乌蒙黄羽乌骨鸡蛋、肉营养分析研究

两次测定,乌蒙黄羽乌骨鸡肌肉脂肪、蛋白质、氨基酸的总量与乌蒙驻相近,蛋的胆固醇含量比乌蒙鸡低１０．９４％;肌肉中谷氨酸等５种含量较高的氨基酸占氨基酸总量的５０．４８％（第１次测定胸腿肌）或５２．３３％（第２次测定胸肌）。     

不同品系优质鸡胸肌肌苷酸和鲜味氨基酸含量的比较

本文选取大恒3个优质鸡品系与2个杂交组合的7013龄和91日龄鸡各100只,对胸肌肌苷酸和鲜味氨基酸的含量进行了比较。结果显示：胸肌肌苷酸和鲜味氨基酸在不同品系间差异达到显著水平（P〈0．05）;不同日龄间,胸肌肌苷酸未达显著水平（P〉O．05）;鲜味氨基酸中除S05未达显著水平外（P〉0．05）,其余鲜味氨基酸均达到显著水平（P〈0．05）;不同性别间,胸肌肌苷酸S01、S05差异达到显著水平（P〈0．05）,其余胸肌肌苷酸含量也达到显著水平（P〈0．05）：鲜味氨基酸未达显著水平（P〉O．05）。     

不同羽色静原鸡鸡肉营养成分的测定分析

为了研究不同羽色(白羽、麻羽、黑羽)静原鸡鸡肉的营养成分及其存在的差异性,以第5世代核心群的3个羽色(白羽、麻羽、黑羽)静原鸡为研究对象,采用直接干燥法、索氏抽提法、微量凯氏定氮法和国家标准GB5009.124—2016中氨基酸的测定方法分别对其胸肌、腿肌的初水分、脂肪、蛋白质、氨基酸含量进行了测定,并对其结果进行比较及分析。结果表明,白羽、麻羽、黑羽3个群体的静原鸡胸肌、腿肌的初水分含量分别为71.10%、70.35%、70.69%和72.14%、70.13%、72.08%,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。黑羽静原鸡的胸肌、腿肌脂肪含量分别为2.19%和3.12%,为三组最高,白羽静原鸡为最低。3个群体间麻羽静原鸡胸肌蛋白质含量(24.30%)最高,白羽静原鸡次之,黑羽静原鸡最低;3个群体间腿肌蛋白质含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。3个群体鸡肉中氨基酸含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。胸肌和腿肌中谷氨酸含量最高,天冬氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸等含量次之。胸肌必需氨基酸、总氨基酸含量均是麻羽最高;腿肌必需氨基酸麻羽最高、总氨基酸含量白羽最高。该试验结果可为消费者购买静原鸡时的不同消费倾向提供参考。     

绿茶渣对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响

试验旨在探究饲粮中添加绿茶渣对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响。选取360只300日龄的赤水乌骨鸡母鸡，随机分成4个组，每组6个重复，每个重复15只鸡。各组分别饲喂添加0%（对照组）、0.8%、1.6%、2.4%绿茶渣的饲粮，预试期14 d，正试期60 d，屠宰后采集胸肌测定肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。结果表明：与对照组相比，添加绿茶渣可降低胸肌中铁含量（P<0.05）,0.8%绿茶渣组粗脂肪含量降低（P<0.05）,1.6%绿茶渣组粗蛋白质含量提高（P<0.05）,2.4%绿茶渣组鸡肉亮度增加（P<0.05）；绿茶渣对胸肌中氨基酸含量无显著影响；绿茶渣对总饱和脂肪酸的含量无显著影响，添加1.6%绿茶渣使得单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）含量有升高趋势（P>0.05），多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量有降低趋势（P>0.05）。综上，饲粮中添加1.6%绿茶渣对赤水乌骨鸡肌肉中氨基酸含量影响不显著，对脂肪酸的影响较大。     

