Habitat use and activity patterns of roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.)), perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and pike (Esox lucius L.) in the laboratory: the role of predation threat and structural complexity

Abstract– The role of predation risk and structural complexity in determining the habitat use and activity patterns of roach, rudd and perch was assessed using a series of video-recorded laboratory trials. The time spent in open and structured habitats, vertical swimming heights and activity levels of each species were observed in the presence and absence of a potential, pike, predator. Habitat complexity varied between treatments with artificial stem densities of 200, 400 and 600 stems'm⁻². Predator free trials showed that roach and rudd spent significantly less time in structured habitats than perch. Increasing stem density had no significant effect on the habitat choice of perch but did affect the distribution of roach and rudd. Stem density influenced the vertical swimming height of rudd or perch but not roach, although the effects of habitat complexity on swimming activity were more complicated. Pike were themselves influenced by increases in stem density, only selecting structured habitats when stem densities were less than 600 stems'm⁻². In the presence of a predator, both roach and rudd increased the amount of time spent in structured areas. These observed differences were independent of stem density. Perch, however, decreased the amount of time spent in structural habitats at all stem densities. Predation risk also prompted significant changes in both vertical swimming height and activity levels of potential prey fish. A pike predation success hierarchy of rudd-roach-perch was also observed during the study. The reasons for this pattern are discussed.     

Ontogenetic changes in the diet of the black-stripe minnow Galaxiella nigrostriata (Shipway, 1953) (Galaxiidae) and the salamanderfish Lepidogalaxias salamandroides (Mees, 1961) (Lepidogalaxiidae)

Abstract –  Similarities in the diets of larval, juvenile and adult black-stripe minnow ( Galaxiella nigrostriata ) and salamanderfish ( Lepidogalaxias salamandroides ), collected from ephemeral pools in south-western Australia during the mid-wet, late-wet and dry seasons, were assessed. During the mid-wet season, both intra- and interspecific competition for a diminishing food supply was minimised through differences in prey utilisation by the various developmental stages of both species. During the late-wet season, the pools contained only juvenile G. nigrostriata and juvenile and adult L. salamandroides , the diets of which were vastly different. A shift towards terrestrial fauna by G. nigrostriata and the ingestion of greater proportions of larger benthic prey taxa by L. salamandroides minimised interspecific competition for food at a time when densities of zooplanktors were rapidly declining. Timing differences in the onset of aestivation ensures that no interspecific competition for food occurs during the dry season.     

微塑料与多环芳烃菲复合胁迫对七彩神仙鱼稳定同位素和生态化学计量学特征的影响

为探讨微塑料和多环芳烃菲对七彩神仙鱼生长、能量存储、稳定同位素及生态化学计量学特征的影响,实验设置了3个微塑料浓度(0、100、1 000μg/L)和2个菲水平(0、50μg/L),共3×2个暴露组,进行8周的养殖实验。结果显示:①幼鱼末体质量未受微塑料和菲影响,但菲会降低肥满度,且二者对肝体指数有交互影响:50μg/L菲下100μg/L微塑料增加肝体指数,100μg/L微塑料下菲可提高肝体指数。②幼鱼蛋白质含量随菲浓度升高而增加,粗脂肪和碳水化合物均受微塑料和菲交互影响:0μg/L菲下微塑料增加会提高粗脂肪含量,但会降低碳水化合物含量;1 000μg/L微塑料下菲增加会降低粗脂肪含量,但会提高碳水化合物含量。③幼鱼δ13C随微塑料增加而降低,δ15N受二者交互影响,但不同条件下无显著差异。④微塑料会增加幼鱼C含量,菲则增加N含量,而P含量还受二者交互影响,0μg/L菲下100μg/L微塑料降低P含量,而50μg/L菲下1 000μg/L微塑料降低P含量;100μg/L微塑料下菲增加会提高P含量,但1 000μg/L微塑料下菲增加会降低P含量;幼鱼C/N受微塑料和菲单一暴露影响,而N/...     

