水稻负压混流干燥室结构优化设计与试验

针对水稻竖箱式干燥过程中气流分布不均匀、干燥效率与干后品质同步性差等问题,基于不可逆热力学理论和负压原理,建立了水稻竖箱式干燥室的负压干燥特性解析模型.并结合混流干燥工艺,设计了一种变径开孔式角状管用于改善竖箱式干燥室角状管内风量分配关系,用于进一步提高水稻干燥均匀性.基于Fluent软件分别在空载和满载状态下,对干燥...     

横流循环式烘干机气流分布均匀性的试验研究

为了提高物料干燥的均匀性，讨论了横流循环式烘干机的气流分布的均匀性。通过试验获得了物料通风层内气流的分布规律、主要工作参数(物料层通风量、物料层厚度和物料层长度)对气流分布均匀性的影响规律。利用回归方程和复合形法进行参数的优化设计，得出最佳参数组合，并通过试验验证了使气流分布均匀的最佳参数组合。     

混流谷物干燥机沿通气盒纵向粮层气流分布均匀性的研究

在混流干燥机中,因穿过粮层的气流沿通气盒纵向分布不均匀常导致干燥不均匀。为了改善气流分布的均匀性,出现了多种变截面通气盒,但对其作用一直存有争议。该文通过实验研究了混流干燥机内粮层气流沿通气盒纵向分布的特点及影响因素,证实变截面通气盒对改善粮层气流分布均匀性的作用不明显。提出了变开孔率通气盒的型式和设计计算方法,它以增加3～4mm水柱气流阻力为代价,可使粮层气流分布达到均匀一致。     

玉米粮堆通风干燥过程中热湿传递模拟及试验

为了准确预测玉米粮堆通风干燥过程中的热湿分布变化,明确适宜的通风条件。该研究基于干储一体仓,运用局域热非平衡理论,考虑玉米呼吸热,建立玉米粮堆通风干燥热湿传递模型,探究不同因素对通风干燥过程的影响,并进行通风干燥试验,分析玉米含水率、温度以及粮堆空气的温湿度分布变化情况。结果表明：建立的热湿传递模型可有效模拟仓内玉米粮堆通风干燥的过程,玉米监测点的温度、含水率模拟值与试验值的相对误差分别为1.4%～12.1%、0.3%～14.5%,平均值分别为4.8%、6.5%;通风前期玉米粮情存在一定的不均匀性,内层玉米的升温速率与干燥速率快于外层。随着通风过程的持续,上述不均匀性逐渐降低。综合考虑不同条件下玉米温度和含水率的变化,适宜的通风条件为空气相对湿度低于75%、通风风速为0.09～0.23 m/s,风温随大气条件而定。玉米通风干燥中试试验的单位能耗为890.2 kJ/kg,节能效果显著。研究结果可为玉米通风干燥技术和操作工艺的优化提供理论支持。     

油麦兼用型气送式集排器增压管气固两相流仿真与参数优化

为明确增压管结构对油麦兼用型气送式集排器分配均匀性的影响,该文运用DEM-CFD气固耦合方法仿真分析了波纹间距、凹窝深度和增压管长度对种子运动特性、分配均匀性和增压管气流场的影响,台架试验研究了增压管长度和气流压强对分配均匀性的影响.结果表明:增设增压管明显提高种子分布均匀度系数,降低种子速度和分配均匀性变异系数.速度流场分析表明增压管波峰与波谷的气流速度和压强交替变化,增压管中种子速度与受力呈现"正弦形"变化趋势.凹窝深度、波纹间距和增压管长度分别为4.2、15和180 mm时,种子分布均匀度系数和分配均匀性变异系数分别为91.17%和4.91%.台架试验表明,在优化结构参数组合下,排种油菜和小麦的气流压强分别为1200和1600 Pa时,分配均匀性变异系数分别达2.84%和2.89%.该研究为分析增压管中种子运动特性和优化其结构参数提供了参考.     

稻谷逆流循环干燥瞬态解析模型

为了解析稻谷逆流循环干燥过程,基于热质传递理论构建了瞬态解析模型,并采用一阶迎风有限差分格式数值求解,给出了整仓含水率、粮温、干燥段介质温度、含湿量的瞬态变化特征。模拟研究显示,当干燥条件恒定时,系统内含水率随时间和空间均呈现下降期、平台期交替的阶梯变化特征,稻谷温度沿粮流方向呈现下降期、上升期交替的锯齿状分布特征;含水率极大值点在第一干燥段内往复迁移,极小值点则始终处在第二干燥段出粮口处;整仓含水率变异系数随时间变化范围0.006～0.059,当干燥经历完整循环周期时,变异系数最小。不同干燥条件下的模拟发现,进气温度、初始含水率越大,平均干燥速率越大,但粮流速度的变化对平均干燥速率的影响较小。干燥试验显示,在动态干燥条件下,排粮含水率和温度解析值与实测值的变化趋势一致,含水率的解析均方根误差为0.99%,粮温的解析均方根误差为0.49℃,证实了循环干燥解析模型的有效性与可靠性。研究结果为循环干燥系统分析、状态跟踪与参数动态匹配提供了数学解析方法。     

NJS-1型植保直流闭口式风洞设计与试验

针对农药雾滴飘移特性研究的需要,依照流体力学、空气动力学及相似理论设计了NJS-1型植保低速风洞。该风洞型式为直流闭口式,主要由进气段、动力段、过渡段、扩散段、稳定段、收缩段及试验段等部分组成,采用理论计算确定各段结构,风洞总体尺寸为20 m×2.7 m×4.3 m(长×宽×高);动力段流道型式为R+S级,叶轮直径1.2 m,叶片数为8,后导叶叶片宽度0.18 m,叶片数为7;扩散段为大角度扩散,扩散角40°;稳定段采用六角形蜂窝器和两层阻尼网组合设计;试验段长度为7.5 m,出口截面尺寸为1.8 m×1.2 m(高×宽)。通过性能试验测定了风洞试验段气流品质,试验结果表明:试验段风速1.0~10 m/s连续可调,气流动压稳定系数小于1.5%,气流紊流度小于1%;同时在1.0~9.0 m/s风速下测定试验段入口截面风场均匀性,表明随着风速的增加,风场的风速分布更加均匀。该文为进一步研究植保风洞的结构设计和飘移试验参数优化提供依据。     

苜蓿气体射流冲击联合常温通风干燥装备设计及试验

针对苜蓿干燥存在的处理量小、耗能高、叶片损失率高的问题,该文将紫花苜蓿的干燥过程分为高温和常温两个干燥段,设计了气体射流冲击联合常温通风干燥装备,包括基于狭缝型气体射流冲击管的气体射流冲带式干燥机和基于环境条件自动控制的常温通风箱式干燥机。利用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对狭缝型气流冲击管内部的流场进行数值模拟。结果显示增设扰流板可以改善狭缝型气体射流冲击管喷嘴出口气流速度分布的均匀性,速度变异系数由不设扰流板情况下的51.1%降为7.7%;利用单片机控制系统进行信息采集并控制通风的进行,解决夜间物料吸湿回潮、发热的问题。以紫花苜蓿作为原料对干燥装备的性能进行试验验证,结果表明:气体射流冲击联合常温通风干燥的苜蓿具有批次处理量大(150 kg/h)、叶片损失率小(干草的叶片损失率为1.5%)、能耗低(单位去水能耗3 408 k J/kg)的优点。研究结果为低能耗、低叶片损失率的苜蓿干燥技术与装备提供参考。     

稻谷深床干燥工艺参数对干燥比能耗的影响

摘要：为降低稻谷干燥能耗并提高其生产效率,在全面分析已有相关指标基础上,提出了可反映热力特性的稻谷深床干燥新指标效能比。利用深床干燥试验台进行稻谷干燥单因素试验和五因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验,建立了试验因子与效能比间关系的回归数学模型,分析了各因素对效能比的作用规律,利用频数分析法进行干燥工艺参数优化,得到了比能耗具有95%概率低于2000 kJ/(kg?h)的参数范围：热风温度56.2～57.7℃,表现风速0.89～0.96 m/s,谷层厚度35.3～37.0 cm,初始含水率21.31～21.86%,干燥时间2.87～3.16 h。为稻谷干燥机的节能设计与操作提供参考。     

气流改善泡沫树莓果浆微波干燥均匀性提高能量利用率

为满足浆果低能耗、高品质的生产过程的需要,采用理论分析、数值模拟与台架试验相结合的方法,研究气流与微波协同作用对泡沫果浆干燥均匀性和微波能利用率的影响规律。结果表明:在气流与微波协同干燥中由于物料的介电特性指标及表观导热、气体渗流、气相导热、液相导热等系数变化,从而影响泡沫果浆料层中传热、传质过程。泡沫果浆传热及传质系数变化,影响泡沫果浆内部热传导及水分传递,温度及含水率直接影响泡沫果浆介电特性指标,进而影响物料微波能吸收。气流在料层边界热对流量及料层内的热传导量是表征气流、微波协同作用的主要指标,当料层边界热对流量与内部热传导量比值低于27.79时,气流与微波协同作用产生正向效应,提高微波能利用率;当料层边界热对流量与内部热传导量比值高于27.79时,此协同作用产生负向效应,降低微波能利用率;气流携带泡沫果浆中蒸发出的水蒸气,降低物料表层湿空气压力,导致泡沫果浆气泡的产生和破裂,强化传热传质过程,进而提高料层内温度及含水率分布均匀性。当气流速度小于1.5m/s时,气流速度与干燥均匀性呈显著正相关;当气流速度大于1.5m/s时,气流速度对物料干燥均匀性影响不显著;在气流速度为1.5m/s时,干燥时间短,微波能利用率最高,相比无通风时提高了17.57%,微波能吸收量、温度及含水率分布的均匀度分别提高了20%、19%及27%,符合低能耗、高品质的浆果干燥生产要求,研究结果为浆果微波泡沫干燥工艺优化提供依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.