指数的影响是水分效应大于氮肥效应,而对干物质量和叶水势的影响则是氮肥效应大于水分效应,高水中氮处理下产量最高,是高水高氮、高水低氮处理的1.11、1.17倍,是该区域最佳的水肥组合。高水中氮下,水分利用效率达最高(1.75kg/m3),硝态氮对环境污染最小。     

交替隔沟灌溉对温室黄瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响

日光温室黄瓜生产中一直存在灌水量大,水分浪费严重等现象,针对这一问题,该试验以津育5号黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L）为试材,就交替隔沟灌溉和交替隔沟亏缺灌溉对日光温室黄瓜生长、灌溉水去向、水分利用效率和节水效果等的影响进行了研究。结果表明,交替隔沟灌溉减少了土壤水分的深层渗漏、土壤表面水分蒸发,植株蒸腾速率也略有下降,而植株光合作用没有受到明显影响,使同化产物有利于向果实分配,产量与对照持平,果实商品性和营养品质也有所提高。交替隔沟灌溉可节水37%～48%,作物水分利用效率提高47%～82%。此法简便易行,控漏减蒸效果明显,节水显著,在目前日光温室生产条件下极具推广应用价值。     

膜沟灌溉条件下夏玉米生长状况及产量、水分利用效率研究

采用膜沟灌溉方式研究了夏玉米的生长状况及产量、水分利用效率。结果表明,膜沟灌溉在一定程度上抑制了棵间蒸发,促进了夏玉米早期植株生长;与普通沟灌相比,膜沟灌溉的绿叶覆盖地面时间较早,植株叶面积高峰期前移且稳定期较长;膜沟灌溉在降低耗水量的同时,可以使水分利用效率提高约18%而不会降低产量;综合分析夏玉米的产量、水分利用效率、株高、穗长及百粒重等因素,结果表明膜沟灌溉优于普通沟灌。     

耕作方式对豫东夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

豫东地区夏玉米生长季恰逢雨季,季节性强降水经常导致农田积水,使玉米生长受到涝渍灾害威胁,为探索当地夏玉米的适宜栽培管理模式,试验设置播前翻耕、深松和旋耕3种耕作处理,并以当地种植习惯的免耕贴茬播种为对照,通过田间小区试验重点研究了不同耕作方式对农田土壤水分、夏玉米农艺性状、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与免耕贴茬播种处理相比,翻耕和深松处理均能在强降雨后有效降低表层土壤含水率,增加夏玉米生长中后期的株高和叶面积;翻耕和深松处理籽粒产量分别提高了26.55%和19.67%;翻耕和深松处理水分利用效率分别提高了15.37%和9.69%,旋耕处理降低了3.45%。综合考虑夏玉米籽粒产量、水分利用效率等因素,翻耕和深松措施是适宜于豫东地区夏玉米高产的栽培模式。     

干旱区分根交替膜下滴灌对棉花生长和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨干旱区农业节水的途径,以棉花为供试作物,采用2种不同的灌水方式,研究了干旱区分根交替膜下滴灌对棉花生长和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,在大田条件下,交替滴灌与常规滴灌的光合速率相比差异未达到显著水平,棉花株高在交替滴灌处理下均大于常规滴灌处理,而交替滴灌处理下蒸腾速率在整个生育期均低于常规滴灌处理。交替滴灌使棉花根系经受一定程度的水分胁迫锻炼,从而刺激根系的生长发育,因此交替滴灌对棉花根系生长有显著促进作用。相比常规滴灌,交替滴灌抑制了棉花蒸腾速率,即交替滴灌通过减少棵间蒸发和作物蒸腾耗水来提高了棉花的水分利用效率。同等产量水平下与常规滴灌相比,干旱区棉花交替滴灌可节省20.3%的灌水量,节水效果明显。     

Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Two-year field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation on fruit yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency of table grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv Rizamat) in the arid region of northwest China. Three irrigation treatments were included, i.e. CDI (conventional drip irrigation, both sides of the root-zone irrigated), ADI (alternate drip irrigation, both sides of the root-zone irrigated alternatively with half the water) and FDI (fixed drip irrigation, only one side of the root system irrigated with half the water). Results indicated that compared to CDI, ADI kept the same photosynthetic rate (P_n) but reduced transpiration rate, thus increased leaf water use efficiency (WUE) of table grape. And diurnal variation of leaf water potential showed no significant differences during 7.00 a.m. to 14.00 p.m. in both years. ADI also produced similar yield and improved WUE_ET by 26.7–46.4% and increased the percentage of edible grape by 3.88–5.78%, vitamin C content in the fruit by 15.3–42.2% and ratio of total soluble solid concentration/titrated acid in both years as compared to CDI. Thus ADI saved irrigation water, improved the water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape without detrimental effect on the fruit yield in arid region.     

灌水量及灌水频率对玉米生长和水分利用的影响

利用遮雨棚蒸渗桶栽试验,研究灌水量和灌水频率对夏玉米生长、产量和水分利用的影响.试验以“郑单958”为研究材料,设置3个灌水量水平W1(120%ETc),W2(100%ETc)和W3(80%ETc)和3个灌水频率D1(3 d),D2(6 d)和D3(9 d)共9个处理,在生育期内对桶栽玉米的各项生长指标进行观测,分析不同处理对玉米的影响.结果表明:玉米的株高、叶面积、干物质量和产量随着灌水量的增大,均呈现出增加趋势;随着灌水频率的增大,均呈现出下降趋势.显著性分析表明,灌水量对夏玉米生长特性和产量的影响程度大于灌水频率.单株玉米产量在W₁D3处理下达到最大值,在W₃D1处理下玉米产量最小,差异具有统计学意义.水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率则随灌水量的增大呈现先增大后减小趋势,且随灌水频率的增加逐渐降低.W₂D3处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用率最高,分别为1.83和1.61 kg/m3.基于各处理水分利用效率和产量变化,W₁D3(120%ETc,9 d)可作为基于试验条件下较适宜的灌水技术.     

Comparison of dynamic and static APRI-models to simulate soil water dynamics in a vineyard over the growing season under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) dynamic model of root water uptake was proposed based on soil water dynamic and root dynamic distribution of grapevine, and a function of soil evaporation related to soil water content was defined under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation (APDI). Then the soil water dynamic model of APDI (dynamic APRI-model) was developed on the basis of the 2D dynamic model of root water uptake and soil evaporation function over the growing season. Soil water dynamic in APDI was respectively simulated by dynamic and static APRI-models. The simulated soil water contents by two models were compared with the measured value. Results showed that values of root-mean-square-error (RMSE) for dynamic APRI-model were less than that of the static APRI-model either in the east side or the west side of grapevine. The average relative error between the simulated and measured value was less than 5% for dynamic APRI-model, indicating that the dynamic APRI-model is better than the static APRI-model in simulating the soil moisture dynamic throughout the growing season under the APDI.     

Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on the nitrogen absorption and utilization of maize

To investigate the dynamic change of plant nitrogen (N) absorption and accumulation from different root zones under the partial root-zone irrigation (PRI), maize plants were raised in split-root containers and irrigated on both halves of the container (conventional irrigation, CI), on one side only (fixed partial root-zone irrigation, FPRI), or alternatively on one of two sides (alternate partial root-zone irrigation, APRI). And the isotope-labeled ¹⁵N-(NH₄)₂SO₄ was applied to one half of the container with (¹⁴NH₄)₂SO₄ to the other half so that N inflow rates can be tracked. Results showed that APRI treatment increased root N absorption in the irrigated zone significantly when compared to that of CI treatment. The re-irrigated half resumed high N inflow rate within 5 days after irrigation in APRI, suggesting that APRI had significant compensatory effect on N uptake. The amount of N absorption from two root zones of APRI was equal after two rounds of alternative irrigation (20 days). The recovery rate, residual and loss percentages of fertilizer-N applied to two zones were similar. As for FPRI treatment, the N accumulation in plant was mainly from the irrigated root zone. The recovery rate and loss percentage of fertilizer-N applied to the irrigated zone was higher and the residual percentage of fertilizer-N in soil was lower if compared to those of the non-irrigated zone. The recovery rate of fertilizer-N in APRI treatment was higher than that of the non-irrigated zone but lower than that of the irrigated zone in FPRI treatment. In total, both FPRI and APRI treatments increased N and water use efficiencies but only consumed about 70% of the irrigated water when compared to CI treatment.     

