Application of plant protection products by helicopter in Germany (legislation,requirements, guidelines,use in vineyards and forests,drift)1

In Germany, application of plant protection products by helicopter is only common in steep-sloped vineyards and in forests, where the use of conventional sprayers is nearly impossible. Because environment pollution, especially drift, is much higher than with ground equipment, the use of helicopters is subject to plant protection legislation as well as to air traffic regulations. BBA guidelines have been developed for application of plant protection products with aircraft. Each air-borne application must be based on a contract respecting these guidelines and must be reported to the proper authorities and announced to the public. The working airfields must be properly equipped and applications may only be performed under authorized weather conditions. The equipment of the aircraft must fulfil standards, especially for the spray tanks, the spray boom and the control devices, and so must the service stations on the ground.     

烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱的使用技术及抗性风险评估研究

采用室内生物活性测定法系统测定了烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱不同虫态的毒力、成虫持效性、抗性风险评估和不同施药方法田间药效试验。结果表明,烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱低龄若虫和高龄若虫均表现出较高毒力,对成虫也有一定毒力,而对卵效果较差。烯啶虫胺水剂100 mg/L处理时对烟粉虱成虫1～15 d的校正死亡率在80.18%～92.13%之间,随着时间的延长,烯啶虫胺对烟粉虱的防效降低。烯啶虫胺喷雾和灌根方法效果较好,从速效性来说,喷雾好于灌根,从持效性来说,灌根优于喷雾,两种方法均显著高于单叶施药和涂茎法。经过8代6次选育,烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺抗性发展缓慢,与选育前相比敏感性降低2.653倍,烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺的抗性现实遗传力为0.102 5,在50%～90%的筛选压力下,要获得10倍抗性,需要9～21代,表明烟粉虱对烯啶虫胺有产生抗性的风险。     

Detection and characterization of plum pox potyvirus isolates from southern Germany by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)1

Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) isolates show quantitative and qualitative differences in host plants, symptomatology, aphid transmissibility and molecular biology. In order to gain an overview of the different PPV strains that exist in Germany, several PPV isolates, mainly deriving from southern Germany, were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the reaction yielding a 243 bp product. All PPV isolates tested were amplified and the amplified fragments were analysed by restriction endonuclease digestion. An Rsa I restriction site polymorphism in the amplified fragments allowed the discrimination of two groups of isolates.     

Occurrence of Verticillium dahliae on linseed (Linum usitatissimum) in the UK and Germany

In July and August 1990, symptoms of verticilliosis were common in maturing crops of linseed sampled in Hertfordshire, UK and throughout Germany. Grey chlorotic or brown stripes were observed on green stems; on maturing, light brown stems the stripes were dark brown. Symptoms frequently extended along the whole length of the stems and branches up to the capsules, and often spread completely round the stems. Black microsclerotia developed abundantly in stems with these symptoms and Vertkillium dahliae was consistently isolated from them. The incidence of verticilliosis increased from 50 to 100% in untreated plots (cv. Antares) between 8 and 22 August at Rothamsted, UK and was not decreased greatly by fungicide treatments. The incidence ranged from 49 to 98% on cultivars and breeding lines in trials at Thüle, Germany on 9 September. V. dahliae was isolated from seed from Rothamsted plots at an incidence of < 10%.     

阿克泰防治温室白粉虱的研究

本文就阿克泰防治温室白粉虱的技术要点进行了研究，阿克泰25%水分散粒剂2g/mu防治温室白粉虱具有很好的防效，防效可达95%，持效期长达15d以上。     

Assessment of varietal reactions to potato wart (Synchytrium endobioticum) in Germany

A key for official assessment of potato cultivars for their resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum (potato wart) is presented. The margin between resistant and susceptible reactions is determined solely by the intensity of necrosis. Low numbers of ripe wart sori can be tolerated, if substantial necrosis occurs simultaneously. The key is a combination of the testing procedures of the two former German States and has been officially applied in Germany since 1992.     

Present status of fireblight in the Federal Republic of Germany1

The three phases of spread of fireblight in FRG are described, from its first appearance in 1971 to the present day. The disease is now well established in Schleswig-Holstein and Niedersachsen and scattered outbreaks have occurred over the whole of the rest of the country (but only one in Bayern). The control strategy now centres on destruction of diseased plants within 500 m of any outbreak found in an orchard or nursery (object protection).     

Morphometrics and seasonal occurrence of metacestodes of Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Cyclophyllidea: Dilepididae) in the blue bream (Abramis ballerus) from the Oder River (Germany/Poland)

From May 1993 to April 1995, the seasonal occurrence of metacestodes of Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855) (Cyclophyllidea: Dilepididae) in its second intermediate host, the blue bream Abramis ballerus (L.) was studied monthly in the Oder River on the borders of Germany and Poland. Based on the parasite specimens found, detailed data on their morphometrics are presented. The metacestodes occurred in the blue bream intestine throughout the year (overall prevalence 27% and intensity 1-56 (mean 4.8) metacestodes per infected fish). Increased prevalences and mean intensities of infection were noted from March to June and November to December indicating that spring, late autumn and early winter are the main periods of new infections.     

Plant Protection Forecasting Service in the Federal Republic of Germany1

In the Federal Republic of Germany, plant protection is a matter for the several Federal Lander. Each of the regional plant protection offices has built up a warning system of its own, although there are no essential differences between them. The warnings are based on field investigations which are mostly carried out by technicians. However, it is not possible to inspect all fields, orchards, etc., as the areas of crops are too vast. Warnings follow a general pattern: information on the situation, followed by conclusions on further development; recommendations for control measures; and, most importantly, indications of possible undesired or even dangerous side-effects and how to avoid them. The warnings are published and also distributed by telephone and radio. Warnings on sugar beet in the Nordrhein area are distributed by the sugar factories to each of the farmers concerned. The forecasting service can certainly be improved by scientific progress. On the other hand, practical improvement is indispensable. The main problem is how to get more information from the field. There is little hope that the personnel situation will change fundamentally, but every effort must be made, in view of the importance of the forecasting service. En République féderale d'allemagne, les Lander sont chargés de la protection des végétaux. Les bureaux régionaux ont développe leurs proprés systemes de prevision, mais ceux-ci sont neanmoins très semblables. Les avertissements sont basés sur des observations de plein champ qui sont réalisées pour la plupart par des techniciens. I1 n'est pas possible d'inspecter tous les champs, vergers, etc., en raison des enormes surfaces en jeu. Les avertissements reposent sur un système normalisé comprenant I'information sur la situation présente, suivie d'une évaluation de I'evolution ulterieure, dune recommandation sur les methodes de lutte, d'une indication sur les effets secondaires indesirables ou dangereux, ainsi que des moyens de les eviter. Les avertissements sont expedies sous forme de bulletins, ou communiques par telephone ou par radio. Dans la région de Nordrhein, les avertissements concernant la betterave sont distribues aux exploitants par les sucreries. Le système de prevision peut certainement btre ameliore, surtout sur le plan pratique en beneficiant des progres scientifiques qui sont realises. I1 est essentiel de mutiplier les observations de plein champ, mais il est improbable que les services responsables puissent disposer du personnel necessaire. Cependant, face à I'importance de la prévision, il faut tirer le meilleur parti des moyens disponibles.     

Genotypic Diversity of the Wheat Leaf Blotch Pathogen Mycosphaerella Graminicola (anamorph) Septoria Tritici in Germany

The population structure and genotypic diversity of Mycosphaerella graminicola from six natural field populations in Germany were studied with molecular markers. To reveal the potential effects of plant host resistance on the pathogen population, hierarchical samples were taken from susceptible and resistant cultivars. A total of 203 single spore isolates was subjected to molecular marker analysis using the amplified fragment length polymorphism technique (AFLP). Among the 203 isolates analyzed, 142 different multilocus haplotypes (MLH) were identified revealing a high degree of genotypic diversity of the M. graminicola population. On average, a F _ST value of 0.04 was found, indicating a low genetic differentiation with only 4% of the genetic variation between the local populations but leaving 96% of the genetic variation within the populations. According to the low F _ST value, a high migration rate of Nm 12 was found. The observed high within-population diversity, and the significant migration between populations, prevented genetic isolation and differentiation of putative geographically separated populations. Furthermore, plant host resistance had no obvious effect on the population structure and diversity of M. graminicola. Genotypic variability can be attributed to sexual recombination which appears to have a considerably larger influence on the population structure. Gene flow on this scale could have significant implications for plant breeding and fungicide spraying programmes.     

Aerial Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel) against Colotois (Himera) pennaria L. in Comparison with ULV-Application of Various Insecticides 1)

In spring 1972 experiments were carried out in Lower Austria with the Bacillus thuringiensis isolate Dipel in order to assess its effectiveness in controlling Colotois pennaria L. infesting oak and other broad-leaved trees. The results obtained compared favourably with those produced by the insecticides Nexion²), malathion and Dipterex³), although both malathion and Dipterex yielded higher mortality. Similar results were obtained when B. thuringiensis was used to control Stilpnotia salicis L., feeding on poplar trees. Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. and Pris-tiphora abietina Christ., however, were not affected.     

