湖北省不同稻作区域秸秆还田替代钾肥效果

【目的】研究不同稻作区域钾肥和秸秆还田对水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及农田钾素表观平衡的影响,分析不同稻区秸秆还田可替代化学钾肥的用量,为不同区域稻田秸秆还田条件下钾肥的合理配置提供理论依据。【方法】2013年在湖北省鄂东丘陵、鄂中丘陵岗地和江汉平原3个区域的19个县（市）布置稻田秸秆还田替代钾肥效果研究田间试验,试验共设置6个处理：分别为（1）不施钾（NP）;（2）施化学钾肥（NPK）;（3）施秸秆（NP+S）;（4）秸秆还田配施1/2化学钾肥（NP+1/2K+S）;（5）秸秆还田配施3/4化学钾肥（NP+3/4K+S）;（6）秸秆还田配施全量化学钾肥（NPK+S）。【结果】不同稻作区钾肥和秸秆均能不同程度增加水稻产量和地上部钾素吸收量。与NP处理相比,鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区NPK处理水稻分别增产0.36、0.36和1.07 t·hm^-2,平均增产率分别为6.4%、5.0%和15.3%;而施秸秆（NP+S）处理水稻分别平均增产0.57、0.49和0.24 t·hm^-2,增产率为7.6%、6.9%和4.0%。3个稻作区施化学钾肥（NPK）地上部钾素吸收量平均增加20.1-61.9 kg K₂O·hm^-2,施秸秆（NP+S）钾素吸收量平均增加8.5-39.1 kg K₂O·hm^-2,江汉平原区施化学钾肥处理产量和钾素吸收量均显著高于施秸秆处理,而鄂东丘陵区和鄂中丘陵岗地区NP+S与NPK处理的产量和钾素吸收量均没未表现出差异。通过计算土壤-作物系统钾素表观平衡,发现一季水稻收获后土壤钾素均处于亏缺（平均钾素亏缺量为144.3-284.4 kg K₂O·hm^-2）状态,但秸秆还田处理亏缺量小于秸秆不还田处理。在保证水稻产量（即NPK处理产量）时秸秆还田条件下,采用模型计算出鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区的平均钾肥用量分别比目前钾肥推荐用量（60 kg K₂O·hm^-2）节约化学钾肥66.8%、75.2%和9.7%;参考2013年钾肥和水稻价格,可计算出秸秆还田条件下鄂东丘陵区、鄂中丘陵岗地区和江汉平原区最经济钾肥推荐用量分别比推荐用量节省化学钾肥54.3%、53.5%和36.9%。【结论】湖北省不同稻区均可采用秸秆还田的方式减少钾肥投入,不但可以缓解土壤钾素亏缺,而且对农田钾素的可持续管理具有重要意义。     

油菜秸秆还田对水稻增产及供钾的效果

在湖北省应城、孝昌、汉川、荆门布置油菜秸秆还田对后季水稻产量及钾素吸收量影响试验,分析油菜秸秆还田对水稻的增产和供钾效应的影响.结果表明,应城、孝昌和荆门三个试验点施钾效果明显,在此条件下秸秆还田(NP+S)比不还田(NP)处理稻谷产量与稻草生物量平均分别增加725和669 kg/hm2,增幅分别为10.21％和8.36％.四个试验点施钾和秸秆还田均可提高水稻地上部钾素吸收量,与NP处理相比,NP+S、NPK(施钾)和NPK+S(施钾配合秸秆还田)处理地上部钾素吸收量分别增加了20.2、48.3和58.3 kg K2O/hm2;进一步分析表明,水稻钾素吸收量增加的主要原因是生物量的增加,而各处理的钾含量差异不显著.种植水稻后各处理的土壤速效钾含量均呈不同程度的下降趋势,但油菜秸秆还田的两个处理(NP+S和NPK+S处理)的下降幅度明显低于相应的不还田处理(NP和NPK处理).油菜秸秆还田具有提高后季水稻产量和稻草生物量、增加钾素的供应和缓解土壤钾素亏缺的作用.     

秸秆还田条件下不同供钾能力土壤水稻、油菜、小麦钾肥减量研究

【目的】研究不同供钾能力土壤在秸秆还田条件下钾肥减量施用对水稻、油菜、小麦的产量、钾素吸收量及钾肥利用率的影响,计算秸秆还田条件下3种作物的钾肥适宜用量,为秸秆还田条件下钾肥资源的合理利用及农田钾素养分管理和调控提供理论依据。【方法】2013—2015年在湖北省38个县(市)的水稻、油菜及小麦3种作物上开展秸秆还田钾肥减量施用田间试验。试验设置6个处理,分别为(1)对照,不施钾(CK);(2)施用全量化学钾肥(+K);(3)秸秆还田处理(+S);(4)秸秆还田配施50%钾肥(S+1/2K);(5)秸秆还田配施75%钾肥(S+3/4K);(6)秸秆还田配施全量钾肥(S+K)。参考不施钾肥处理的作物相对产量(即CK处理产量/+K处理产量)将土壤供钾能力分为高、中、低3个水平。【结果】不同供钾水平土壤施钾和秸秆还田均能不同程度增加水稻、油菜和小麦的产量和地上部钾素吸收量。其中,高供钾能力的土壤水稻、油菜和小麦仅通过上季作物秸秆全量还田即可满足作物高产的钾素需求;中等供钾能力的土壤3种作物可在秸秆还田条件下减少50%钾肥用量;而低供钾能力的土壤,秸秆还田条件下水稻季可减少25%钾肥用量,油菜和小麦季可减少50%钾肥用量。从土壤钾素表观平衡来看,秸秆还田可缓解土壤钾素亏缺,其中油菜季平均盈余量为14.1—152.6kg K_2O·hm~(-2),小麦季平均盈余量为25.5—95.9 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),水稻季则仍表现为钾素亏缺。在考虑秸秆钾素投入量的情况下,通过一元二次方程和线性加平台方程拟合秸秆还田条件下钾肥用量与作物产量之间的关系,以+K处理产量为标准得到秸秆还田条件下的适宜钾肥用量。结果表明,在前茬作物秸秆全量还田的条件下,供钾能力为中、高等水平的土壤3种作物钾肥适宜施用量为20—33 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),油菜钾肥施用量低于水稻和小麦;而供钾能力低的土壤上,秸秆还田土壤钾肥适宜施用量为45—49 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),油菜钾肥推荐用量高于水稻和小麦。与目前钾肥经济施用量60 kg K_2O·hm~(-2)相比,3种作物在供钾能力为中、高等水平的土壤通过秸秆还田可节省钾肥45.0%—66.7%,供钾能力低的土壤也可节省钾肥18.3%—25.0%。【结论】秸秆还田条件下水稻、油菜及小麦可以在减少18.3%—66.7%钾肥用量的同时保证作物产量,钾肥施用量减少的比例应根据土壤供钾水平进行调整。     

潮土区小麦-玉米轮作周年秸秆还田及施钾效应研究

在山东省西部潮土区研究了小麦-玉米周年轮作模式下连续两年4个种植茬口秸秆全还田和施用钾肥对耕层土壤钾素状况、作物产量及土壤-作物系统钾素平衡的影响。结果表明:定位两年后,秸秆还田及施用钾肥均可不同程度地提高土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,其中秸秆还田配施钾肥(NPKst)处理提高幅度最大;小麦或玉米产量各个茬口均以NPKst处理最高,不施钾肥秸秆不还田(NP)处理最低。施用钾肥小麦平均增产8.03%,玉米平均增产2.92%;秸秆还田条件配合施用钾肥,小麦平均增产14.13%,玉米平均增产6.99%。施用钾肥秸秆不还田(NPK)处理和NPKst处理第一种植季的钾肥当季回收率分别为31.8%、24.4%,4个种植季钾肥累计回收率分别为39.2%、25.3%。定位两年后,单施钾肥处理(NPK)土壤钾素平衡达到-481.2 kg/hm2,秸秆还田配施钾肥处理(NPKst)土壤钾素平衡达到74.2 kg/hm2。为实现化肥使用量零增长目标,秸秆还田配施钾肥是维持潮土土壤钾素持续供应的有效措施。     

不同种植制度下长期施钾与秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤钾素的影响

【目的】研究施钾和秸秆还田对华北地区不同种植制度下作物产量和耕层土壤钾素状况的影响。【方法】在华北平原的河北潮土和山西褐土上进行连续13年的施钾和秸秆还田试验。【结果】施钾和秸秆还田能增加小麦和玉米产量，处理之间表现为：NPK+St＞NPK＞NP+St>NP，施钾处理的作物产量与NP处理的产量差异显著，轮作制度下玉米的施钾效应高于小麦。与山西单作制度相比，河北轮作制度下的土壤钾素损耗严重，除NPK+St处理外土壤钾素均表现亏缺。秸秆还田和施用钾肥较NP处理可不同程度提高河北潮土和山西褐土耕层土的水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾、矿物钾及全钾含量，且降低矿物钾比例的同时提高其余几种形态钾的比例。与定位开始相比，两种类型土壤各形态钾含量和比例随时间变异特点不同，两定位点土壤矿物钾和全钾含量均表现下降。【结论】整体看直接施用化肥钾的效果优于秸秆还田。但从提高作物产量和缓解土壤钾素下降来看，小麦秸秆还田是一个有效的补钾措施。     