葡萄生长对交替滴灌的响应

针对极端干旱区水资源匮乏的现状,以大田葡萄为研究对象,采取根系分区交替滴灌方式研究葡萄生理指标和根区土壤水分分布的变化影响.结果表明:葡萄新枝生长量和叶面积指数随时间的变化过程均可用Logistic模型进行描述,且通过单因素方差分析得出,交替滴灌和常规滴灌的叶面积指数差异不具有统计学意义,说明交替滴灌对植物光合作用主要器官--叶片的生长无明显影响;在棵间蒸发、植物根系吸收以及重力势和水势梯度的共同作用下,交替滴灌条件下沟、垄土壤含水率交替上升,且土壤含水率变化范围主要集中在0~60 cm土层,交替滴灌的耗水量和棵间蒸发量均小于常规滴灌,从而可以提高作物的水分利用效率.该研究为极度干旱区作物节水灌溉提供了一定的科学依据.     

亏缺灌溉对南疆棉花生长和水分利用的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺、作物水分利用效率低等问题,以棉花为试验材料进行田间小区试验,在棉花现蕾期、开花期以及结铃期分别设置3个亏缺灌溉水平(W₁:50%ET_c,W₂:65%ET_c,W₃:80%ET_c,ET_c为作物蒸发蒸腾量),以全生育期100%ET_c灌溉处理为对照(CK),研究膜下滴灌条件下,不同生育期亏缺灌溉对棉花生长、产量、氮素吸收和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:现蕾期亏水对棉花株高、叶面积指数、地上干物质生长、氮素吸收和产量有不同程度的抑制效应,但复水后补偿效应显著,其中轻度亏水(W₃)在籽棉产量减少3.48%的条件下,WUE高达1.57 kg/m³,显著高于CK的1.48 kg/m³;开花期亏水,棉花的各项生长指标均有显著降低,复水后补偿效应不显著,不利于棉花生长发育;结铃期亏水对棉花地上干物质累积、氮素吸收和产量均有显著的抑制效应,但在W₂和W₃水平下,WUE均达1.51 kg/m³.综合考虑在保证棉花产量的同时达到节水增产的目的,可在棉花蕾期进行80%ET_c灌水,其他生育阶段实施充分灌溉,来控制营养生长,促进生殖生长,获得更高的水分利用效率.     

暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分动态及夏玉米生长的影响

进行暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉田间试验,设置3种暗管埋深,分别为80 cm(D1)、120 cm(D2)以及无暗管排水(D0),3种微咸水浓度,其电导率分别为0.78 dS/m(S1),3.75 dS/m(S2)和6.25 dS/m(S3),共9个处理,每个处理3组重复.试验结果表明:暗管排水措施可以有效排除微咸水灌溉过程中土壤中累积的盐分;在玉米全生育期内,暗管埋深D1条件下,3种浓度微咸水S1,S2和S3灌溉时根系土壤电导率分别下降了39.00%,31.56%和29.43%,暗管埋深D2条件下,根系土壤电导率则分别下降了31.91%,18.08%和7.44%;夏玉米干物质累积量、穗棒累积量和穗棒质量分配率及最终产量均随着微咸水浓度的升高而降低;在相同微咸水浓度下,不同暗管埋设条件下的夏玉米最终产量从大到小依次为D1,D2,D0;3种暗管埋设条件下的作物需水量从大到小依次为D0,D2,D1的规律;暗管埋深80 cm的处理(D1)下夏玉米水分利用效率最高,而未埋设暗管的处理(D0)水分利用效率最低;当暗管埋设条件一定时,夏玉米水分利用效率随微咸水浓度的升高呈逐渐降低的趋势.     