海鳗个体繁殖力与生物学指标的关系分析

采集了96 indⅢ期以上海鳗性腺样本,计算得到海鳗个体繁殖力的数据,分析了海鳗个体繁殖力与各生物学指标的关系。个体绝对繁殖力F变动范围为(5.3~384.8)×104egg;个体相对繁殖力FL变化范围为202~3847 egg/mm;FW变化范围为156~618 egg/g。通过对个体繁殖力与6个生物学指标的相关分析、回归分析、复合分析、综合分析和因子分析,发现海鳗的个体繁殖力与总重、性腺重的关系最密切。为了更好地反映出各生物学指标的综合作用,可以把生物学指标归纳成生长指标因子和性体指标因子来进行分析。     

Consumer Preference and Sensory Properties of the Pacific Cupped Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the European Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis)

ABSTRACT

Experts in the oyster supply chain (farmers, retailers, and gourmet chefs) in The Netherlands have suggested that the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) has superior sensory qualities compared to the Pacific cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas). However, scientific evidence is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate consumer preferences for these two oyster species and to determine the sensory properties of both species by consumers. Two-alternative forced choice tests were performed with the oysters involving a panel of 74 naïve consumers. No significant differences in preferences between the oyster species were observed by the consumers. Nine sensory attributes of both oyster species were evaluated. Consumers did not observe significant differences between species in the sensory attributes: overall odor intensity, sea odor, mud odor, sweetness, pungency, and firmness. The Pacific cupped oyster was perceived as significantly saltier and more intense in greenness than the European flat oyster. We concluded that only a few sensory properties of the European flat oyster and the Pacific cupped oyster are perceived as being different by untrained consumers.     

兰州鲇（CAG）n、（GATA）n微卫星文库构建与鉴定

应用磁珠富集法构建兰州鲇（ Silurus lanzhouensis） CAG重复和GATA重复的微卫星文库,并分析其序列特征。兰州鲇基因组DNA经MseI酶切,选取200～800 bp的片段与生物素标记的探针（CAG）8和（GATA）6杂交,捕获到含有微卫星序列的目的DNA片段连接到pMD19-T载体,转化到大肠杆菌DH5α菌株中构建微卫星富集文库,经PCR检测筛选出阳性克隆进行测序。从126个阳性克隆中随机选取96个进行测序,获得59个微卫星序列（ GenBank登录号： KJ545973～KJ545998, KJ598088～KJ598120）。其中完美型31个（52.54％）、非完美型20个（33.9％）、混合型为8个（13.56％）。根据侧翼序列,成功设计48对引物,选取25对微卫星引物在10个个体进行扩增与多态性筛选,共获得10对多态性引物。结果表明,经优化的磁珠富集法能够高效地获得兰州鲇微卫星标记,这些标记将为兰州鲇种质资源保护、微卫星连锁图谱构建、经济性状的QTL定位及分子标记辅助选育奠定基础。     

Progestogen metabolism by ovaries of the roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) and the rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.)

Roach ovaries converted 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P) and to glucuronides of testosterone and 17,20P. Small amounts of 5-pregnane-3- and -3, 17, 20-triols, 7-hydroxy-5-reduced metabolites and 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P) were also formed. Rudd ovaries converted this substrate mainly to 17,20P, 5-pregnane-3- and -3,17,20-triols, 17,20-dihydroxy-5-pregnan-3-one and testosterone glucuronide. The main metabolites of progesterone with both species were 17,20P, 5-pregnane-3,17,20-triol and 7-hydroxy-5-reduced steroids. Rudd ovaries formed, in addition, 17,20-dihydroxy-5-pregnan-3-one from progesterone. The pattern of metabolites was markedly altered when the concentration of substrate was increased from 42ng to 1 µg or 100 µg. At the highest concentration, glucuronides and polar steroids were not detectable, while at low concentrations they accounted for over 50% of the metabolites. 20-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was shown to have a very high capacity, producing 21–47 µg 17,20P from 100 µg 17-hydroxyprogesterone substrate with 200 mg ovarian tissue in 5h.     

Effect of different growing techniques and substrate types on the growth and survival of the clams Tapes dorsatus (Lamarck) and Katelysia rhytiphora (Lamy)

Potential clam farming areas containing clean sandy sediment accessible at low tide are limited in New South Wales, Australia. The availability of farming infrastructure such as oyster racks and floating devices along with the prevalence of sediment other than clean sand prompted the assessment of farming methods for Tapes dorsatus (Lamarck) and Katelysia rhytiphora (Lamy) and sediment preferences for T. dorsatus. This study indicates that both clam species, when contained in baskets, grow (whole weight and shell length increase) significantly faster (P < 0.05) in the sediment followed by in floating baskets, on racks or on the sediment in that order. However, the survival of K. rhytiphora was significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the rack (99%) than in the other situations (72–85%). A similar trend was observed for T. dorsatus but it was not significant (P > 0.05). Tapes dorsatus held in a sandy-shell substrate grew faster than those cultured in substrates of only shell, sand or mud at the same intertidal site, Survival rates over 6 months were high in all these translocated sediments and ranged from 95 to 100%. Tapes dorsatus grown in the same sediments in a nearby tidally-exchanged subtidal pond reached market size (～ 38 mm) after 6 months of grow-out and were over twice as heavy (whole weight 10.0–11.9 g) as those grown inter-tidally (whole weight 3.7–5.7 g).     

