声发射检测技术在杨树苗木需水检测中的应用

介绍了声发射检测技术在植株需水检测中应用的意义,分析了检测的原理和特点,构建了检测系统,并对其在杨树苗木的应用情况进行了分析.应用结果表明:此种技术在检测植株需水状况中的应用有很高的经济效益,诊断需水信息指标更直观,易于实现实时监测.     

用声发射技术实现作物生理需水信息监测

采用植株茎部声发射(AE)信号表征作物需水信息,运用虚拟仪器技术,设计了对作物植株茎部声发射信息进行实时、快速测量的微机检测系统,并以温室盆栽番茄为时象试验研究了声发射信号同植物蒸腾以及环境因子间的关系.试验结果表明:作物在水胁迫下产生的AE事件发生率与作物蒸腾速率一致性较好,在一定范围内,声发射频次越高,作物亏水越严重,当每秒声发射事件计数率超过2次时,可以考虑实施灌溉;作物AE事件发生率与光照度、温度有显著的相关性,AE信号可用于指导作物生长环境的调节控制.     

杨树扦插移栽机的设计与试验

为提高杨树扦插效率及林业经济效益,杨树扦插作业的机械化发展越来越被重视。为此,针对新疆地区杨树苗木的扦插作业,设计了一种自动扦插移栽机。该机具有设计合理简单、成本低、适用性强等特点,一定程度上提高了效率,降低了劳动强度。现场试验表明:该机具基本可实现杨树苗木的扦插作业,达到了预期要求,但不足之处需要进一步改进。     

番茄病害胁迫声发射信号采集与声源定位

以番茄为研究对象,利用声发射检测系统对番茄植株的声发射信号进行连续采集,利用上位机软件对采集到的数据进行处理和分析。对番茄的晚疫病病害胁迫声发射信号随病害程度变化进行了统计分析,得出染病植株的声发射现象并不像健康植株那样按照一定的生理周期规律发生,在染病早期作物声发射信号的频次大大增加并且随着病害严重程度而逐渐降低,并出现多峰现象。利用声发射信号到达两路传感器的时差和采集到的两路声发射信号频谱分布变化可以进行声发射源定位判断。     

作物水胁迫声发射监测系统的研究

水是农业生产的命脉,但我国目前农业中的水利用率却很低,水胁迫声发射监测系统的研究是实施视情自动灌溉提高水利用效率的重要途径之一.为此,通过AE检测系统来采集植物的生理信息,以DSP为核心对声发射信号进行监测和实时信号处理,然后对数据进行存储、输出以及查询,实现系统的自动控制.本系统可实施自动灌溉或定时灌溉,提高了水的利用率,并且促进了农业生产管理的自动化.     

基于机器人的盆栽作物生长环境智能监控系统设计

针对作物育/选种过程中,采用人工操作方式对作物样本植株个体的生理指标和生长环境参数进行高频次采集,存在数据采集精度低、生产效率低、劳动强度大等问题,设计一种以AGV为采集终端的盆栽作物生长环境智能监控系统。系统以FPGA控制器为硬件核心,结合传感器、采集装置、导航、定位和Wi-Fi传输模块将采集的环境参数和图像信息传至上位机,上位机根据预先设定指令控制AGV执行终端依次对选取样本植株个体的图像和生长环境信息进行自动采集,并结合设定参数实现执行机构的远程控制功能,提高了育/选种过程中的智能化管理水平。试验结果表明,该系统采集盆栽作物的生长环境参数精度高、图像信息完整清晰、采集样本位置精度误差为25 mm、停车定位精度误差为±10 mm,无走偏和脱轨现象。该研究有利于技术人员快速、准确获取作物的生长环境和生长态势信息,为培育出更优质的农作物品种提供科学依据。     

基于移动机器人平台的玉米植株三维信息采集系统

为了快速、无损、自动获取玉米植株的三维信息,设计了一种基于移动机器人平台的玉米植株三维信息采集系统。首先,通过四轮驱动移动机器人与升降平台配合,精准控制Xtion深度相机多视角采集盆栽玉米植株的三维点云数据;然后,对获取的点云进行配准拼接与滤波,实现玉米植株的三维重建;最后,对重建后的玉米模型进行叶片的分割与参数测量。该系统的移动机器人运动误差可以控制在1 cm之内,玉米植株叶片参数测量误差在1%～5%之间,证明了该系统进行玉米植株三维信息采集的可行性。     

智能小车自动寻迹系统设计

基于MC9S12DG128单片机(MCU)为主控单元,文章设计一自动寻迹智能小车控制系统.该系统通过检测道路信息,在得出小车与目标偏差的基础上,采用PID算法对小车位置进行纠偏控制。实验结果表明,该控制系统具有较好的动静态性能。     

日光温室负压自动灌溉下番茄蒸腾规律研究

针对农业生产中蔬菜栽培灌溉费水费时的现状,采用一种自制负压自动灌溉系统,将供水压力设定在负值,利用土壤自动吸水的特性,达到自动灌溉和节水的效果.在此系统灌溉下采用茎热平衡技术测定番茄植株的茎流规律,分析了茎流变化规律与环境因子之间的关系,同时分析了番茄植株不同部位茎流差异以及剪叶对番茄植株茎流的影响.结果表明,在设定灌溉系统负压为60 hPa下,温室土壤含水量基本控制在阴天20.19%、晴天18.75%左右;茎流数据表明番茄植株蒸腾与太阳辐射值呈显著正相关,适当遮阴降温可以减少植株蒸腾.实验也进一步证明了叶片是植株蒸腾的主要器官,植株底层叶片蒸腾速率相对较微弱.     

Si4432无线芯片在普适农业系统中的应用

为了解决无线模块发射距离近、穿透能力差的问题,将Si4432模块应用于普适农业系统[1],实现了较大范围农田的温湿度远程监测.该系统由控制中心和传感器节点组成,每个节点包括PIC16F877A单片机、Si4432无线模块和SHT10温湿度传感器,控制中心负责接收、显示、存储和发送温湿度信息.实验证明,该系统可以达到较远的通信距离和较强的穿墙能力,并且通信误码率低,具有很好的推广前景.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。