早熟春玉米绥玉7的选育及迅速推广原因的分析

早熟春玉米新品种绥玉7由黑龙江省农科院绥化农科所玉米育种研究室以自交系合344为母本,以自交系8941为父本杂交育成.该品种生育日数108 d,需≥10℃积温2240～2 300℃·d,具有产量水平高、抗病抗逆性强、子粒商品品质好、适应性广的特点,适宜黑龙江省第三积温带种植.     

早熟春玉米绥玉7的选育及迅速推广原因的分析

早熟春玉米新品种绥玉7由黑龙江省农科院绥化农科所玉米育种研究室以自交系合344为母本,以自交系8941为父本杂交育成.该品种生育日数108 d,需≥10℃积温2240～2 300℃·d,具有产量水平高、抗病抗逆性强、子粒商品品质好、适应性广的特点,适宜黑龙江省第三积温带种植。     

玉米新品种四单158的选育与开发

四单158由吉林省四平市农业科学院玉米所1992年育成,组合D387×丹340-3.该品种属于晚熟品种,需≥10℃积温2 800℃·d.1993～1998年在各级产量试验中表现高产、稳产、优质、多抗.适宜我省中、西部地区的西单2、新铁10、新铁12、吉单159、掖单19适应区内种植.种植密度一般每公顷4.5～5.0万株为宜。     

中早熟玉米新品种绥玉11的选育及特征特性

1998年黑龙江省农业科学院绥化农科所以自选自交系S518为母本,自选自交系S579为父本杂交选育的玉米新品种.该品种生育期121 d,需≥10℃积温2 326℃·d(绥化市),属中早熟品种.幼苗健壮,发苗较快,秆强不倒伏.株型收敛,持绿性好,活秆成熟,淀粉含量74.08%.平均单产9404.2 kg/hm2,比对照品种龙单16增产10.6%。     

中早熟春玉米新品种赤单202的选育研究

中早熟春玉米新品种赤单202是由赤峰市农科所玉米研究中心用自选半马齿型自交系赤126为母本,以国外自交系Mo17为父本杂交育成,1999年通过内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定命名.该品种在赤峰种植生育日数为118 d,需≥10℃积温2 650℃·d,具有产量水平高抗病、抗倒伏及抗旱耐瘠能力强,适应性广的特点.适应在内蒙古干旱区域中肥水地区种植.到2000年赤单202已在内蒙的赤峰市、兴安盟、呼市、乌盟、伊盟、黑龙江的肇东、呼兰等地区累计面积0.85万hm2,已成为部分地区的主栽品种。     

强盛31玉米新品种的选育

强盛31杂交种是由山西省农业科学院1998年以自选系盛918玉米自交系为母本,盛919自交系为父本杂交组配而成.在1998～2003年各级产量试验示范中该品种表现为坚秆、大穗、抗旱、抗病和抗倒等特点,丰产稳产性好.全生育期需≥10℃积温2 700℃·d,该品种属早熟品种。     

早熟高产优质玉米新品种龙辐玉4号的选育及应用

龙辐玉4号玉米杂交种是黑龙江省农科院原子能利用研究所1996年春以自育系辐6706为母本,外引系黄流大穗为父本杂交选育而成。该品种属中熟类型,全生育期需≥10℃积温2492.9℃·d左右。1997～2001年在各级产量试验示范中均表现高产、稳产。     

玉米新品种绥玉10的选育

绥玉10是黑龙江省农科院绥化农科所玉米一室于1997年以绥601为母本,绥701为父本育成的玉米单交种.该品种生育期115 d,需≥10℃活动积温2 350℃·d,属中熟品种,适宜在我省第三积温带推广种植.1998～2003年在各级产量试验中表现高产、优质、抗病、抗倒伏、苗期耐低温、后期脱水快等优点。     

早熟春玉米新品种龙单13的选育及利用

早熟春玉米新品种龙单13由黑龙江省农科院玉米研究中心抗病育种室选用半马齿型改良自交系K10为母本,以自育二环系龙抗11为父本杂交育成,1994年春经黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定推广。该品种生育日数112～115d(哈尔滨),需≥10℃积温2320℃*d,具有产量水平高、抗病抗逆性强,子粒商品品质好,适应性广的特点。适宜黑龙江省第三积温带和第二积温带下限以及吉林山区、半山区、内蒙古东北部旗(县)、河北部分市(县)等早熟春玉米区种植。到1999年龙单13累积推广面积已达173.82万hm²,已成为北方早熟春玉米区主栽品种之一。     

玉米新品种绥玉16的高产栽培技术研究

玉米新品种绥玉16由黑龙江省农科院绥化农科所玉米育种研究室以自交系绥系SGY22为母本、自交系绥系SGy46为父本杂交育成。该品种生育日数126 d,需≥10℃积温2 600℃.d,具有幼苗生长势强、苗期耐低温、耐旱能力强的特点,适宜黑龙江省第一积温带种植。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.