麦棉套种对预留棉行光合有效辐射的影响

对东西行向、预留棉行为１００ｃｍ的三二式麦棉套种方式研究表明，在小麦抽穗后的麦棉共生期间，预留棉行上的平均光合有效辐射仅为一熟棉田的５０％～８０％，株高低和叶片枯黄时光照削弱较小；在麦棉间距相同的情况下，北行棉花接受的ＰＰＦＤ较多，而正午前后南行棉花易受荫蔽，南行棉花适当北移，保持麦棉间距在３０ｃｍ以上，降低小麦群体株高，防止小麦旺长，起垄种棉，都有利于棉花生长发育。     

麦套棉行直达辐射时间的理论模型

针对麦棉套种的辐射竞争矛盾,结合气象学理论,初步建立了以棉行接受太阳直达辐射累积时间为主体的麦棉套种微气候学计算机模型。模拟结果表明,对棉花而言,东西行套种棉行受光较多,而南北行向则较少,小麦株高太高和预留棉行太窄,均会增加棉行的遮荫时间。理论分析认为,采用东西行种植,选择矮杆小麦品种或适时对小麦进行化学调控,起高垄种棉,用棉花育苗移栽方法缩短麦棉共生期等措施,皆有利于培育壮苗,为获得高产打下良好基础。     

麦棉套作技术之初步研究

1973～1978年的田间试验结果说明:小麦茬棉田以采用麦棉套作较好,套作的合理配置方式以小麦播幅占地40%,预留棉行占地60%(畦宽4.0尺,小麦播幅占1.6尺,预留棉行占2.4尺,以下同)较恰当。这种配置方式六年小麦亩产418.0～611.0斤,平均491.5斤,比单作(麦棉轮作)减产15.8%。麦棉套作又以套作移栽的棉花产量最高,1975～1978四年亩产     

唐河县麦茬棉种植情况及高产经验总结

唐河是南阳盆地的重点植棉大县,年种植面积2.5万～3万hm2,种植模式以麦套棉为主.近年来,随着农村劳力外出务工人数的增加和小麦机收面积的不断扩大,麦套棉不利小麦机收的矛盾日益突出.另外,麦套棉移栽后易出现麦"烤"苗(棉苗)、蕾花期枯(黄)萎病发病比较严重、后期易早衰等技术问题.从2006年开始,劳力少、地头窄、预留棉田面积小的农户.开始试种麦茬棉,试图解决以上问题.     

黄淮海棉区棉麦两熟光能流与物质流研究Ⅰ．共生期棉行光分布与日总量

１９９２～１９９４年针对黄淮海棉区棉麦两熟套种棉花迟发晚熟进行不同配置方式的田间试验研究。结果表明，不同配置方式棉行光分布型不同，宽窄行配置方式棉行光分布呈宽的“凸”字型，等行配置方式棉行光分布呈偏而窄的“凸”字型。共生期间棉茬小麦正处在生长发育旺盛期，丰产小麦株高从５５ｃｍ增加到８５ｃｍ，旗叶和旗下２叶披出宽度达到２０ｃｍ，单位面积株数、单株叶面积和叶面积系数均达到最大并随后逐渐消减，４种配置方式全共生期棉行日总受光量仅为４６．６％±１３．２％，棉花受光量仅为５３．９％±７．６％，光合有效辐射预留棉行为４０８．２８±１１５．５３μｍｏｌｍ－２ｄ－１，棉花为４７３．５９±６６．８５μｍｏｌｍ－２ｄ－１，分别比一熟棉田减弱５３．４％±１３．２％和４６．１％±７．６％。这些结果说明，套种棉花共生期光热资源严重不足是客观存在的，但处理间存在明显的差异。棉茬小麦选择东西行向，推广垄作和选用矮秆小麦品种，采用标准３─２式或４─２式配置方式有利于共生期预留棉行获得较多的光热资源，促进棉花早发。     