两种云南地方鸡肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量比较研究

为比较尼西鸡和无量山乌骨鸡肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量,选取尼西鸡和无量山乌骨鸡各44羽,测定胸肌和腿肌中17种氨基酸和18种脂肪酸的含量,比较分析其差异性。结果显示,尼西鸡和无量山乌骨鸡肌肉中谷氨酸含量均最高,其次是天冬氨酸和赖氨酸,含量最低的是半胱氨酸;无量山乌骨鸡肌肉中的必需氨基酸（EAA）含量和必需氨基酸/总氨基酸（EAA/TAA）均极显著高于尼西鸡（P < 0.01）,而鲜味氨基酸含量（尤其是谷氨酸的含量）极显著低于尼西鸡（P < 0.01）;这两种鸡肌肉中的脂肪酸均以油酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸和花生四烯酸为主,其余的脂肪酸含量较低;无量山乌骨鸡肌肉中的总脂肪酸含量、多不饱和脂肪酸含量、不饱和脂肪酸含量和必需脂肪酸含量均极显著高于尼西鸡（P < 0.01）。     

黑色素沉积相关基因在丝羽乌骨鸡和余干乌骨鸡胸肌和腿肌中的表达分析

试验旨在分析黑色素相关基因在丝羽乌骨鸡和余干乌骨鸡中的差异表达。试验测定丝羽乌骨鸡和余干乌骨鸡2～17周龄胸肌和腿肌肉色亮度值，比较黑色素相关基因TYR、TYRP1、PMEL和MITF在两种乌骨鸡胸肌和腿肌的差异表达量。结果显示：2周龄时余干乌骨鸡胸、腿肌和丝羽乌骨鸡胸肌肉色亮度值显著小于其他周龄（P<0.05），余干乌骨鸡6周龄胸、腿肌亮度值显著大于6周龄丝羽乌骨鸡（P<0.05）,17周龄时丝羽乌骨鸡腿肌亮度值显著大于余17周龄干乌骨鸡（P<0.05）;4个基因在2种乌骨鸡2～17周龄的胸肌和腿肌中相对表达量的变化趋势基本一致，2周龄时表达量较高，随后呈现下降趋势。同时黑色素相关基因表达量存在品种效应，2周龄时TYR和TYRP1基因在丝羽乌骨鸡腿肌中表达量较高，17周龄时MITF基因在余干乌骨鸡腿肌中表达量较高。TYR、TYRP1、PMEL和MITF 4个基因在2种乌骨鸡胸肌和腿肌中表达均呈现显著正相关（P<0.05）;4个基因表达与2种乌骨鸡肉色亮度值显著负相关（P<0.05），且对黑色素沉积呈现正调控作用。研究表明，在乌色度选种时可以将TYR、TY...     

PRELID3B基因mRNA在不同品种乌骨鸡肌肉组织中的表达规律研究

PRELID3B基因（PRELIP Domain Containing 3B）是调控乌骨鸡黑色素沉积的重要候选基因。为探讨PRELID3BmRNA在不同品种乌骨鸡肌肉发育中的表达情况，以丝羽乌骨鸡和余干乌骨鸡为材料，采用实时荧光定量PCR技术，检测出雏后不同发育时期胸肌和腿肌中PRELID3BmRNA的表达情况，并将基因表达量与肌肉色度L值进行相关性分析。结果发现，2个品种胸肌和腿肌的肌肉色度L值都随日龄的增长呈逐渐下降的趋势；2周龄后，2个品种的胸肌和腿肌L值出现差异（P<0.05）。丝羽乌骨鸡胸肌和腿肌PRELID3B mRNA表达变化趋势基本一致，都是前高后低；余干乌骨鸡胸肌和腿肌PRELID3BmRNA表达变化趋势不一致，其中胸肌在10周龄之后呈升高的趋势。14周龄之后，2个品种的胸肌和腿肌PRELID3BmRNA表达都出现差异（P<0.05）。品种间比较，14周龄之后胸肌PRELID3BmRNA表达在品种间出现差异（P<0.05）；腿肌则是在2周龄、6周龄和14周龄时品种间出现差异（P<0.05）。肌肉色度L值与基因表达的相关性结果显示，2个品种的腿肌...     