Effects of various diet formulations (experimental and commercial) on the morphology of the liver and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of three formulated diets: wheat gluten protein‐based diets supplemented with Lys–Gly dipeptide (PP) or free lisine and glycine (AA), and a control diet without lysine supplementation (CON), two commercial starters: Aller Futura (AF), Aglo Norse (AN) and frozen Chironomidae larvae (CH) for on the growth and digestive system development of rainbow trout. The experiment lasted 28 days and survival at the end of the experiment was the highest in the group fed AF (87.9±4.2%) and the lowest in the group fed the CON diet (74.0±4.3%). Fish fed the CON diet showed a significantly lower crude protein content, and the AA group had a significantly higher lipid level (P≤0.05) in body carcass compared with the other groups. The highest density of intestinal goblet cells (P≤0.05) was observed in fish fed the CON diet, while the lowest density was seen in the distal intestine in the AF group. The hepatocyte cytoplasm of all fish stored more glycogen than lipids. These results indicate that wheat gluten protein‐based diets supplemented with dipeptide Lys–Gly (PP) or free lysine and glycine (AA) supported growth, protein efficiency rate and intestine epithelium homeostasis. On the other hand, fish fed CON (lysine‐deficient diet) showed lower survival and growth rate, and disturbances of intestine epithelium homeostasis, probably as a result of lysine deficiency.     

Cloning and characterization of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and the effects of dietary lipid levels on the expression of LPL in the redlip mullet (Liza haematocheila)

The genetic improvement of redlip mullet Liza haematocheila through breeding programmes is of interest for this important aquaculture species. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in lipid deposition and metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional regulation of LPL in redlip mullet. We cloned and identified the LPL gene, determined LPL gene expression in various tissues, and examined the effect of dietary lipid level on hepatic LPL gene expression. The LPL gene of redlip mullet Liza haematocheila (L.hLPL) was 2,395 bp in length and encoded 516 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that L.hLPL shared 61%–90.3% identity with LPLs in other species. Expression patterns of hepatic L.hLPL were studied in redlip mullet fed diets containing 2.0, 4.8, 7.5, 9.8, 12.0 or 14.6 g/kg, crude fat for 60 days by real‐time quantitative PCR. The abundance of LPL mRNA in hepatic tissue increased with the increase in dietary fat. The expression L.hLPL mRNA was significantly higher in the groups fed diets with 14.6 and 12.0 g/kg fat than in the other groups (p < .05). Gene expression was significantly higher in the abdominal fat of redlip mullet (p < .05) compared with other tissues. In conclusion, a high fat diet (9.79–14.59 g/kg) induces L.hLPL expression in abdominal fat.     

Study of the Toxic Contaminants Cadmium and Lead in Sardines (Sardina pilchardus) in the Bay of Algiers (Algeria)

The study of the discharge of metallic pollutants into the marine environment through biological material such as sardines makes it possible to evaluate the quality of the biological resources and of the marine environment. The sardine (Sardina pilchardus) is the most popular species for fishing and the most consumed species by the Algiers population. Two toxic metals that can affect human health are studied in this fish. A year of sampling with fishermen was conducted. Sampling was done in the spring, in the autumn, and in April between April 2014 and April 2015. Sampled sardines were grouped by size classes. The gills and muscle were recovered by size classes. The results were explored using a principal components analysis and compared by a Mann-Whitney distribution test. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used in the laboratory for analysis. The most important results show that lead levels were higher than those of cadmium in the gills and muscle. For sardines, lead contamination appears to have both gill and food origins. Mann-Whitney comparison tests confirmed this homogeneous distribution of lead between the gills and muscle. The correlation between cadmium in the gills and height or weight is more substantial than that with muscle. The origin of cadmium in sardines is branchial. The food origin appears secondary. From our point of view, the effect of season, i.e., winter (December) and spring (April), favors an increase in metal levels in parallel to the production reserves planned for spawning. The effect of season was observed by use of a biplot. A significant reduction in cadmium and lead content was observed in September. The high temperature, an environmental factor, induced stress that reduced the metal concentrations and the decontamination induced by the issuance of genital products in early summer.     

The organ topography of nonpoisonous snakes of the Boidae (boas and pythons) and Colubridae (adders) families]

In order to assist veterinarians with the diagnosis of diseases in snakes, the organ topography of 142 dissected snakes of 35 different species was analysed and examined in relation to body size and normal biotope. Apart from characteristic species specific differences, it was shown that there is a clear difference between arboreal and terrestrial snakes. It was recorded that nearly in all species the organs shifted along the body in relation to increase in growth.     