不同立体种植对棉花主要害虫及其天敌种群消长的影响

通过种植麦套春棉、麦套春棉播种玉米诱集带、麦套春棉邻近种植玉米三种类型的棉田，以平作春棉为对照。明确了不同类型生态区的主要害虫及天敌种群消长动态。立体种植棉田与平作春棉相比：盛期平均百株黄地老虎为害降低８７．５％；棉叶螨发生早为害重；苗蚜降低９７．８％，差异极显著；伏蚜发生量上升２０２％，差异显著；第二代棉铃虫落卵士降低３３．８％；三、四代棉铃虫落卵量差异不显著。第二代棉铃虫发生期，玉米诱集带百株累计诱集棉铃虫落卵量达１４８４粒，天敌数量最高达８４０头，明显看出种植玉米诱集带对棉铃虫有较好的诱集作用，对天敌有很好的保护和增殖作用。     

不同类型棉田棉铃虫自然种群生命表比较研究

1998年在河南安阳植棉区对麦套春棉和平作春棉两种类型棉田二、三代棉铃虫自然种群进行了系统观测,并组建了相应的生命表。麦套春棉和平作春棉二代棉铃虫世代存活率分别为0．092％和0．105％,均低于相应的三代(分别为0．465％和0．450％)。麦套春棉和平作春棉二代棉铃虫自然种群趋势指数Ⅰ分别为0．2946和0．3376,均低于相应第三代(分别为2．9123和2．8318)。麦套春棉二代棉铃虫世代存活率和种群趋势指数均低于同代的平作春棉,而麦套春棉三代棉铃虫世代存活率和种群趋势指数则高于同代的平作春棉。天敌捕食和气候因子是影响两类棉田二、三代棉铃虫自然种群数量变动的关键因素。麦套春棉二代棉铃虫发生期,捕食性天敌发生量较大,棉铃虫自然种群数量较平作春棉减少幅度大;平作春棉三代棉铃虫发生期,棉铃虫自然种群数量较麦套春棉田减少幅度大。     

麦套春棉小麦产量的探析

麦套春棉的小麦产量，随着带宽（小麦播幅）的增加而提高，随着带宽（小麦播幅）的减小而降低，带宽１８０ｃｍ（小麦播幅７０ｃｍ），只要栽培方法得当，肥水运筹合理，能够达到单作小麦产量的７０％左右。麦套春棉应从麦棉综合效益出发，确定适宜带宽和小麦播幅，并选用高产、株高较矮的中早熟小麦品种，使之既有利于棉花的苗期生长和中、后期发育，又有利于小麦产量的提高。     

河南棉花"麦后大苗移栽"栽培技术

河南是一个植棉大省,常年种植面积在66.7万hm~2左右,种植模式以麦棉套种为主.随着小麦机械收割的普及和小麦效益日益提高,麦套棉花生产就凸现出了不可协调的矛盾.机械收割容易伤到棉苗,而且麦套棉的小麦预留行限制着机械收割和小麦产量,麦套棉不利于小麦机收的矛盾日益突出.再加上随着农村劳力外出务工人数的增加,国家对粮食的重视,小麦价格日益攀高,麦棉争地日益突出,特别是在河南这个粮食大省,小麦更是占据了主导地位,这样棉花让位就显现出来.     

棉麦两熟不同耕作栽培途径比较研究

对单作春棉、麦套春棉、麦套晚春棉和麦套夏棉４种不同耕作栽培途径进行了系统比较研究。指出麦套晚春棉是适合冀中南温光资源的最佳耕作栽培途径；阐明了麦套晚春棉高产、早熟机理。同时对不同耕作栽培途径棉田养分平衡、棉麦共生期土壤水分消长规律进行了系统比较研究     

Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Soil Temperature in Cotton Fields under Different Cropping Systems

[Objective] Soil temperature affects the biochemical processes of crops; therefore, elucidating its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics in different cropping systems is an essential part of understanding how to boost cotton yield potential. [Method] In 2016 and 2017, continuous, real-time soil temperature monitoring was conducted at a depth of 10-110 cm in three cropping systems, including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (WIC), and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (WDC). We investigated the growth process and various agronomic traits. [Result] Different cotton soil temperatures were found between MC and doubled in late May, indicating about 1-3 ℃ higher in the former during the symbiotic period. In early July, the cotton soil temperature of the double-cropping systems at 10-40 cm was higher than that of the MC, but showed the opposite at 40-110 cm. In early August, the differences in soil temperature reduced among the three cropping systems, while the soil temperature of the MC was still slightly lower than that of the double-cropping systems. After mid-September, the soil temperature of the double-cropping systems was lower than that of the MC. The soil temperature mainly influenced the duration of cotton seedling to squaring, and flowering to the boll-opening period. At the same time, there was a subtle effect on the squaring to flowering and boll period. In general, higher average soil temperatures were associated with shorter growth period durations. During the same period, the lowest daily soil temperature of the double-cropping systems occurred about one hour earlier than in the MC; however, the highest daily temperature appeared at the same time. There was a linear relationship between accumulated soil temperature and biomass at different layers across cropping systems. [Conclusion] Controlling the timing and quantity of irrigation water can assist agronomic practices by alleviating the effect of soil temperature on cotton growth. Increased accumulative soil temperature is beneficial to cotton emergence and boll opening in double-cropping systems. This study provides a theoretical basis for rational allocation and management of different cropping systems.     

养分优化管理促进间作小麦高产群体的构建

华北平原上最近出现的、既能保障粮食安全又可提高农民收入的小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系备受农民欢迎,但是该体系普遍存在施肥不合理,养分盈余严重的问题。因此,本研究通过单因素随机区组设计的田间试验,探讨养分优化对该体系间作小麦群体动态和产量形成的影响,为建立间作小麦高产高效技术体系提供科学依据。本试验共设置了2个施肥处理,即：农户传统施肥(Con处理)和养分优化施肥(Opt处理),在4个农户的地块进行,共8个试验小区。从小麦返青期开始,监测间作小麦在两种施肥方式下,边行和内行的分蘖数动态变化;从小麦抽穗期开始,每隔3天,监测两个处理间作小麦边行和内行的抽穗数、扬花数的动态及收获期的生物量、产量及其构成要素。研究结果表明,通过养分的优化管理,显著增加了间作小麦的有效分蘖数、抽穗数、扬花数,提高了小麦的成穗率;同时,养分优化管理也增强间作小麦的边行优势,其小麦产量同传统相比,增产11.8%,收获指数增加16.7%。因此,通过养分优化可提高间作小麦边行的收获指数,促进间作小麦高产群体的建成,边行优势的增强,有助于间作优势的提高。     

Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Soil Available Phosphorus in Wheat-Cotton Double-Cropping Systems

[Objective] Here, the spatial and temporal distributions of soil available phosphorus (AP) were investigated during cotton growth stages in wheat-cotton double-cropping systems in northern Henan, China. [Method] Using the spatial grid sampling and geo-statistical analysis methods, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of soil AP in a cotton monoculture, wheat-cotton 3-1 intercropping system (3-1) and wheat-cotton 6-2 intercropping system (6-2) during the wheat and cotton co-growth stage and the key growth stages of cotton only. [Result] The AP contents were significantly influenced by the cropping systems on different dates. In the co-growth stage, the AP content in the cotton monoculture was higher than that in 3-1, at 20.98% on May 12 and 24.26% on June 7. After wheat was harvested (July 3 and August 4), there were no significant differences among the three cropping systems, and in the boll-opening stage of cotton, the order of the AP contents were as follows: cotton monoculture＞6-2＞3-1. In the vertical direction, the AP contents decreased as the soil depth increased, while in the horizontal direction, the AP distribution was influenced significantly by the cropping system. Based on the semivariance, there were strong spatial dependencies in the vertical direction in all three cropping systems. [Conclusion] Wheat-cotton double-cropping systems changed the distribution of soil AP, but had no influence on the spatial heterogeneity of the soil AP in the vertical direction. Geo-statistics provide a more intuitive method and guide to study the soil nutrients of the wheat–cotton and other double-cropping systems.     

