Maturation of the pancreatic and intestinal digestive functions in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): effect of weaning with different protein sources

The maturation of the digestive functions in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae was evaluated by the enzymatic profile of pancreas and intestine brush border membranes. Sea bass larvae were weaned at day 25 with three simplified diets different by their protein nature: 100% fish meal (FP), 100% casein mixture (CP) and 50% fish meal-50% casein mixture (CFP). The casein mixture contained 35% of hydrolysate. The control group was fed live preys. The specific activity of amylase decreased with age irrespectively of the diets whereas the specific activity of trypsin was enhanced. The casein mixture reduced pancreatic secretion in amylase and trypsin. The CFP group differed from the other groups fed on compound diets, exhibiting as soon as day 32 high activities of brush border enzymes, similar to controls. This sharp increase between day 25 and 32 appeared to be crucial for larval survival. The addition of a protein hydrolysate in a weaning diet seems to facilitate this maturation process.     

Early weaning of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum) larvae on a commercial microencapsulated diet

Like most small marine fish larvae, the stomachs of winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus are undeveloped at first feeding and have relatively reduced digestive capacity. This work was undertaken to test whether larvae at the onset of stomach differentiation (larval size about 5.5 mm) could be early weaned onto a commercial microencapsulated diet. We assessed the effect of early weaning by first comparing growth performance (standard length, total protein content and age at metamorphosis) of larvae fed enriched live prey from first feeding to a size of 5.5 mm and then reared on three different feeding regimes until metamorphosis: (1) live prey (LP) as a control group; (2) mixed feeding of live prey and microencapsulated diet (LP‐ME); (3) exclusively microencapsulated diet (ME) after fast weaning over 4 days (to a larval size of 6.2 mm). No differences were observed between larval development in the two first groups, which began metamorphosis at 40 days old. The larvae of the third group showed significantly slower growth that resulted in a delay of 4 days in the onset of metamorphosis. Differences in live prey availability between the treatments and the short transition period to allow the larvae to adapt to the new diet were identified as possible contributing factors to the slower growth and to the delay in metamorphosis of early weaned larvae. In a second experiment, the transitional weaning period was increased until the larvae were 6.6 mm in length. Weaning at that size resulted in no slowing of growth or delay in metamorphosis, suggesting that the feeding schedule was adequate.     

The effects of dietary marine protein hydrolysates on the development of sea bass larvae,Dicentrarchus labrax,and associated microbiota

Protein hydrolysate is an essential component of dry starter diets for fish larvae, as promoting healthy development. Peptides are also suitable substrates for many intestinal microbes. Five experimental diets were compared to a control diet (CONT) supplemented with a commercial fish protein hydrolysate. Each diet contained one marine protein hydrolysate, which differed by the proportion of di‐ and tri‐peptides, and by raw materials. Two diets (HYD4 and HYD5) stimulated larval growth compared with CONT. Two other diets (HYD1 and HYD2) yielded inferior growth. HYD1 was detrimental for survival, which was associated with an up‐regulation of genes involved in inflammation and antioxidative responses, while the gene coding for osteocalcin was down‐regulated in this group. The relative activity of enzymes in the brush border membrane of enterocytes was significantly stimulated with diets HYD3 and HYD4. Gut microbiota were influenced by the diet, but the bacterial community profiles observed with HYD3 and HYD4 were the only ones that were not significantly dissimilar. Groups HYD1 and HYD2 showed the most dissimilar microbiota. It was concluded that the nature of the marine protein hydrolysate is important for larval development and health, but a high proportion of small peptides is not a sufficient criterion to assess dietary value.     

Reduction of skeletal anomalies in meagre (Argyrosomus regius,Asso, 1801) through early introduction of inert diet

The consolidation of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) in aquaculture requires an understanding and optimization of larval rearing and nutritional conditions. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of an early introduction of inert diets during larval rearing, on growth performance, digestive enzymes activity and development of skeletal anomalies. This study evaluated the effects of three different timings for the introduction of inert diet during larval rearing: a control group (CTRL) where inert diet was initiated at 14 days after hatching (DAH) and two treatment groups that had an earlier introduction of inert diet at 8 DAH (T1) and 11 DAH (T2). Meagre larvae exhibited similar pancreatic and intestinal enzymatic activities among the different dietary treatments. No differences in the overall prevalence of anomalies were observed between treatments at 25 or 50 DAH, however, a significant reduction was observed in all groups with the transition from larval to juvenile stage. The precocious introduction of inert diet shifted the distribution of vertebral anomalies to a more anterior vertebral column region. Altogether, this study shows that earlier introduction of inert diets in meagre hatcheries can be beneficial for meagre production in aquaculture.     

Effect of Microparticulate Diets on Growth and Survival of Spotted Sand Bass Larvae, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, at Two Early Weaning Times

Early weaning in spotted sand bass larvae, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, was evaluated, testing a combination of two weaning times, 17 and 22 d after hatching (d.a.h.), and three different microparticulate diets. Protein in diets was mainly from sardine meal and from 15% squid meal, beef blood meal, or fish protein hydrolysate. Anatomical (standard length), histological (gut development), and biochemical (highly unsaturated fatty acids) parameters were measured in larvae, as well as survival and resistance to a stress test measured 40 d.a.h. For larvae weaned at 17 d.a.h., the best growth and survival were obtained with diets containing fish protein hydrolysates; for larvae weaned at 22 d.a.h., best results were obtained with squid meal and fish protein hydrolysate. Growth and survival were significantly lower when using beef blood meal in both weaning treatments. The best relative and total survival were for larvae weaned at 22 d.a.h. After the resistance test, 100% survival occurred in larvae fed on any microparticulate diet and either weaning treatment. No significant differences in arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in fish fed on any diet occurred. Results suggest that weaning at 22 d.a.h. with diets containing fish protein hydrolysate or squid meal is preferred by this species.     

Proteome profile comparison of two differently fed groups of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae

Proteome analysis was used to study the effects of feeding early Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae with a saithe (Pollachius virens) protein hydrolysate (SPH). Protein hydrolysates have previously been shown to beneficially affect fish larval development. Feeding was initiated on day 2 post hatch (ph) or as soon as the larvae opened their mouth and the protein expression was monitored 4 days later or in 6‐dph cod larvae. The results demonstrated changes in the abundance of 13 protein spots in the cod larvae fed SPH. Of these, seven protein spots were up‐regulated and six protein spots showed down‐regulation. Five of the up‐regulated proteins in cod larvae are known to be involved in energy metabolism. A few early larval specific proteins were down‐regulated in the SPH‐fed cod larvae possibly because of an enhanced development in this group relative to the control group. Two trypsin isoforms were detected within the cod larval proteome. The detection of the trypsin spots was made possible by co‐electrophoresis of known cod trypsins with the cod larval protein extract. Surprisingly, no difference in trypsin content was observed between the SPH‐fed and the control larval groups.     

酵母水解物对吉富罗非鱼生长、免疫力、抗氧化性及抗无乳链球菌感染的影响

本研究旨在探究饲料中添加酵母水解物对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、免疫力和抗病力的影响。在基础饲料中添加0 (对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的酵母水解物制成5种实验饲料,对5组初始体重为(25.80±0.45) g的吉富罗非鱼进行为期8周的养殖实验,每组 3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。实验结束后,每个重复选择12尾鱼进行无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)攻毒实验,每尾鱼腹腔注射0.2 mL浓度为8.3×105 CFU/mL的菌液,连续观察14 d,统计累积死亡率。结果显示,随着酵母水解物添加量的增加,吉富罗非鱼终末体质量(FBW)和特定生长率(SGR)均呈先显著上升(P<0.05)后下降的趋势。回归分析表明,当SGR达到最大值时,对应的酵母水解物添加量为1.29%。罗非鱼血清一氧化氮合酶、酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性均随饲料中酵母水解物添加量的提高呈先上升后下降的趋势(P<0.05),添加量为1.5%时达最大值。饲料添加酵母水解物对吉富罗非鱼无乳链球菌的抵抗力有显著影响(P<0.05),除添加量为0.5%的实验组死亡率与对照组差异不显著外,其他实验组罗非鱼的死亡率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。本研究中,饲料添加酵母水解物可有效提高吉富罗非鱼的生长性能、免疫力和抗病力,且在添加量为1.5%时,效果最显著。     

牛磺酸对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)亲鱼繁殖性能及仔鱼质量的影响

研究了牛磺酸对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)亲鱼繁殖性能、抗氧化功能、卵子及仔鱼质量的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.5%、1.5%的牛磺酸,配制3组(对照组T-0、T-0.5、T-1.5)等氮等脂的配合饲料,在室内流水养殖系统进行为期63 d的养殖实验。研究结果显示,在饲料中添加0.5%牛磺酸,不仅能够提高半滑舌鳎亲鱼的相对产卵量,还能促进亲鱼体内睾酮和雌二醇的分泌(P<0.05);T-0.5组浮卵率、受精率、孵化率、卵径、油球直径、3日龄、7日龄仔鱼体长均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),T-0.5组和T-1.5组仔鱼畸形率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);3个实验组仔鱼生存活力指数(SAI)无显著性差异(P>0.05);饲料中添加牛磺酸能够提高其肝脏和性腺中牛磺酸含量,降低肝脏中半胱胺双加氧酶活性;T-0.5组肝脏、血清、精巢、精液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),性腺和卵子中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,饲料中添加牛磺酸能够提高半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能、抗氧化功能、卵子及仔鱼质量。在本研究条件下,牛磺酸含量为0.5%的饲料组为最佳饲料组。     

Growth performance,survival, feed utilization and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae co‐fed Artemia and a micro‐diet containing freshwater atyid shrimp (Caridina nilotica) during weaning

Problems of limited number of dry feeds as supplement or replacement of live feeds have led to poor larval nutrition in many species of fish. Therefore, the suitability of co‐feeding 8‐day‐old African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) posthatch larvae using live feed (Artemia salina) and formulated dry diet containing freshwater atyid shrimp (Caridina nilotica) during weaning was investigated. The experiment ended after 21 days of culture and respective groups compared on the basis of growth performance, survival, feed utilization and nutrient utilization. Larvae co‐fed using 50%Artemia and 50% formulated dry diet resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) better growth performance, food gain ratio (FGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and productive protein values (PPV) than other treatments. The lowest growth performance occurred in larvae weaned using 100% formulated and commercial dry diets. Better survival of over 90% was obtained in larvae weaned using 50%Artemia and 50% dry diet, while abrupt weaning using 100% dry diets resulted in lower survival (<75%). These results support a recommendation of co‐feeding C. gariepinus larvae using a formulated dry diet containing C. nilotica and 50% live feed when weaning is performed after 8 days posthatching period.     

Ontogenic changes in the digestive enzyme activities and the effect of different starvation duration on the digestive enzyme activities of larval red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

This study was performed to determine the effect of starvation and delayed feeding on activities of digestive enzymes and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of larval red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), so as to reveal the tolerance to prolonged starvation and the recovery of digestive enzymes after delayed feeding in larval and juvenile P. clarkii. In the control group, activities of trypsin and ALP increased significantly (p < .05) with day‐age and then kept constant at 24 days after hatching (DAH) and 10 DAH, respectively, whereas the activities of amylase and pepsin increased firstly then decreased with day‐age, and the activity of lipase increased firstly then decreased and then increased again during the development period of juvenile P. clarkii (1–31 DAH). In the group with continuous starvation (CS), activities of pepsin and lipase both decreased (p < .05) after fasting, and the activities of pepsin, lipase and trypsin in the groups with delayed feeding all increased (p < .05) and recover to the levels of the control group after food supply. However, the activity of amylase increased (p < .05) in the CS group, and it decreased to normal level after food supply. The ALP activity did not significantly (p > .05) vary after starvation, whereas it decreased in the groups with delayed feeding after 1 day of food supply, and then increased back to the level similar with the control group. Results from this study could provide information for diet preparation and feeding regime in larval and juvenile red swamp crayfish culture.     