咸水灌溉对覆膜棉花生长与水分利用的影响

为了揭示棉花生长发育对咸水灌溉的响应特征,采用小区对比试验,研究了不同矿化度咸水灌溉对棉花出苗、株高、叶面积、果枝数、地上部干质量等形态指标以及产量构成、耗水量和水分利用率的影响.结果表明,棉花出苗率和成苗率随着灌溉水矿化度的增大而减小,但3 g/L灌水处理与对照间的差异不具有统计学意义,而5,7 g/L处理与对照间差异极具统计学意义.在移栽补全苗情况下,咸水灌溉对棉花形态生长指标产生了一定的抑制效应,灌溉水矿化度愈大,抑制作用愈大;对株高、叶面积和地上部干质量的影响在蕾期最明显,花铃期之后开始逐渐减弱;对果枝数和棉铃生长的影响程度随着棉花生育进程的推进而降低.处理间棉花的耗水量差异不具有统计学意义,籽棉产量和水分利用率的大小顺序,按灌水处理依次为3,1,5,7 g/L,其中7 g/L处理与对照间的差异具有统计学意义.与灌水前初始值相比,试验结束后1,3 g/L灌水处理的0~40 cm土层盐分未增加,5,7 g/L灌水处理则形成了积盐.研究结果可为咸水安全利用提供重要参考.     

Antioxidation responses of maize roots and leaves to partial root-zone irrigation

Antioxidation responses of maize roots and leaves to water deficit and rewatering under partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) were investigated using a pot system. Plants were cultured using three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate PRI (APRI) and fixed PRI (FPRI) with three different water regimes including W₁ (70% field capacity, FC), W₂ (50% FC) and W₃ (35% FC). Compared to CI, root peroxidases (POD) activity was enhanced in the irrigated root zone of FPRI and both root zones of APRI during mild water deficit. After rewatering, POD activity was increased in the dry root zone under FPRI but reduced in the roots under APRI. Roots in the dry zone and leaves under FPRI remained high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity after rewatering. In contrast, SOD activity decreased in the roots and leaves under CI and APRI. Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were increased in leaves and two sub-roots under FPRI during water deficit and remained higher after rewatering compared to those under CI and APRI. MDA contents in the tissues under APRI showed similar levels to those under CI. Compared to CI, APRI showed the same biomass production, achieving significantly higher water use efficiency under mild water deficit. The results suggested that plants under APRI experienced less oxidative stress or damage induced by water deficit.     

调亏灌溉和氮处理对小桐子生长及水分利用的影响

为了研究阶段水分亏缺(亏水+不亏水W_LW_H、不亏水+亏水W_HW_L、亏水+亏水W_LW_L、不亏水+不亏水W_HW_H)和不同施氮量(N_Z:0,N_L:0.2 g/kg,N_H:0.4 g/kg)对小桐子生长、生理指标和灌溉水利用效率的影响,通过盆栽试验,发现W_LW_H的生长和灌溉水利用效率均显著高于W_HW_L;作物的灌溉水利用效率随施氮量的增大而呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在N_L水平下达到最大值;与高水高氮的处理N_HW_HW_H相比,中水低氮处理N_LW_LW_H节约灌溉水27%,节约氮肥使用量50%,小桐子株高减少31%、总干物质量减少35%,灌溉水利用效率减少13%,但茎粗增加13%,根冠比增加20%.可见小桐子在第一阶段处理(40~90 d)幼树期对水分的需求量较小,适度的亏缺灌溉可提高灌溉水利用效率;小桐子在第二阶段处理(90~140 d)处于旺长期,对水分的需求量较大,增大灌水量可大幅度促进小桐子生长及其干物质量的积累.全生育期实施亏缺灌溉,可提高小桐子自身适应外界环境能力,抗干旱胁迫能力也逐渐增强,但W_LW_L水平下的小桐子生长缓慢.经综合分析,认为处理N_LW_LW_H可作为干旱地区条件下的小桐子灌溉和施氮制度.