甲状腺激素对乌骨鸡蛋白质沉积影响的研究

选用640只雪峰鸟骨鸡，分别饲喂添加不同水平（0．1，0．3，0．5mg／kg）的甲状腺激素（T3）；5～8周龄分成2个组，一组停止添加T，，另一组继续添加T3，以研究甲状腺激素（T3）对雪峰乌鸡蛋白质沉积是否具有后续作用。结果表明：（1）甲状腺激素在2周龄以前可显著（P〈0．01）提高鸟骨鸡的蛋白质沉积；适合量为0．1mg／kg；（2）在乌骨鸡后期日粮中继续添加T3，则乌骨鸡的生长和蛋白质沉积被抑制；后期日粮中停止添加T3后，T3对乌骨鸡蛋白质沉积的抑制作用被解除，生长得到恢复。     

江西地方鸡种肌肉氨基酸含量的测定与分析

对泰和乌骨鸡、余干黑鸡、广丰白耳鸡、宁都三黄鸡、万载康乐鸡、南城五黑鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡、景德黄鸡等9个江西地方品种和以色列隐性白羽鸡的胸肌氨基酸含量进行了测定，结果表明：1.肌肉氨基酸总量在所测定的10个品种间存在一定的差异。其中以广丰白耳鸡的氨基酸总量最高（226.42mg/g），其次是宁都三黄鸡（213.81mg/g）、万载康乐鸡（212.14mg/g）。必需氨基酸的含量也是广丰白耳鸡最高（92.34mg/g），其次是景德黄鸡（88.79mg/g）、万载康乐鸡（88.57mg/g）和宁都三黄鸡（86.47mg/g）。因此可以认为广丰白耳鸡、宁都三黄鸡、万载康乐鸡、景德黄鸡等品种的氨基酸营养价值是比较高的。2.从测定的结果来看，似乎存在三黄鸡的氨基酸含量高于黑鸡的趋势，这其中是否存在沉积氨基酸与形成界色素之间有种内在联系，有待进一步研究。3.主要的鲜味氨基酸－－谷氨酸以东乡绿壳蛋鸡的谷氨酸含量最高（33.21mg/g），其次是万载康乐鸡（30.45mg/g）和占白耳鸡（30.40mg/g），其含量与我国著名的优质肉鸡品种石歧杂的谷氨酸含量（32.16mg/g）相当或略高，表明这三个品种的鲜味较好。4.4肌肉中各种氨基酸的相对含量在不同品种之间存在一定的差异，其差异有些较大，有些则较小。但不同品种的氨基酸的组成具有一定的规律性和相对的稳定性，表现在所测定的10个品种都以谷氨酸的含量最高，占氨基酸总量的12％－17％，其次是天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸，分别占7％－9％；含量较低的氨基酸有精氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨 、丝氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和蛋氨酸，分别占3％－6％；色氨酸和胱氨酸的含量都很低，均在1％左右。     

急性热应激对泰和乌骨鸡胸肌酪氨酸酶表达和黑色素含量的影响

试验旨在研究急性热应激对泰和乌骨鸡胸肌酪氨酸酶基因表达及黑色素含量的影响。选取144只42日龄泰和鸟骨鸡．随机分为2组：即常温对照组和急性热应激组,每组4个重复．每个重复18只鸡。结果表明,急性热应激极显著地提高了热应激12h时泰和乌骨鸡胸肌酪氨酸酶mRNA的表达（P〈0．01）,并具有提高其热应激24h时的表达量的趋势（P〉0．05）,对其恢复常温后24h、6d、20d的表达量无显著影响（P〉0．05）;急性热应激极显著地降低了热应激24h时泰和乌骨鸡胸肌黑色素的含量（P〈0．01）。并具有降低其热应激12h时黑色素含量的趋势（P〉0．05）,极显著地提高了其恢复常温后24h时胸肌黑色素的含量（P〈0．01）,对其恢复常温后6d、20d的黑色素含量无显著影响（P〉0．05）。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein