果树根系分区交替灌溉研究进展

通过对国内外分根区交替灌溉研究成果分析,综述了一种既能满足果树水分需求,又能控制植株长势、减少“奢侈”蒸腾、改善果实品质的果园节水灌溉新技术——果树根系分区交替灌溉,阐明了其理论体系和节水优产机理,概述了与该技术有关的部分根区干燥技术研究现状和存在的问题,提出了几种适合在果园应用的根系分区交替灌溉技术实施模式并对其可行性进行了探讨。分析了果树根系分区交替灌溉技术的应用前景和需要进一步研究的问题。     

山丘区果园地下陶管渗灌技术的应用研究

１９８６～１９９３年,在山东省临沭县山丘区旱地果园,进行了地下陶管渗灌技术的应用研究,结果表明,每次灌水可在３０～３５ｄ使果树根际土壤的相对湿度保持田间持水量的６０％～８０％,为果树提供了良好的土壤水、肥、气、热条件,从而促进了果树根系及地上部分的生长发育。每年增产苹果７２０４．５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,节水２５１４．３０ｍ３／ｈｍ２,增值１０４６４．４５元／ｈｍ２。这一渗灌技术可作为我国北方旱地果园一种新的有效的节水灌溉技术推广应用。     

建立节水灌溉技术体系发展高产优质果园

在总结近年来试验研究和调查资料的基础上,提出了渭北旱塬高产优质果园建设的节水灌溉技术体系,即节水灌溉工程技术,合理的灌溉制度,以提高水分利用效率为中心的农业节水与生物节水灌溉以及建立节灌管理体系和推广体系,可作为该地区发展高产优质果园的依据。     

灌区农业灌溉节水潜力估算理论与方法

为了估算农业灌溉的节水潜力,提出了基于灌区尺度的农业节水潜力估算理论和方法,将不同节水措施实现的灌溉节水量分为“毛节水量”和“净节水量”,用于区分目前关于“工程节水量”和“真实节水量”的争论。毛节水量指由于提高灌溉效率,降低渗漏损失和田间蒸发等而少引的灌溉水量。净节水量指采取节水措施后减少的无效消耗水量和无效流失水量之和。案例分析在徒骇马颊河流域现有节水灌溉工程措施基础上分别估算了节水灌溉率提高20%和40%两种场景的节水量。估算结果表明,节水灌溉工程措施的节水潜力很大,但主要是毛节水量,即减少了从水源取用的水量,而净节水量的节水潜力不大。这是由于大多数工程措施的主要作用是提高灌溉水的利用系数,减少渗漏损失,而减少的耗水量相对比较小。     

果树涌泉灌溉方式的技术应用

涌泉灌又称小管出流。涌泉灌溉技术是针对滴灌系统使用过程中灌水器容易堵塞，以及农业生产管理水平不高而设计的一种微灌技术。它具有节水、节能、灌水均匀、水肥同步、适应性强、管理方便等优点。经过试用，涌泉灌溉果树一般较传统的地面灌节水50%～70%，增产6%～10%，灌水均匀度在90%以上。该文介绍了涌泉灌溉技术及田间设计要点。     

节水灌溉及其自动化技术分析

我国水资源分布存在着较为明显的地区差异,总体上呈现出南多北少、东多西少的态势,在农业灌溉用水较为紧缺的西北地区,节水灌溉技术显现出了其巨大的作用。节水灌溉是一种用较少的水量灌溉农作物,获取较高经济效益的目标的灌溉技术。当前,我国节水灌溉自动化技术已有了较大的进步,但在实际的发展过程中仍有着一些不足之处。分析我国节水灌溉自动化存在的问题,并结合自身相关经验给出一些改进建议,供有关人员参考使用。     

关于发展农业节水灌溉的建议

本文提出了农业节水的关键是：节水的主要潜力在河水灌　区，要按农业用水需要量控制灌溉水量，要在河水灌区积极开发利用浅层地下水和微咸水，　发展井渠结合灌溉的统一管理并改革水价．     

浅谈澳大利亚旱地果园的节水灌溉

澳大利亚地处南半球,国土总面积768.23万km^2,人口1 900万人.地势低平,全境平均海拔350m,是世界上地表起伏最缓的大陆.大部分地区降水稀少,年平均降水量470mm,且时空分布不均.水资源总量为3430亿m^3,目前已开发利用的地表水和地下水资源量为175亿m^3.果园总面积57 233 hm^2,以葡萄、梨、桃和杏等为主,主要为旱地果园.在旱地果园节水灌溉上,主要采用测水灌溉技术,即通过土壤水分监测,分析土壤水分状况和果树需水情况,确定适宜的灌溉时间与灌水定额.同时采用APEC-VC冬储地下水技术,将地表多余的水资源,通过压力贮存到地下100m左右,在缺水的季节通过动力机器抽水灌溉农田.许多地区果园应用了秸秆覆盖技术,目前秸秆覆盖果园面积占果园总面积的30%左右.其节水灌溉的主要经验为：制定法律,保障节水;土壤普查,科学规划;建立健全节水体系.     

中国实用型现代高科技田间节水高效环保灌溉技术体系与示范的研究通过课题鉴定

由中国农业大学曾德超院士主持的中澳国际合作项目 ACIAR9447“利用现代灌溉和果树管理技术提高中国北方果树生产率和水的有效利用的示范研究”经过 6年多的努力 ,于 2 0 0 1年 1 1月1 5日通过农业部的课题鉴定 ,结论是 :该技术成果达到国内领先水平。其成果简要如下 :开发和示范了适合中国条件的一套属于现代高科技范畴 ,以根区土壤水分实时监测与收支平衡为特点的果园与大田田间灌溉制度制定技术 ;以及为实现所制定田间灌溉制度 ,按时按量按部位精确灌水所需的一些技术。从而实质上构成一种中国实用型现代高科技田间节水高效环保灌溉技…     

现代农业与生态节水的技术创新与未来研究重点

指出了我国农业与生态节水技术研究领域在试验仪器设备条件、节水灌溉技术与设备研发、精准灌溉和灌溉系统的自动控制、非常规水资源利用与区域农业水资源配置等方面存在的问题及与国际水平的差距,分析了现代农业与生态节水技术研究中在地面灌溉、喷微灌、节水机具、节水材料与制剂、污水灌溉利用、渠道防渗与水量调配、精准灌溉等方面的发展态势,提出了我国农业与生态节水技术创新的总体目标,提出了我国农业与生态节水技术创新的几个重大研究课题,论述了我国农业与生态节水技术创新的保障条件建设内容.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.