血凝法测定饲料中植物凝集素含量

通过研究植物凝集素(lectin)的血细胞凝集活性与其浓度的关系，提出了用血凝法测定饲料中lectin的新方法，并探讨了试样粉碎粒度、脱脂方法、脱脂时间、抽提时间、抽提次数等测定条件对测定结果的影响。结果表明，lectin的活力与浓度之间存在高度线性相关(R^2=0．99)。血凝法测定饲料中lectin的含量时，以样品粉碎过40目、样品与30～60℃石油醚或乙醚比例(W／V)1：8脱脂8h、样品与生理盐水(W／V)1：8抽提8h为宜。在上述条件下测定，回收率可达88％～102％。经过对8种不同的饲料及原料样品lectin含量的测定，平均相对偏差为0．9％～2．4％，变异系数为1．3％～3．3％。结果表明，利用血凝法可快速测定饲料中的lectin含量。     

微波消解预处理法测定饲料中钙和磷含量

采用硝酸一过氧化氢(体积之比4：1)对饲料样品进行微波酸消解预处理后，测定了饲料中钙和磷含量。钙和磷方法回收率分别为：97．94％～101．13％和98．98％～101．02％。与传统的干法或湿法相比较，微波消解预处理法快速，易操作，不会产生大量有害气体，缩短了分析时间，特别适用于大批量饲料产品中钙、磷含量测定。     

玉米秸秆及青贮饲料的细胞壁成分体外消化性能比较

利用体外消化试验法，对吉单4011和四单29两品种玉米的秸秆和青贮饲料进行了干物质和细胞壁成分的消化率和消化速度常数的测定，吉单4011的干物质（DM）和细胞壁成分（OCW）的有效消化率分别是57．4％和48．9％，吉单29分别是58．8％和53．9％。两品种玉米青贮饲料OCW的消化速度常数显著高于秸秆，吉单4011的秸秆和青贮饲料分别是4．85％和4．52％，吉单29分别是5．81％和7．11％。结果表明，通过青贮，可以提高玉米秸秆细胞壁的消化率和消化速度常数，秸秆中OCW含量高的玉米品种更适合青贮。     

饲料中钙含量两种测定方法的比较研究

对EDTA和KMnO4滴定法测定饲料中钙进行了比较研究。结果表明，两种方法的准确度和精密度都非常好。变异系数均低于4．0％，RSD也在规定的范围以内，EDTA法回收率为98．53%～100%。高锰酸钾法回收率为97．33％～99．53％。因此，EDTA法可用于教学试验中钙的测定和生产品控过程中饲料钙的测定。     

ICP-AES法测定3种生物活饵中微量元素

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪对轮虫、卤虫和挠足类3种生物活饵的Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn4种微量元素的含量进行了测定，测定结果的相对标准偏差为0．71％～5．21％，样品的回收率为94．91％～98．03％。     

鸽保健砂中主要矿物质元素含量及钙磷测定前处理方法的比较

为了解保健砂中主要矿物质元素的含量情况,试验采集了6省共11个地区的鸽保健砂产品,首先比较了用湿法消化、干法消化和酸溶解法对钙磷待测样品进行前处理的效果,分别按照GB/T 6436-2018和GB/T 6437-2018测定方法测定了样品中的Ca、P含量,接着采用GB/T 13885-2017方法测定了样品中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn的含量。结果表明：Ca的测定３号样品干法较湿法消化结果高3.16%（P ＜ 0.05）,5号样品干法、酸溶解法较湿法消化结果分别低0.87%、2.16%（P ＜ 0.05）,三种方法中酸溶解法最适合对保健砂进行前处理|多数省（市）的保健砂样品均有较高含量的Ca,最高达到29.4%|P含量普遍严重偏低,8个样品的P含量都在0.05%以下,比其余样品的P含量低数十倍|钙磷比多数都在100以上,最高钙磷比达到792,保健砂中钙磷比例严重失衡|样品中Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn的含量分别为3387 ～ 22185、3.8 ～ 112.5、7.46 ～ 865.5 mg/kg和58.8 ～ 1401 mg/kg。由此可见,保健砂中各矿物质元素含量差异均极大,迄今没有统一的标准,质量问题不容忽视。 [关键词] 保健砂|矿物质元素|前处理|钙|磷     

怎样取得优质獭兔皮

獭兔属皮肉兼用兔，既长皮．又长肉。因此要求饲料的营养水平高，一般要求饲料的消化能为11．4～11．9兆焦／kg、粗蛋白质18％～19％、粗纤维6％～8％、粗脂肪3％-4％、钙0．88％-099％、磷0．80％-0.82％、含硫氨基酸0．9％。     

林麝饲用植物叶常规营养成分分析

用国标规定的饲料常规养分分析方法对林麝喜食的勾儿茶等24种野生植物叶样品中的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分、总能进行测定,并将测定结果与泡桐、苜蓿的营养成分进行比较。结果表明,这些样品的粗蛋白含量介于8．4％～27．4％之间,其中构树、律草、桑的蛋白含量均高于泡桐、苜蓿,分别为27．4％、22．3％、19．0％;干物质含量介于90．1％～93．5％之间,粗脂肪含量介于0．8％～7．1％之间,粗纤维含量介于7．8％～23．0％之间,粗灰分含量介于4．8％～13．2％之间,总能介于14．38～19．73MJ／kg之间。这将为林麝的饲养管理及其营养基础研究提供一定的依据。     

全收粪和指示剂法测定阉牛日粮有机物消化率的差异性分析

选用两个肉牛消化代谢试验所测定的8个不同日粮有机物消化率，对比分析全收粪法、Cr2O3法、AIA法对所测定有机物消化率的影响。结果表明：用全收粪法、Cr2O3法、AIA法测定日粮有机物的表观消化率分别为67．43％、62．93％、72．15％，其中AIA法测定值显著高于Cr2O3法（P〈0．05），外源指示剂Cr2O3在粪中回收率为90．74％，内源指示剂AIA回收率为118．17％。     

火焰原子吸收法快速测定饲料中微量元素

本文介绍一种快速测定饲料中微量元素的方法,该方法具有省时、低消耗、简便、准确等特点,30～40个样品中的多种微量元素测定仅需4～5小时,与干法灰化或湿法消化所需2～3天相比。本方法更适合于大批量的日常检测。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -