纳米氧化锌/葡萄皮红改性大豆分离蛋白膜的制备与性能研究

为改善大豆分离蛋白膜的性能,将纳米氧化锌（ZnO Nanoparticles,ZnO NPs）和葡萄皮红（Grape-Skin Red,GSR）加入大豆分离蛋白（Soy Protein Isolate,SPI）中制备SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜,对复合膜的性能进行表征。结果表明当葡萄皮红、ZnO NPs和大豆分离蛋白以1∶2∶25的质量比制备复合膜时,相对于SPI/ZnO NPs膜,葡萄皮红可提高ZnO NPs和大豆分离蛋白的相容性,改善ZnO NPs在SPI膜中的分散性,并与ZnO NPs发挥协同作用提高SPI膜的机械性能、耐水性能和热稳定性（P<0.05）。SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜相比较于SPI膜,拉伸强度从1.37 MPa升至3.28 MPa,熔点从194 ℃升至231 ℃,含水率从34.41%降至25.37%,水蒸气透过系数从5.57×?10-12 (g·cm)/(cm2·s·Pa)降至4.74 × 10-12 (g·cm)/(cm2·s·Pa)。此外,复合膜对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌表现出优异的抗菌性能,抑菌圈直径随着活性成分的添加呈上升趋势（大肠杆菌：SPI膜无,SPI/ZnO NPs膜2.29 cm,SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR膜2.36 cm;金黄色葡萄球菌：SPI膜无,SPI/ZnO NPs膜2.32 cm,SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR膜2.42 cm）,在活性包装应用中具有极大潜力。研究结果为大豆分离蛋白基薄膜的生产应用提供参考。     

花青素纳米纤维智能标签对羊肉新鲜度的无损检测

为实现羊肉新鲜度的无损、实时、可视化检测,及建立可靠的预测模型,将花青素纳米纤维智能标签应用于市售温度（10±2 ）℃储藏下的羊肉,并测定了智能标签的微观结构和胺敏感性,以及羊肉储藏过程中的新鲜度指标（感官品质、挥发性盐基总氮含量（Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N）、pH值、菌落总数、酸度/氧化力系数）和纤维膜的色差。结果表明：花青素纳米纤维膜呈淡粉色,由250 nm左右的均匀纤维丝组成,具有胺敏感性;羊肉的各新鲜度指标指示其在储藏72 h时已腐败变质,同时纤维膜由粉色变为白色;相关性分析表明纤维膜色差与各新鲜度指标具有显著相关性（P<0.05）,并建立了准确率为88.2%的色差对TVB-N的预测模型（R2=0.967）。综上所述,羊肉新鲜度的无损、可视化和实时检测可通过花青素纳米纤维智能标签实现,且根据标签颜色即可初步预测羊肉新鲜度级别,为解决肉类安全问题提供了新思路。     

茉莉酸甲酯-大豆分离蛋白复合膜的制备及物理性质研究

为研究茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)对大豆分离蛋白膜物理性质的影响,以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)为成膜基质,添加适量的增塑剂等成膜助剂,复合Me JA制备蛋白复合膜,并采用场发射电子扫描、X-射线衍射和傅立叶变换红外光谱等方法分析了复合膜的物理特性。结果表明,Me JA与大豆分离蛋白基质有良好的相容性,复合膜材料外观光滑平整。与单一大豆分离蛋白膜相比,Me JA的添加显著增加了膜的厚度和延伸率,降低了膜的透明性及水蒸气透过率,提高了其光阻隔性能,改善了膜的阻湿性。扫面电镜分析发现,0.05%添加量的茉莉酸甲酯精油复合膜内部结构较单一蛋白膜紧凑;红外光谱分析表明,Me JA与SPI基质存在一定相互作用,综合物理性能较佳。由此可知,此复合膜在食品包装和保鲜材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