Effects of weaning age and diets on ontogeny of digestive activities and structures of pikeperch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sander lucioperca</Emphasis>) larvae

Growth and ontogeny of digestive function were studied in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae weaned on artificial food at different ages. Three weaning treatments initiated respectively on day 9 (W9), day 15 (W15) or day 21 (W21) post-hatching (p.h.) were compared with a control group, fed Artemia nauplii from first feeding until the end of the rearing trial on day 36 p.h. The digestive enzyme activities and the ontogeny of digestive structures were investigated using enzymatic assays and histological methods. Growth of pikeperch larvae was significantly affected by precocious weaning. Pancreatic (trypsin and amylase) and intestinal (leucine-alanine peptidase, leucine aminopeptidase N and alkaline phosphatase) enzyme activities were detected from hatching onwards, increased at the moment of first feeding and then decreased. Pepsin secretion occurred at day 29 p. h. only, concurrently with the stomach development and differentiation of gastric glands. In the early weaning group (W9) the maturation process of intestinal enterocytes seems to be impaired and/or delayed and several signs of malnutrition were recorded. Except for alkaline phosphatase activity, no differences in enzyme activities and development of digestive structures were observed among the control, W21, and W15 groups. Moreover, at the end of the experiment, no differences in proteolytic activities were observed among larvae from the different treatments, indicating that, in surviving individuals, the digestive structures were properly developed and the larvae had acquired an adult mode of digestion. Based on the artificial diet used, our results suggested that pikeperch larvae can be weaned from day 15 p.h. without significant adverse effect on digestive capacities (except for alkaline phosphatase) or development of digestive tract, while earlier weaning impaired the onset of the maturation processes of the digestive system, both in terms of morphological structures and enzymatic activities.     

Effects of five compound attractants in high plant‐based diets on feed intake and growth performance of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of five attractants on feed intake, growth performance and appetite‐regulating genes expression for juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish were fed with seven diets: fish‐meal‐based diet (FM), fermented soybean meal replacing 45% fish meal (FSBM) and other diets with 1% compound attractant A (CA‐A) consisting of amino acids, compound attractant B (CA‐B) consisting of quaternary ammonium bases, compound attractant C (CA‐C) consisting of nucleotides, compound attractant G (CA‐G) consisting of the combination of CA‐A, CA‐B and CA‐C and blue mussel protein hydrolysate (BMH) on the basis of FSBM diet respectively. Daily feed intake in CA‐A group was significantly higher, but that in CA‐B group was significantly lower than FSBM group. Similarly, specific growth rate was significantly enhanced in CA‐A and CA‐G groups and were significantly decreased in CA‐B group. Protein efficiency ratio and protein retention in CA‐B group were significantly lower than FSBM group. Furthermore, BMH supplement increased the mRNA expression of Ghrelin in the intestine of fish. These results showed that CA‐A and CA‐G supplement could enhance growth in plant‐based diets, but CA‐B supplement had the opposite effect, which might be associated with lower feed intake and lower feed utilization.     

Evaluation of weaning performance of California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) larvae using growth,survival and digestive proteolytic activity

This study evaluated weaning success of California halibut, Paralichthys californicus, larvae onto a microdiet at various stages of development utilizing growth, survival and digestive enzyme activity. Weaning onto a microdiet was evaluated at 16, 26, 36 and 46 days posthatch (dph). Alkaline and acid proteases and leucine aminopeptidase activities were measured after weaning and compared between the weaned treatment and Artemia‐fed controls. Survival was significantly lower in the microdiet‐fed treatments compared to the control groups. Growth was significantly reduced in all weaning treatments compared to the control, except for the 46 dph group. No differences in enzyme activities were detected between treatment and diet at 16 and 26 dph; however, activities were higher for the microdiet‐fed larvae at 36 and 46 dph. This study demonstrates that California halibut larvae possess a differentiated and effective digestive system early in development and can be weaned with relative success (>40% survival) before completion of the metamorphosis (i.e., 36 dph). The lack of weaning success at an early date cannot be entirely because of the absence of a functional stomach but could be related to, among other factors, the low‐microdiet ingestion rates observed and higher leaching of smaller microdiets.     

Digestive enzymes profile of Solea senegalensis post larvae fed Artemia and a compound diet

The objective of this experiment was to analyse the digestive enzyme profile of Solea senegalensis post larvae fed two diets, live Artemia sp. metanauplii and ICES diet. The experiment lasted 46 days and the ICES diet group was co-fed with a decreasing percentage of Artemia sp. for 39 days. Post larvae were fed twice a day and the amount of food supplied was determined based on the predicted maximum growth attainable. The Artemia treatment exhibited higher growth and survival rates than the ICES treatment. Trypsin, amylase, pepsin, alkaline phosphatase and leucine-alanine peptidase activities (specific activity: U mg protein^?1; segmental activity: U larva^?1) were measured in the post larvae digestive tract. Amylase secretion was significantly higher in the ICES treatment, while trypsin secretion was lower. Alkaline phosphatase was adversely and significantly affected by the ICES diet. Leucine-alanine peptidase specific activity was higher in the ICES treatment indicating a delay in the enterocyte maturation also evidenced by the enterocyte maturation index. Alkaline phosphatase and amylase segmental activity had a good correlation with larval growth rate, and may function as a nutritional indicator. This study suggests that compound diet can be included in the feeding sequences of sole larvae as early as 36 day post hatching (697 degree days).     

Improved performance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae following enhancement of live feed using a fish protein hydrolysate

High larval mortalities and anatomical deformities are among the major obstacles restricting the development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) aquaculture. The immune system of cod larvae is poorly developed at hatch, and innate immune parameters are therefore of importance for defence against environmental microorganisms. Two separate experiments were conducted with bioencapsulation of the live feed of cod larvae using a pollock (Pollachius virens) protein hydrolysate. Offering peptide enhanced live feed to larvae during the first weeks of exogenous feeding promoted larval development, with reduced incidence of severe deformities to 3.0% as compared with 9.6% deformities observed in the control group at 160 days posthatch. The production and distribution of IgM and lysozyme were furthermore increased in larvae fed peptide enhanced feed compared with control larvae. IgM was predominantly detected in the foregut and the epithelial lining of the digestive tract as well as in the epidermal mucus of the skin. Lysozyme was mainly detected in the epidermal mucus of the skin and in the foregut. Overall, the results indicate that live feed enhancement using a protein hydrolysate derived from pollock may reduce deformities and promote normal development during early production stages of cod larvae.     

Effect of dietary hydrolysate supplementation on growth performance,non‐specific immune response and disease resistance of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) challenged with Edwardsiella tarda

A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with protein hydrolysates on growth, innate immunity and disease resistance of olive flounder. A fishmeal (FM)‐based diet was regarded as a control, and three diets were prepared by partial replacement of FM with krill hydrolysate, shrimp hydrolysate or tilapia hydrolysate (designated as Con, KH, SH and TH, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (24.5 ± 0.3 g) were fed one of the diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 9 weeks and then challenged by Edwarsellia tarda. Fish‐fed KH diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher growth performance and feed utilization compared with the Con diet. Dry matter digestibility of the diets was significantly increased by KH and TH supplementation. All the examined innate immune responses were significantly increased in fish fed KH diet. Significantly, higher respiratory burst and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were found in fish‐fed SH diet. Lysozyme and SOD activities were significantly increased in fish‐fed TH diet. However, no significant effect was found on fish disease resistance. This study indicates that dietary supplementation of the hydrolysates, particularly KH, can improve growth performance, feed utilization and innate immunity of olive flounder.     

Dietary medicinal herbs improve growth and some non-specific immunity of red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis>

The effects of dietary medicinal herbs on growth and some non-specific immunity were investigated in juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major. The fish (mean body weight 24.0±0.2g) were fed fishmeal diets supplemented with either Massa medicata (Mm), Crataegi fructus (Cf), Artemisia capillaries (Ac), Cnidium officinale (Co), or a mixture of all the herbs (HM), and a control diet without medicinal herbs, for 12 weeks. Survival, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, condition factor and hemoglobin levels were higher in fish given herbal diets than fish given the control diet without herbs. Significantly higher serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol level and lysozyme activity were detected in HM and Co diet groups, and alternative complement pathway activity was detected in the HM diet group. However, significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were obtained in all herbal diet groups compared with the control diet group. Pathogen challenge test by intraperitoneal injection of Vibrio anguillarum indicated that highest survival was obtained in the HM diet group followed by Ac, Co, Cf, and Mm diet groups. The lowest survival was obtained in the control group. These results reveal that medicinal herbs in diets enhance growth and some non-specific immunity of red sea bream.     

Use of Krill Hydrolysate as a Feed Attractant for Fish Larvae and Juveniles

Abstract.— We determined the effect of krill hydrolysate as a feed attractant in three freshwater fish species: yellow perch Perca flavescens . walleye Stizostedion vitreium . and lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis . Growth trials were conducted using a commercial trout starter diet (control) and the diet that was coated with liquid krill hydrolysate. The krill hydrolysate coated diet increased growth of yellow perch juveniles by 31% compared to control diet (average final wet weight, 734 ± 33 mg and 559 ± 82 mg, respectively). Moreover. weight gains were not significantly different than for tish Id exclusively live Artemiu nauplii. Similar results were obtained with walleye juveniles fed either a trout starter diet or 5% krill hydrolysate coated diet (8.9 ± 0.25 g and 11.6 ± 5.1 g wet weight, respectively). The food conversion ratio (FCR) was lower in fish fed the control diet, although not significantly different (2.95 ± 0.18 and 3.69 ± 0.39. for control and coated diet. respectively). The effect of krill hydrolysate on dry diet ingestion rates of lake whitefish and yellow perch larvae was also determined using radioactive (¹⁴C) labelling. A commercial starter diet was coated with krill hydrolysate or the soluble fraction of krill hydrolysate was added to the experimental tank water. In both species. coating the diet with 5% krill hydrolysate resulted in significantly higher ingestion rates. Supplementation of krill hydrolysate soluble fraction to the tank water resulted in 200% increase in ingestion rate in comparison to control (uncoated starter diet), although it was not significantly different from krill coated diet and live Artemia nauplii ingestion rates.     

Effect of size‐fractionated fish protein hydrolysate on growth and feed utilization of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Four experimental diets were fed to turbot to examine the effect of fish hydrolysate and ultra‐filtered fish hydrolysate on growth performance, feed utilization and non‐specific immune response. Fish hydrolysate was produced by enzymatic treatment and size fractionated using ultra‐filtration (UF). The permeate (molecular weight <1000 Da) after UF and the non‐ultra‐filtered fish hydrolysate (NUF) were tested as feed ingredients. Diets UF1, UF2 contained 3.7%, 1.2% ultra‐filtered fish hydrolysate to replace fish meal protein respectively. The diets UF1, NUF were identical in composition except that the molecular weight of fish hydrolysate in the diet. Fish meal was used in the control diet. All diets were made equal in protein, lipid and energy. Each experimental diet was fed to juvenile turbot (27.87 ± 0.04 g) in triplicate for 8 weeks. Results of this study indicate that the best overall growth and feed utilization of turbot juveniles were obtained with a diet containing higher dose of the small molecular weight compounds in fish hydrolysate. Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activity in serum were not affected by diet. Total antioxidant capacity was improved with increasing level of low molecule weight fish hydrolysate (UF1).     

复合益生菌对眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)肠道消化酶、菌群结构以及形态的影响

为探讨饲料中添加复合益生菌对眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)肠道消化酶、菌群结构及形态的影响,将135尾初始体重(0.79±0.01)g的眼斑双锯鱼随机分为3组,每组3个重复,分别投喂复合益生菌有效活菌添加量为0%(对照组)、3%(L3组)和6%(L6组)的饲料,进行为期28 d的养殖试验。结果显示,复合益生菌能提升试验鱼肠道蛋白酶的活性,其中L3组肠道蛋白酶显著提升(P<0.05);能显著降低试验鱼肠道淀粉酶活性(P<0.05);能降低脂肪酶活性(P>0.05)。随着饲料中益生菌添加量的增加,试验鱼肠道中变形菌门丰度开始增多,拟杆菌门丰度降低。饲料中益生菌添加量的增加显著降低试验鱼肠道肌层厚度并显著增加试验鱼肠道绒毛高度(P<0.05)。可见,饲料中添加3%复合益生菌可改善眼斑双锯鱼肠道消化酶活性,提高肠道微生物群落多样性,改善肠道组织形态和功能。