新城疫病毒的分子生物学及应用研究进展

新城疫是当今全球范围内最严重的家禽传染病,特别是对养鸡业可造成重大经济损失。新城疫病毒是一种负链RNA病毒,含有六个主要蛋白,按顺序3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′排列,其中最主要的糖蛋白是F和HN蛋白,这两个蛋白不仅与病毒的毒力和致病性有关,也是诱导产生保护性抗体的蛋白。许多分子生物学技术已经应用于新城疫的诊断。利用分子生物技术也研究出了很多基因工程疫苗比如基因工程活载体疫苗、亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗等。近年来反向遗传操作技术的发展,新城疫病毒已经被开发成病毒载体,可以携带外源基因研制新城疫病毒活载体疫苗,表达IBDV和IBV的新城疫活载体疫苗已经研制。     

鹅新城疫新型疫苗研究进展

结合新城疫病毒的保护性抗原,就近年鹅新城疫的DNA疫苗、基因工程亚单位疫苗、重组活载体疫苗、减毒活疫苗等新型疫苗的研究现状进行了综述,为鹅新城疫疫苗研制提供参考.     

这些新型兽用疫苗,你认识吗

<正> 1 基因工程疫苗1.1 重组活载体疫苗病毒活载体疫苗的研究较多,如用鸡痘病毒作为载体,表达成功的保护性抗原基因就有新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、马立克氏病病毒、禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒、狂犬病病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、艾美尔球虫等。2005年12月24日,农业部在北京宣布,我国已成功研制出禽流感--新城疫重组二联活疫苗,并正式批准生产。1.2 基因工程亚单位疫苗已经制成并用于生产的主要有口蹄疫基因工程亚单位疫苗、鸡传染性法氏囊病基因工程亚单位疫苗,用于预防仔猪     

基因工程活载体疫苗的研究进展

作为分子生物技术发展的新兴产物,基因工程疫苗与传统疫苗相比,具有生产成本低、免疫途径广泛、安全性高等优点,已成为生物制品产业发展的一种趋势。而基因工程活载体疫苗具有其独特的优点,是当今与未来疫苗研制与开发的重要方向之一。根据选用的载体类型,基因工程活载体疫苗分为病毒活载体疫苗和细菌活载体疫苗。简要概述了病毒活载体疫苗和细菌活载体疫苗的特点及研究进展。     

介绍几类兽用新疫苗

(一)基因工程疫苗 1.重组活载体疫苗.病毒活载体疫苗研究得较多,如用鸡痘病毒作为载体,表达成功的保护性抗原基因就有新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、马立克氏病病毒、禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒、狂犬病病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、艾美尔球虫等.2005年12月24日,农业部在北京宣布,我国已成功研制出禽流感--新城疫重组二联活疫苗,并正式批准生产,这使得我国在高致病性禽流感防控技术方面继续走在世界前列.     

禽流感-新城疫重组活载体疫苗研究进展

禽流感和新城疫是严重危害养禽业发展的两种主要病毒性传染病。由于禽流感病毒和新城疫病毒(NDV)流行毒株复杂、感染宿主范围广及传播途径多样,给防制带来很大困难。目前,对这两种疾病的防制主要依赖疫苗。近年来,随着反向遗传技术的发展成熟,NDV常被作为病毒载体,用以携带外源基因,研制重组活载体疫苗,其中,用以表达禽流感病毒保护性抗原的研究成为热点之一。本文从多方面分析了NDV作为疫苗载体的优点,并就禽流感和新城疫重组活载体疫苗的研究进展作一综述。     

介绍几类兽用新疫苗

(一)基因工程疫苗1.重组活载体疫苗。病毒活载体疫苗研究得较多,如用鸡痘病毒作为载体,表达成功的保护性抗原基因就有新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、马立克氏病病毒、禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒、狂犬病病毒、传染性支气管炎病毒、艾美尔球虫等。2005年12月24日,农业部在北京     

腺病毒载体的研究进展与展望

随着重组技术在生物领域上的应用,病毒活载体疫苗的研制成为基因工程疫苗研制的热点,其中,腺病毒由于其具有独特的优势,成为疫苗载体应用中的不可缺少部分,本文就腺病毒载体的研究进展作一简要综述,旨在为其进一步应用提供参考依据。     