Techniques of applying nematicides to soil1

Methods of applying currently available fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides to soil are briefly discussed. These are: seed, seed furrow, crop row, seedbed, planting hole, localised topsoil and topsoil treatments. The choice of treatment depends on many factors including the pest to be controlled and the value of the crop. The Vertical Band-Rotary Harrow technique can be used for seed furrow, wide band and topsoil treatment and has advantages over conventional techniques.     

Decision aids for apple scab warning services (Venturia inaequalis) in Germany*

Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) represents the most serious pathogen and disease in orchards worldwide and has to be treated with a number of fungicides available on the market. In Germany, prophylactic application schedules have been banished in the past because of the availability of several commercial systems that forecast infection risk precisely. Experience with decision aids such as HP‐100, Welte, METOS and RIMpro in the Rheinland region of Germany in 1998/99 is presented and discussed. All systems serve as decision aids for forecasting potential infection periods, but do not provide a season‐long forecasting system based on data obtained 3–6 months in advance.     

Criteria for Choosing Application Techniques for Desert Locust Control1

Insecticides may be applied in several ways to control desert locusts. The traditional method, of feeding poisoned bait to hopper bands, uses insecticide very efficiently and is inexpensive when put into practice on a limited scale. However, it is both expensive and ineffective when a plague arises. Treating individual bands with contact insecticides is similar and suitable for operations on a modest scale in countries where much of the land is developed for agriculture. Two large-scale methods, matching the size of a locust plague occurring in uncultivated deserts, are the treatment of swarms of adults and spraying dieldrin onto the natural vegetation of the breeding sites. Despite the small dose rate of dieldrin needed - tens of grams per hectare - the last method is very expensive when breeding occurs over the large areas which are susceptible - hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. Although all methods are suitable and used for particular circumstances, the last alone is the only one of general value and practical feasibility that can match the dimensions of a locust plague. Despite its high cost and the use of small dose rates of a persistent organochloride insecticide, the analysis of benefits and costs indicates that it will be the method mostly used in deserts, if a plague occurs again. The arguments leading to this conclusion are presented to illustrate an example of the type of study required to decide how to apply pesticides in practice for more familiar pest management tasks.     

稳定同位素技术在盐渍土研究中的应用

简要介绍了国内外稳定同位素技术在盐渍土研究与改良中的应用状况,指出稳定同位素技术在一定条件下可指示土壤盐渍化动态,并为研究盐渍土形成机制提供新方法,同时可作为筛选耐盐植物品种的指标.最后,展望了从单因素影响转向多因素综合影响来考虑稳定同位素技术在盐渍土研究与改良中的应用,以及与其他技术方法结合使用并进行对比,以期为干旱...     

Legislation for plant protection in Germany and in the European Union1

The first regulations on plant protection in Germany date from the last century and the first basic rules from 1937. New legislation was published in 1968. The key basis for modern plant protection is the Plant Protection Act of 1986. The legal basis, organization and scope of legislation i n the tield of plant protection in Germany are dcscrihed. The specific role of the rederal German states (Linder) is pointed out. The competent authority for granting authorization o f plant protection products in Germany is the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in Braunschweig. The maximum period of authorization is 10 years. The legal basis for placing plant protection products on the market within the Member States of the European Union is summarized. together with the main elements of the regulations regarding authorization of plant protection products. There is a need for international cooperation to overcome foreseeable problem and workload regarding risk reduction in plant protection.     

保护性耕作在黄土高原的应用和发展

在过去近半个世纪,黄土高原保护性耕作技术已从单纯的平移效仿国外先进的保护性耕作技术体系逐渐过渡到集特色鲜明、因地制宜、传承改革为一体的该区特定保护性耕作技术体系。在全球变暖的背景下,黄土高原保护性耕作技术为衰减一些关键温室气体在农田尺度的排放和吸收同样至关重要。在归纳黄土高原保护性耕作系统的设计思路和主要内容的基础上,阐明了保护性耕作技术体系的农田水生态过程和防侵蚀效应的内在机制,并重点分析了保护性耕作对该区重要的土壤温度效应、土壤理化特性、产量和水分利用效率、温室气体的影响和成因。最后还对目前黄土高原保护性耕作技术的开发、示范和推广过程中存在的不足和弊端进行了剖析,提出了结合保护性耕作技术的垄沟地膜覆盖栽培技术,这将是该区农业未来发展的重要思路,以期为黄土高原旱地农业系统的可持续开发和系统管理提供理论支撑。