玉米–大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响

空间配置是影响间作套种作物生长和产量构成的关键因素之一。本研究固定玉米–大豆套作带宽200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,设置4个玉米窄行行距为20 cm(A1)、40 cm(A2)、60 cm(A3)和80 cm(A4)套作处理,2个玉米和大豆净作对照处理,研究行距配置对套作系统中玉米和大豆生物量、根系及产量的影响。结果表明,套作大豆冠层光合有效辐射和红光/远红光比值均低于净作,且随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作系统中大豆地上地下生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积从第三节龄期(V3)到盛花期(R2)逐渐增加,但随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作玉米地上地下生物量从抽雄期到成熟期逐渐增加,根体积却逐渐降低,但这些参数随玉米窄行的变宽而增加。玉米和大豆在带状套作系统中产量均低于净作,且随玉米窄行的变宽,玉米产量逐渐增加,2012和2013两年最大值平均为6181 kg hm–2,而大豆产量逐渐降低,两年最大值平均为1434 kg hm–2,产量变化与有效株数和粒数变化密切相关。此外,玉米–大豆带状套作群体土地当量比(LER)大于1.3,最大值出现在A2处理,分别为1.59(2012年)和1.61(2013年),且最大经济收益也出现在A2处理(2年每公顷平均收益为1.93万元)。因此,合理的行距配置对玉米–大豆带状套作系统中作物的生长、产量构成和群体效益具有重要的作用。     

根钻和图像法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性研究

【目的】研究田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性。【方法】结合田间根钻取样,分别用图像法(DT-SCAN图像软件分析法)和直尺法(常规人工直尺测量法)测量根长密度,通过2002―2013年试验获得的3423对根长密度数据分析图像法的精确性,使用根均方差描述图像法测定值(模拟值)与直尺法测定值(观测值)之间的一致性。【结果】2种方法测定根长密度的相关性较好,图像法的精确性较高。对可能影响图像法精确性的因素分析表明:(1)在不同种植模式下图像法的精确性表现为小麦单种模式棉花单种模式麦棉套种模式;(2)随着土壤深度增加,图像法的精确性增加;(3)在麦棉套种模式下图像法的精确性从麦幅到棉幅逐渐提高,在小麦单种模式下行上大于行间,在棉花单种模式下行上小于行间;(4)在棉花开花前图像法的精确性表现为棉花单种模式大于麦棉套种模式,在棉花开花后表现为棉花单种模式小于麦棉套种模式。【结论】田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套(单)种作物根长密度的精确性较高,该方法成本低、测定速度快,能更好地扫描并分析计算棉花的细小侧根,具有较强的先进性和较高的可靠性。     

间作种植模式对玉米和大豆干物质积累与产量组成的影响

玉米/大豆间作是中国北方地区常见的一种种植模式。本文通过2个生长季的大田试验,研究了间作种植模式对玉米和大豆的干物质积累与产量组成的影响。试验结果表明,生育前期（播后第79d以前）,不同种植模式下玉米的单株干物质量之间没有显著差异;生育后期,玉米/大豆1:3间作模式下（I1处理）玉米的单株干物质量高于单作玉米,达到极显著水平;玉米/大豆2:3间作模式下（I2处理）玉米的单株干物质量高于单作玉米,达到显著水平,1:3和2:3间作模式下玉米的单株干物质量也存在显著差异。生育期内不同种植模式下大豆的单株干物质量之间没有显著差异。利用Logistic方程拟合了单作和间作条件下玉米和大豆单株干物质积累的动态,相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。由于边际效应的影响,间作群体内玉米各器官干物质积累量高于单作。不同种植模式下大豆各器官的干物质积累差异不明显。间作玉米的干物质转换率高于单作,单作大豆的转换率高于间作。I1和I2处理间作总籽粒产量比单作玉米的籽粒产量增加约6%,比单作大豆的籽粒产量增加约320%。     

Productivity and profitability of cotton–wheat system as influenced by relay intercropping of insect resistant transgenic cotton in bed planted wheat

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the leading cash crop being grown across the globe including Pakistan. By the inclusion of insect resistant transgenic cotton (BT cotton), the cotton production has mounted many folds in Pakistan. BT cotton is mostly grown in Southern Punjab in cotton–wheat cropping system of Pakistan; however there exists a time conflict among wheat harvest and BT cotton sowing in this system. Wheat is harvested during late April but the ideal sowing time of BT cotton is early-mid March indicating a time conflict of 4–6 weeks which is becoming the main concern leading to wheat exclusion from this system. Intercropping of BT cotton in standing wheat is one of the possible options to manage this overlapping period. This two year field study was, therefore, conducted at two locations (Multan, Vehari) to evaluate the economic feasibility of relay intercropping of BT cotton through different sowing methods in BT cotton–wheat cropping system. BT cotton–wheat cropping systems included in the study were: conventionally tilled cotton (CTC) on fallow land during early and late March, CTC during late April after harvest of flat sown wheat (FSW), bed sown wheat (BSW) + intercropped cotton during early and late March, and ridge sown wheat (RSW) + intercropped cotton during early and late March. Planting cotton in fallow land with conventional tillage during early March had more seed cotton yield; whereas planting in the same way during April after wheat harvest had minimum seed cotton yield. Likewise, FSW had more yield than ridge and bed sown wheat with intercropped BT cotton during early or late March. However, the system productivity in terms of net income, benefit: cost ratio and marginal rate of return of BSW + intercropped BT cotton during early March was the highest during both years at both locations. However, the system with sole crop of BT cotton sown on fallow land during late or early March was the least economical even than the system with CTC during late April after harvest of FSW. In conclusion, BSW + intercropped cotton during early March may be opted to manage the time conflict and improve the economic productivity of BT cotton–wheat cropping system without wheat exclusion from the system.     

Shade Effects on Phaseolus vulgaris L. Intercropped with Zea mays L. under Well-Watered Conditions

Field experiments were carried out under unstressed conditions of soil water during two summer crop growing seasons (1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons) in a South African semi‐arid region (Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa). The aim of this study was to investigate shade effects on beans intercropped with maize in terms of plant mass and radiation use. The experimental treatments were two cropping systems (no shading/sole cropping and shading/intercropping) and two row orientations (north–south and east–west). At the top of bean canopies shaded by maize, incident radiation was reduced by up to 90 %. Shading reduced total dry matter of beans by 67 % at the end of the growing season, resulting in yield losses. The dry matter partitioning into leaf and stem (the ratios of leaf and stem to total biomass) was about 50 % higher in intercropping than sole cropping. In contrast, intercropped beans had 40 % lower dry matter partitioning into pod (the ratio of pod to total biomass). Fraction of radiation intercepted by sole‐cropped beans steeply increased until canopy closure (0.9) and then slowly decreased, while fraction of radiation intercepted by intercropped beans remained constant between 0.0 and 0.2 throughout the growing seasons. However, intercropped beans had 77 % higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) than sole‐cropped beans. In contrast, for maize, no effect of intercropping (shading) was found on growth, partitioning, yield, radiation interception or RUE. Consequently, lower bean yield losses can be attained in association with late shading rather than early shading. This can be controlled by growing crops with different temporal and spatial treatments. As regards row treatment, no effect of row direction was found on growth, partitioning, yield, radiation interception or RUE.     

麦棉两熟双高产条件下麦棉复合根系生长的时空动态分布

在麦棉两熟双高产条件下,以单作棉和单作麦为对照,利用根钻与DT-SCAN扫描相结合的方法研究麦棉复合根系群体生长的时空动态分布,结果表明,套作棉和单作棉的根长和根长密度、根表面积以及根系平均直径均随生育进程呈单峰曲线,套作棉40 cm以下各土层根系根长和根长密度、根表面积的衰退速率在盛花期后明显低于单作棉,根系