动物疫病活载体疫苗研究进展

活载体疫苗是以细菌或病毒作为载体表达外源抗原和治疗因子的载体系统,具有安全性高、毒力返祖风险低、成本低,可诱导免疫机体产生高水平的体液免疫、细胞免疫或黏膜免疫等优点,是目前最具发展潜力的基因工程疫苗之一,在动物疫病防控领域应用较多。病毒载体包括DNA病毒（如腺病毒、腺相关病毒和痘病毒等）和RNA病毒（如新城疫病毒、流感病毒等）;细菌载体包括减毒致病菌与非致病菌两类,主要包括乳酸菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌等。活载体疫苗常用的抗原呈递策略有载体-宿主平衡致死系统、微生物表面展示系统。多种疫苗载体的开发及抗原呈递策略的选择,使得活载体疫苗的使用价值最大化。不同载体疫苗在预防疫病方面均有不同优缺点,应根据实际情况选择最优最适合的活载体疫苗。本文综述了动物疫病防控领域的病毒和细菌活载体疫苗研究进展及其抗原呈递方式,以期为活载体疫苗的进一步研究提供参考。     

现代生物技术带来的生物安全问题

随着生物技术的不断进步与发展,生物工程产品在农业领域应用越来越多。随之带来的转基因生物安全问题也越来越引起人们的关注。生物工程技术在兽用生物制品的应用主要体现在基因工程疫苗的开发与研究。基因工程疫苗主要是指用重组DNA技术研制的疫苗,包括将保护性抗原基因在原核或真核细胞中表达的生物合成亚单位疫苗;以某些病毒或细菌为外源基因载体的活载体疫苗和通过基因组突变、缺失或插入的基因缺失疫苗;质粒DNA疫苗;现代细胞生物学技术的应用等。虽然目前世界上已经注册并正式投放市场的基因工程疫苗产品并不多,但是它代表疫苗研究的新途径,为克服一些常规疫苗的缺陷带来希望,因此越来越受到重视。生物工程技术给兽用生物制品带来的生物安全问题主要有以下几个方面：     

Protection against infectious laryngotracheitis by in ovo vaccination with commercially available viral vector recombinant vaccines

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The disease is mainly controlled through biosecurity and by vaccination with live-attenuated vaccines. The chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines, although proven to be effective in experimental settings, have limited efficacy in controlling the disease in dense broiler production sites due to unrestricted use and poor mass vaccination coverage. These factors allowed CEO vaccines to regain virulence, causing long lasting and, consequently, severe outbreaks of the disease. A new generation of viral vector fowl poxvirus (FPV) and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccines carrying ILTV genes has been developed and such vaccines are commercially available. These vaccines are characterized by their lack of transmission, lack of ILTV-associated latent infections, and no reversion to virulence. HVT-vectored ILTV recombinant vaccines were originally approved for subcutaneous HVT or transcutaneous (pox) delivery. The increased incidence of ILTV outbreaks in broiler production sites encouraged the broiler industry to deliver the FPV-LT and HVT-LT recombinant vaccines in ovo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protection induced by ILTV viral vector recombinant vaccines after in ovo application in 18-day-old commercial broiler embryos. The protection induced by recombinant ILTV vaccines was assessed by their ability to prevent clinical signs and mortality; to reduce challenge virus replication in the trachea; to prevent an increase in body temperature; and to prevent a decrease in body weight gain after challenge. In this study, both recombinant-vectored ILTV vaccines provided partial protection, thereby mitigating the disease, but did not reduce challenge virus loads in the trachea.     

非洲马瘟疫苗的研究进展

非洲马瘟(African horse sickness,AHS)由非洲马瘟病毒(African horse sickness virus,AHSV)感染马科动物而引起的一种非接触性传播的虫媒病毒病,为世界动物卫生组织法定报告的动物疫病,目前主要流行于亚撒哈拉非洲等地区。库蠓(Culicoides midges)是非洲马瘟的主要媒介昆虫,其在疫区的生长繁殖直接影响着该病的流行状况。非洲马瘟弱毒苗和灭活苗已经商品化并得到广泛地应用,新型基因工程疫苗,如亚单位疫苗、活病毒载体疫苗等,正在研发当中并有望将来进入疫苗市场,作者着重对ASH疫苗的研究现状进行了评述。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病新型疫苗的研究进展

鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)引起的雏鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,自1962年报道以来,世界上主要养禽国家和地区均有流行,给养禽业带来严重经济损失。目前,IBD防控的主要方法是采用疫苗接种,使易感雏鸡获得主动或被动免疫保护,因此疫苗的质量对临床上IBD的防控起着至关重要的作用。虽然各国均有较好的商品化疫苗,但随着IBDV毒株的不断变异,商品化疫苗的抗原性与流行毒株不能完全匹配,临床上免疫失败时有发生,因此迫切需要研发与临床流行毒株相匹配的新型疫苗用于IBD的防控。对近期IBD的基因缺失苗、亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗以及活载体疫苗等新型疫苗的研究进展进行概述,以此为IBD新型疫苗的研究提供参考。     

Viruses as vectors

Traditional vaccines against diseases caused by viruses are based on live attenuated viruses or killed virus preparations. Through the application of molecular biology it is now possible to consider several new approaches to making vaccines, which may combine increased efficacy with greater safety. One of these approaches is to manipulate genetically a virus so that it carries and expresses a foreign gene (or part of a gene) which codes for a protective antigen for another disease. Adeno-, polio- and herpesviruses have been engineered to act as vectors in this way but vaccinia virus remains the main candidate for a recombinant virus vector for vaccine use. The broad host-range of vaccinia virus has made it an effective vector for the analysis of expression of "foreign" antigens as well as a tool for the dissection of the host animal's immune system. For practical purposes in veterinary vaccines, recombinant viruses based on other poxviruses, with more restricted host-ranges, may have certain advantages. Work on the development of recombinant avipoxviruses and capripoxviruses as prototype vaccines for use in poultry and ruminants, respectively, is discussed and illustrated.     

Porcine adenoviruses: an update on genome analysis and vector development

Although porcine adenoviruses (PAdV) are present in the swine populations worldwide, they usually do not cause any disease, or the infection is only manifested in a mild diarrhoea or respiratory signs. The importance of adenoviruses, however, is constantly growing as there is a possibility of developing them into viral vector vaccines against more significant swine pathogens. A short summary of the well-established facts of porcine adenoviruses is given and recent developments of the genetic analysis of these viruses are discussed in detail. The possibilities of vector development and examples of vector vaccines already reported in the literature are mentioned.     

非洲猪瘟病毒免疫及基因工程疫苗研究进展

非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）引起家猪的一种急性、出血性、高度接触性蜱传病毒病,可致家猪网状内皮系统出血及高死亡率,是危害世界养猪业健康发展最严重的传染病之一。ASFV是一种大型的DNA病毒,结构复杂,其基因组编码大量蛋白。该论文介绍了ASFV的特性,免疫应答机制如免疫逃逸、体液免疫和细胞免疫,以及基因工程疫苗如减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒载体活疫苗及DNA疫苗研究的最新进展,并对中国ASF的疫苗研制、防控进行了展望。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎疫苗的研究进展

牛传染性鼻气管炎(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis,IBR)是由牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(infectious bovine rhino-tracheitis virus,IBRV)即牛疱疹病毒1型(BoHV-1)感染所引起的一种高度接触性传染病.该病给我国养牛业带来了巨大的经济损失.由于...     

Compatibility of turkey herpesvirus-infectious bursal disease vector vaccine with Marek's disease rispens vaccine injected into day-old pullets

Mixtures of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and Rispens poultry vaccines have been used worldwide for over 20 yr, mainly for vaccination of future layers and breeders. With increasing virulence of Marek's disease (MD) virus strains, vaccination strategies are evolving toward the use of vaccines combining HVT and Rispens. A single vaccination either in ovo or at 1 day of age with the HVT + infectious bursal disease (IBD) vector vaccine is efficient against IBD. However, with vaccination programs that include a hatchery administration of the HVT + IBD vaccine, additional protection against very virulent and very virulent-plus MD viruses is needed, especially for layers and breeders. This study looked at the combination of four commercially available Rispens vaccines with the HVT + IBD vector vaccine injected at 1 day of age. MD challenge tests that were superior to 90% in relative score in all the groups vaccinated with both vaccines showed that the mixture of HVT + IBD and Rispens vaccines had no effect on clinical protection against MD, and IBD challenge tests showed that the mixture of HVT + IBD and Rispens vaccines had no effect on clinical protection against IBD, which was equal to 100% protection in all the groups vaccinated with both vaccines.