利用集成膜工艺澄清与浓缩紫甘蓝花青素

为实现紫甘蓝花青素活性成分水提液的高效浓缩,该文集成了超滤、纳滤和反渗透膜技术澄清、浓缩紫甘蓝花青素水提液的工艺。采用"总循环模式"和"批处理模式"研究优化操作工艺。测定总花青素、pH值、总可溶性固形物和颜色指标。澄清工艺中:无机陶瓷超滤膜效果较好,较佳工艺为:陶瓷膜、跨膜压力0.3MPa、循环流量40L/min。浓缩工艺中:纳滤膜工作效率略高于反渗透膜,纳滤和反渗透较佳参数分别为跨膜压力1.0MP、循环流量25L/min,跨膜压力1.47MPa、循环流量10L/min。2种工艺均可得到品质优越的花青素浓缩产品。因此逐级膜过滤可利用于花青素的澄清和浓缩,为天然活性成分水提物的非热澄清及浓缩产业化生产提供参考。     

辉光放电低温等离子体改性大豆分离蛋白可食膜工艺优化

为制备具有良好性能的可食膜,该文采用大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)为成膜基材,利用辉光放电等离子体作用对可食膜进行改性,并研究等离子体处理时间、丙三醇质量浓度、pH值对可食膜水蒸气透过系数(water vapor permeability,WVP)、氧气透过率(oxygen permeability,OP)抗拉强度(tensile strength,TS)、断裂伸长率(elongation,E)的影响。利用响应面法对工艺参数进行优化,得到各因素对可食膜性能影响的大小依次为pH值丙三醇质量浓度等离子体处理时间。试验结果表明:丙三醇质量浓度为0.02 g/mL、等离子体处理时间为11.31 min、pH值为11,可食膜性能综合得分S为0.90。此时可食膜的断裂伸长率为273.77%、抗张强度为3.46 MPa、水蒸气透过系数为1.81×10~(-12) g/(cm·s·Pa)、氧气透过率为1.43×10~(-5) cm~3/(m~2·d·Pa)。通过原子力显微镜和接触角测量仪对可食膜表面进行观察,结果表明:经低温等离子体处理的可食膜表面物理结构发生改变,粗糙度增加,水接触角变小,有效提高大豆分离蛋白膜的机械性能和表面润湿性。     

天然花青素提取物与壳聚糖明胶复合膜的制备和表征

为了开发天然的抗氧化活性包装材料,以紫甘蓝、黑米、玫瑰、蓝莓为原料制备天然花青素提取物与壳聚糖明胶的复合膜,比较分析了不同天然花青素提取物对复合膜的物理、机械、抗氧化活性及形貌结构的影响。结果表明：天然花青素提取物的加入,增加了膜的厚度,显著（P<0.05）影响膜的含水率、水溶性及外观形貌。壳聚糖明胶复合膜的水蒸汽透过率（water vapor permeability,WVP）为10.69×10-11 g/(m·s·Pa)。玫瑰花青素提取物的加入使得WVP值降低,而其他花青素提取物的加入使得WVP值增大。玫瑰复合膜的拉伸强度最大,达到27.03 MPa,断裂伸长率最小,黑米花青素提取物可增加复合膜的延展性,断裂伸长率最大为57.67%。傅里叶红外光谱表明天然花青素提取物的羟基基团与壳聚糖的氨基基团产生相互作用。扫描电镜结果表明花青素提取物影响微观结构,而且生物相容性较好。加入天然花青素提取物后,复合膜抗氧化活性均显著（P<0.05）提高,且玫瑰复合膜有着较高的抗氧化活性,1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力达到95.47%。结果表明：玫瑰花青素提取物更有利于开发阻湿性能好,水溶性低,抗拉伸和抗氧化活性高的包装材料,具有良好的应用前景。     

添加适量丁香精油提高大豆分离蛋白膜性能

为探索新型生物膜材料的制备方法及抗菌、抗氧化活性,以大豆分离蛋白为成膜基质,添加适量的增塑剂和丁香精油成分,制备可食性复合膜。研究丁香精油添加对膜的物理性能、抗氧化活性和抗菌活性的影响。结果表明,当丁香精油添加量在0～2.0%时,随着添加比例的增加,复合膜的抗拉强度和透明度降低,断裂伸长率和透湿性升高;添加丁香精油显著提高了大豆分离蛋白膜的抗氧化活力(P0.05),具有很好的抑制肉中常见腐败菌和致病菌的效果,对革兰氏阳性菌单增李斯特菌和清酒乳杆菌的抑菌效果好于革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌和荧光假单胞菌,其中对单增李斯特菌抑菌效果最好。当丁香精油添加量为1.5%时,制备复合膜具有优良抗菌、抗氧化活性,且综合理化性能较佳。丁香精油可添加到大豆分离蛋白中制备具有抑菌抗氧化性能的可食性膜,此复合膜具有作为活性包装的潜力。     

适宜物理-酶联合改性提高酸性条件下大豆分离蛋白乳化性

为提高酸性条件下大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolates,SPI）的乳化性能,该文研究了物理-酶联合改性对SPI（pH值为4）的乳化性能影响,通过对比确定了物理-酶联合改性,即超声波-酶复合改性和挤压膨化-酶复合改性两种改性方法在酸性条件下的乳化性能效果最好;并通过对改性后 SPI（pH 值为4）进行溶解性、游离巯基、二硫键、粒径、扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）和激光共焦扫描显微镜（confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM）分析,从蛋白结构变化上进一步揭示了乳化性能提高现象的原因。结果表明：超声波联合植酸酶-酸性蛋白酶改性的 SPI （Uphy-aci-SPI）的乳化活性（emulsifying activity index,EAI）为0.53 m2/g,比未改性SPI（0.18 m2/g）显著提高了196%（P<0.05）,乳化稳定性（emulsifying stability index,ESI）为17 min,比未改性SPI（13.5 min）显著提高了25.9%（P<0.05）;挤压膨化联合菠萝蛋白酶改性的SPI（Ebro-SPI）的EAI为0.46 m2/g,比未改性SPI显著增加了155%（P<0.05）,ESI为17 min,比未改性SPI显著增加了25.9%（P<0.05）。在pH值为4的条件下对物理-酶联合改性的SPI的性质分析发现,物理-酶联合改性的SPI与未改性SPI相比,物理-酶联合改性的SPI的溶解性显著增加（P<0.05）;物理-酶联合改性的SPI的乳状液平均粒径减小,CLSM观察乳状液中油与蛋白溶液稳定共融,改善了油滴之间的空间排斥力。物理-酶联合改性的SPI游离巯基的含量显著增加（P<0.05）,二硫键含量显著降低（P<0.05）。SEM观察物理-酶联合改性的SPI为结构松散、破碎均一的微观结构。由此可见,乳化性能的提高是通过深层改变蛋白的结构来实现的。该研究可为探索提高酸性条件下SPI的乳化性能的方法提供理论依据。     

大豆分离蛋白成膜性研究

该文通过单因素试验和正交试验对大豆分离蛋白的成膜性进行研究。结果表明，大豆分离蛋白浓度、增塑剂(甘油)、还原剂(Na₂SO)、交联剂(谷氨酰胺转胺酶)对膜的性能有较大影响，最佳处理条件为：大豆分离蛋白5.0%、甘油1.5%、Na₂SO₃ 0.1%、TG酶0.2%，大豆分离蛋白浓度对膜性能影响最大，其次是甘油含量，Na₂SO₃和TG酶的浓度对膜性能影响较小。     

不同工艺生产大豆分离蛋白的成膜性能

为了制作出具有良好机械性和阻隔性的大豆分离蛋白可食性膜,优选出成膜性能优良的大豆分离蛋白,该文研究了7种不同生产工艺下的大豆分离蛋白,分别以7种蛋白为材料制膜,测定其机械性能、水溶性、水蒸气透过性、O2透过性、脂质渗透性等性能,进行模糊综合评价,并用扫描电镜观察膜的表面结构。结果表明:GS5000型普通型未经造粒的大豆分离蛋白综合评价分数最高,表明其成膜性能优于其他6种大豆分离蛋白,并且电镜扫描照片也显示用其制出的膜结构更加致密,因此,GS5000型大豆分离蛋白比较适合制作可食性膜。该研究为进一步开发优质大豆分离蛋白膜进行了初步的探索。     

Solubility, tensile, and color properties of modified soy protein isolate films

Protein solubility (PS) values of different soy protein isolate (SPI) films were determined in water, 0.01 N HCl, 0.01 N NaOH, 4 M urea, and 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol. Tensile and color (L, a, and b values) properties of films also were determined. Control films were cast from heated (70 degrees C for 20 min), alkaline (pH 10) aqueous solutions of SPI (5 g/100 mL of water) and glycerin (50% w/w of SPI). Additional films were cast after incorporation of dialdehyde starch (DAS) at 10% w/w of SPI or small amounts of formaldehyde in the film-forming solutions. Also, control film samples were subjected to heat curing (90 degrees C for 24 h), UV radiation (51.8 J/m(2)), or adsorption of formaldehyde vapors. PS of control films was highest (P < 0.05) in 2-mercaptoethanol, confirming the importance of disulfide bonds in SPI film formation. All treatments were effective in reducing (P < 0.05) film PS in all solvents. Both DAS and adsorbed formaldehyde rendered the protein in films practically insoluble in all solvents. Adsorption of formaldehyde vapors and heat curing also substantially increased (P < 0.05) film tensile strength from 8.2 to 15.8 or 14.7 MPa, respectively. However, heat curing decreased (P < 0.05) film elongation at break from 30 to 6%. Most treatments had small but significant (P < 0.05) effects on b color values, with DAS-containing films having the greatest (P < 0. 05) mean b value (most yellowish). Also, DAS-containing, heat-cured, and UV-irradiated films were darker, as evidenced by their lower (P < 0.05) L values, than control films. It was demonstrated that PS of SPI films can be notably modified through chemical or physical treatments prior to or after casting.     

利用电学阻抗技术检测巴氏杀菌乳的物理特性

阻抗特性作为宏观的电学参数可以实现对牛乳的理化性质评估。在20 Hz～12 MHz频率区间采用带螺旋测微仪的平行板测量系统连接阻抗分析仪研究了3类巴氏杀菌的全脂乳、低脂乳和脱脂乳在不同稀释比例及开封后室温储藏时的阻抗特性。提出巴氏杀菌乳的RC等效电路并采用ZSimpWin软件拟合得到了乳样的电学元件参数,发现低脂乳的稀释比例和其等效电阻呈指数关系,决定系数为0.8337(P<0.05)。各类巴氏杀菌乳的阻抗幅值随频率的提高而降低,相位角则呈现先减少后增加的趋势,其阻抗特性与脂肪含量无明显规律性,但与稀释比例存在显著性关系,20 Hz和1033 Hz时的全脂乳和脱脂乳的相位角与稀释比例具有良好的指数回归关系,决定系数为0.9887和0.9493(P<0.01),而低脂乳于11.4 kHz下相位角与稀释比例呈线性回归,决定系数为0.9846(P<0.01)。室温下开封储藏的乳品内部发生复杂的生化反应且伴随有机物分解,全脂乳和脱脂乳存放时间与其阻抗特性无显著性关系,但低脂乳在207 Hz的激发电场频率下的相位角与储藏时间呈现对数回归关系,决定系数为0.889(P<0.05)。该研究为实现生产中巴氏杀菌乳的浓度和储藏时间分析评估提供了快速而可靠的方法。     

Mechanical properties and water-vapor permeability of soy-protein films affected by calcium salts and glucono-delta-lactone

Edible films were prepared from solutions of soy protein with calcium salts and glucono-delta-lactone (GDL). Calcium salts cross-linking interactions with soy-protein isolate (SPI) could result in the formation of films with rigid three-dimensional structure. GDL contributed to the formation of a homogeneous film structure due to increased protein--solvent attraction. Tensile strength (TS) of calcium sulfate treated SPI film (8.6 MPa) was higher than the TS of calcium chloride treated SPI films (6.4 MPa) and the control SPI film (5.5 MPa). Puncture strength (PS) of calcium sulfate treated SPI film (9.8 MPa) was higher than the PS of calcium chloride treated SPI films (8.5 MPa) and the control SPI film (5.9 MPa). SPI film formulated with GDL had larger elongation at break (39.4%) than that of SPI control film (18.2%). Calcium salts and GDL-treated SPI films had lower water-vapor permeability than the SPI control film.     

Properties of cast films from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and soy protein isolates. A comparative study

The properties of cast films from hemp protein isolate (HPI) including moisture content (MC) and total soluble mass (TSM), tensile strength (TS) and elongation at the break (EAB), and surface hydrophobicity were investigated and compared to those from soy protein isolate (SPI). The plasticizer (glycerol) level effect on these properties and the interactive force pattern for the film network formation were also evaluated. At some specific glycerol levels, HPI films had similar MC, much less TSM and EAB, and higher TS and surface hydrophobicity (support matrix side), as compared to SPI films. The TS of HPI and SPI films as a function of plasticizer level (in the range of 0.3-0.6 g/g of protein) were well fitted with the exponential equation with coefficient factors of 0.991 and 0.969, respectively. Unexpectedly, the surface hydrophobicity of HPI films (including air and support matrix sides) increased with increasing the glycerol level (from 0.3 to 0.6 g/g of protein). The analyses of protein solubility of film in various solvents and free sulfydryl group content showed that the disulfide bonds are the prominent interactive force in the HPI film network formation, while in the SPI case, besides the disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions are also to a similar extent involved. The results suggest that hemp protein isolates have good potential to be applied to prepare protein film with some superior characteristics, e.g., low solubility and high surface hydrophobicity.     

Detection of pH 4.6 insoluble beta-lactoglobulin in heat-treated milk and Mozzarella cheese

Different protein aggregates including beta-lactoglobulin (beta lg) were detected in the pH 4.6 insoluble fraction recovered from actual heat-treated milk samples by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-beta lg polyclonal antibodies was developed to analyze the beta lg partition in the protein fractions obtained upon acidification of both milk and Mozzarella cheese at pH 4.6. According to ELISA determinations, nearly 90% of the pH 4.6 soluble beta lg included in raw milk was found in the pH 4.6 insoluble fraction of ultrahigh temperature (UHT)-treated milk. As concerns Mozzarella cheese analysis, ELISA results indicated that about 36% of the total beta lg milk content was transferred from pasteurized milk to Mozzarella cheese, whereas less than 0.5% was transferred from raw milk. The pH 4.6 insoluble beta lg proved to be a suitable indicator of the intensity of the heat treatment applied to milk. The ELISA-based detection of this parameter was suggested for quality control of both drinking milk and raw milk cheese.     

硬脂酸-胱氨酸-大豆分离蛋白复合膜的机械特性和吸湿性研究

以硬脂酸作为增塑剂,胱氨酸作为交联剂制备具有一定力学性能和良好抗湿性能的大豆分离蛋白复合膜。将膜放在25℃,相对湿度为50%的干燥器中平衡两天,用质构仪测定膜的抗拉强度(TS),延伸率(E(%))。在水分活度a_w为0.10～0.90的范围内研究了复合膜在25℃的吸湿特性。吸湿速率和吸湿等温线数据分别拟合到Peleg's 方程和GAB(Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer)模型。结果表明：大豆蛋白复合膜的TS、延伸率E(%)以及吸湿速率随着硬脂酸和胱氨酸的添加比率显著地变化。硬脂酸和胱氨酸的最佳添加比率为40∶60(w/w)(每升蛋白质溶液中加入10 g混合添加剂),此时,大豆蛋白膜的强度比原来提高2倍,并且有最佳的吸湿速率。吸湿数据和GAB 模型有很高的拟合度,拟合系数最高达0.99。     

Color stability of commercial anthocyanin-based extracts in relation to the phenolic composition. Protective effects by intra- and intermolecular copigmentation

Anthocyanin extracts are increasingly used as food ingredients. A current challenge is to maintain their color properties. The stability of some colorants has been studied in sugar and non-sugar drink models at three pH values (3, 4, and 5) under thermal and light conditions simulating rapid food aging. At a given pH, color stability mainly depends on the structures of anthocyanins and of colorless phenolic compounds. Colorants rich in acylated anthocyanins (purple carrot, red radish, and red cabbage) display great stability due to intramolecular copigmentation. The protection of red chromophore is higher for diacylated anthocyanins in red radish and red cabbage. For colorants without acylated anthocyanins (grape-marc, elderberry, black currant, and chokeberry), intermolecular copigmentation plays a key role in color protection. Colorants rich in flavonols and with the highest copigment/pigment ratio show a remarkable stability. By contrast, catechins appear to have a negative effect on red colorants, quickly turning yellowish in drink models. This effect is more pronounced when the pH is increased. Finally, color does not seem to be greatly influenced by the addition of sugar.