Serum constituents of the Malaysian prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and pink shrimp (Penaeus marginatus)

Baseline serum values of newly captured Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and pink shrimp (Penaeus marginatus) were determined by Sequential Multiple AutoAnalysis. Both of these species have considerable potential for commercial captive culture.Sex differences in serum constituent levels were found within species. Female pink shrimp had higher serum glucose levels than the males. Malaysian prawn males had higher cholesterol levels than females, and the latter had higher levels or activities of urea nitrogen, creatinine and lactic dehydrogenase.Pink shrimp held under laboratory conditions for 10 days had higher levels or activities of serum glucose and alkaline phosphatase and lower levels or activities of serum inorganic phosphorus, total protein, lactic dehydrogenase and glumatic-oxaloacetic transaminase than pink shrimp sampled immediately after capture.     

Covariation between the average lengths of mature coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and the ocean environment

We used the average fork length of age‐3 returning coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and age‐3 ocean‐type and age‐4 stream‐type Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon along the northeast Pacific coast to assess the covariability between established oceanic environmental indices and growth. These indices included the Multivariate El Niño‐Southern Oscillation Index (MEI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Northern Oscillation Index, and Aleutian Low Pressure Index. Washington, Oregon, and California (WOC) salmon sizes were negatively correlated with the MEI values indicating that ultimate fish size was affected negatively by El Niño‐like events. Further, we show that the growth trajectory of WOC salmon was set following the first ocean winter. Returning ocean‐type British Columbia‐Puget Sound Chinook salmon average fork length was positively correlated with the MEI values during the summer and autumn of return year, which was possibly a result of a shallower mixed layer and improved food‐web productivity of subarctic Pacific waters. Size variation of coho salmon stocks south of Alaska was synchronous and negatively correlated with warm conditions (positive PDO) and weak North Pacific high pressure during ocean residence.     

江蓠藻渣及其膳食纤维对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附研究

江蓠提取琼胶后的藻渣如直接废弃将污染环境。江蓠藻渣中富含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,利用废弃的藻渣提取膳食纤维进行高值化利用,不但可以解决环境污染问题,还可以变废为宝。本文研究了江蓠藻渣及其膳食纤维对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附作用,探讨了pH值、温度、吸附时间、金属离子初始浓度等因素对其吸附性能的影响。研究表明:藻渣粉末和经过酶法活化的膳食纤维在pH=7时对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附能力最强,吸附容量随着Pb2+、Cd2+初始金属离子浓度的增大而增大。藻渣粉末和经过酶法活化的膳食纤维对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附动力学和热力学分别符合Lagergren方程二级吸附模型和Langmu ir吸附方程;单一金属溶液中藻渣粉末和经过酶法活化的膳食纤维对Pb2+的吸附量大于Cd2+,当金属离子浓度为500 mg/L时,藻渣对Pb2+和Cd2+吸附量分别为:19.12 mg/g和12.25 mg/g;膳食纤维对Pb2+和Cd2+吸附量分别为:21.93 mg/g和12.63 mg/g。     

The autochthonous microbiota of the freshwater omnivores jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the effect of dietary carbohydrates

Previous studies have shown that the gut microbiota of fish differs depending on host feeding habits and these populations may also be influenced by dietary ingredients. In this study, the bacterial populations of the intestinal tract of the opportunistic omnivore jundiá Rhamdia quelen and the typical omnivore tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were investigated in two experiments. In experiment I, the levels of amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic and total culturable bacteria were compared in the proximal, mid and distal intestine using selective agar. Higher levels of amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic and total culturable bacteria were observed in the tilapia than jundiá, in all intestinal regions. Jundiá contained higher levels of proteolytic bacteria and lipid digesting bacteria in the distal intestinal portion as compared with the mid intestine; both fish species also presented more amylolytic bacteria in the distal intestine. In experiment II, the amylolytic intestinal microbiota between the two species was compared after administration of diets containing different carbohydrate sources. Jundiá fed broken rice presented higher total culturable bacterial levels; however, dietary cassava bagasse and ground corn significantly elevated the population of amylolytic bacteria in tilapia (P > 0.05). PCR‐DGGE was also used to assess the bacterial communities in experiment II. A Cetobacterium spp. was detected in jundiá fed diets containing broken rice, and tilapia fed cassava bagasse, dextrin, broken rice and ground corn. Microbial differentiation was further demonstrated between jundiá and tilapia, because an uncultured bacterium was unique in tilapia and an uncultured spirochete was observed only in jundiá; the presence of these bacterial species was also influenced by dietary carbohydrate sources.