稻田不同供钾能力条件下秸秆还田替代钾肥效果

【目的】研究稻田不同土壤供钾能力条件下,秸秆还田配施钾肥对水稻产量、地上部钾素累积量以及钾肥利用率的影响,为秸秆还田水稻钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】2011-2012年在鄂中、江汉平原和鄂东地区的10个县（市）选择不同供钾水平田块布置水稻试验。根据湖北省第二次土壤普查制定的速效钾分级标准,本文将土壤速效钾含量＞150 mg•kg-1的试验点如钟祥和宜城归为高钾供应能力土壤（1级水平）,简称为高钾土壤,标记为High-K;土壤速效钾含量100-150 mg•kg-1的试验点如团风、仙桃、洪湖和枝江归为中钾供应能力土壤（2级水平）,简称为中钾土壤,标记为Middle-K;土壤速效钾含量＜100 mg•kg-1的试验点如麻城、广水、鄂州和蕲春归为低钾土壤,标记为Low-K。试验共设6个处理,分别为：（1）CK（-K）;（2）+K;（3）+S;（4）S+1/3K;（5）S+2/3K;（6）S+K,其中K和S分别表示钾肥和还田秸秆,以此来考查当前推荐钾肥用量（K2O 75 kg•hm-2）对水稻的增产效果以及轮作模式下麦秆或油菜秸秆还田钾素对钾肥的替代作用。【结果】结果显示CK处理（-K）,高钾、中钾和低钾土壤的稻谷产量分别为8 372、8 710和7 767 kg•hm-2,施钾和秸秆还田均可以不同程度地增加水稻产量和地上部钾素累积量。与CK相比,高钾、中钾和低钾土壤均以秸秆还田配施钾肥处理的增产效果最显著,增产量分别为633、1 098和814 kg•hm-2,增幅分别为7.7%、12.6%和12.5%;地上部钾素累积吸收增量分别为40.2、56.5和49.3 kg•hm-2,增幅分别为15.9%、21.3%和36.8%。在当前推荐钾肥用量条件下,秸秆还田会造成高钾土壤的钾肥吸收利用率下降,但可明显提高中钾和低钾土壤的钾肥吸收利用率;同时秸秆还田也会显著降低高钾土壤的钾肥农学利用率,但对中钾和低钾土壤的钾肥农学利用率没有明显影响。同钾肥利用率相比,钾素利用率均有所降低,但中钾土壤和低钾土壤的钾素利用率要显著高于高钾土壤的钾素利用率。通过对秸秆还田条件下钾肥用量与增产率、地上部钾素累积增幅的相关性分析得出高钾土壤和中钾土壤的推荐钾肥用量偏高。根据线性加平台肥效模型拟合得出,在秸秆还田条件下,高钾土壤田块（速效钾含量＞150 mg•kg-1）适宜钾肥用量平均为38.2 kg•hm-2,比推荐用量减少49.1%;中钾土壤田块（速效钾含量100-150 mg•kg-1）适宜钾肥用量平均为60.0 kg•hm-2,比推荐用量减少20.0%;而低钾土壤田块（速效钾含量＜100 mg•kg-1）,增产效果显著,推荐钾肥用量不足。【结论】因此,短期秸秆还田条件下,高钾和中钾土壤田块,秸秆还田钾素可不同程度地替代部分化学钾肥施用;而低钾供应田块推荐用量略显不足,增施钾肥仍有较大的增产空间。     

稻麦轮作下秸秆不同利用方式还田对稻田甲烷排放的影响

秸秆还田能够促进土壤固碳,但秸秆不同利用方式还田对稻麦轮作系统中甲烷(CH_4)排放影响的研究结果存在很大不确定性。本研究采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对太湖地区秸秆不同利用方式一年还田下稻麦轮作系统中CH_4排放规律进行田间原位观测。试验共设置4个处理,分别是:常规处理(NPK,施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥)、秸秆还田处理(NPK+S,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥与秸秆均匀混施)、秸秆生物炭处理(NPK+B,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥与黑炭均匀混施)和秸秆与腐熟剂配施处理(NPK+SDI,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、秸秆与腐熟剂均匀混施)。不同处理下CH_4排放主要集中在水稻生长季。与NPK处理相比,NPK+S和NPK+SDI处理均增加CH_4排放,增幅分别为12.7%和20.9%,NPK+B处理减少了7.5%的CH_4排放。与NPK+S处理相比,NPK+SDI处理CH_4排放显著增加7.3%,而NPK+B处理CH_4排放显著降低17.9%。除NPK+B处理显著提高了作物产量,其他处理对产量并无显著影响。与NPK处理相比,NPK+S和NPK+SDI处理显著增加了单位产量甲烷排放,增幅分别为23.7%和18.4%,NPK+B处理降低了单位产量甲烷排放,幅度为19.9%。与NPK+S处理比较,NPK+SDI与NPK+B处理单位产量CH_4排放分别降低了4.3%和35.3%。结果说明秸秆配合腐熟剂还田或秸秆炭化还田可减轻由秸秆直接还田所带来的环境损害,且炭化还田的减排效果更佳。     

秸秆还田配施钾肥对大蒜生长、产量与品质的影响

【目的】在大田条件下,以“徐蒜918”为材料,研究玉米秸秆还田配施钾肥对大蒜生长、产量与品质的影响。【方法】试验设6个处理：秸秆不还田+无钾(CK),秸秆不还田+钾(+K),秸秆还田+无钾(+S),秸秆还田+1/3钾(S+1/3K),秸秆还田+2/3钾(S+2/3K),秸秆还田+钾(S+K),观察分析大蒜生长、产量及品质情况。【结果】秸秆还田+1/3钾(S+1/3K)的处理大蒜株高、叶宽、假茎高、假茎粗、鳞茎纵径、鳞茎横径、单头鳞茎重与产量均达到最大值,即株高56.90 cm,叶宽3.63 cm,假茎高27.20 cm,假茎粗1.70 cm,鳞茎纵径3.32 cm,鳞茎横径5.21 cm,单头鳞茎重52.10 g,每667 m²产量为1210.06 kg。品质综合分析显示,大蒜鳞茎综合品质排名由高到低依次为：+S>+K>S+2/3K>S+1/3K>CK>S+K。【结论】秸秆还田配施适量的钾肥不仅可以促进大蒜的生长,提高大蒜的产量,而且对大蒜鳞茎内大蒜素的提高也具有一定的作用。秸秆还田配施适量钾肥可作为一项经济环保的栽培措施运用于大蒜生...     

秸秆还田中稻基施钾肥减量效果研究

[目的]研究在小麦秸秆全量还田条件下,中稻基施钾肥减量效果,为中稻钾肥减量提供科学依据。[方法]在小麦秸秆全量还田下,开展中稻基施钾肥试验。[结果]在秸秆全量还田条件下,基施钾肥减少20%的处理(5)产量、钾素吸收量、钾素(肥)利用率最高。产量、钾素吸收量分别为9 806.5、265.0 kg/hm~2,与全量施钾肥处理(2)相比,分别提高388.7、45.5 kg/hm~2,增幅分别为4.1%、20.7%;钾素、钾肥利用率分别为53.2%、60.3%,比全量施钾肥处理(2)分别提高15.8%、22.9%;通过二次拟合,得出最大基施钾肥减量占总量的21.7%,可减少基施钾肥35.8 kg/hm~2。[结论]在小麦秸秆全量还田条件下,基施钾肥适当减量对中稻产量有一定增产作用,秸秆中的养分释放可不同程度地减少部分钾肥施用,较大地提高钾素吸收量、钾素利用率、钾肥利用率。     

麦棉周年秸秆还田对棉花生物量与养分吸收的影响

本文旨在研究麦棉周年秸秆还田和施钾对棉花产量、生物量和养分吸收的影响,对比分析秸秆还田钾肥替代的可行性.试验通过在棉花季设置小麦秸秆全量还田9000 kg/hm2、半量还田4500 kg/hm2、施钾量K150和K300;小麦季只在两个相应的秸秆还田处理上进行棉花秸秆还田7500 kg/hm2,不施钾肥;以两季均无秸秆...     

江汉平原棉花合理施氮量研究

采用田间小区试验研究了江汉平原棉花合理施氮量。结果表明,在施用90 kg/hm~2 P2O5、180 kg/hm~2K2O和3 kg/hm~2持力硼基础上,利用线性+平台模型得到棉花中高产量水平下的合理施氮量为280 kg/hm~2。在不明显减产的条件下,从提高氮肥当季利用率、尽量降低氮肥投入的角度,可以将氮肥用量降低到240kg/hm~2左右,在此施氮水平下仍然可能通过改进田间管理措施获得高产。因此,江汉平原棉花氮肥减量空间为20~60 kg/hm~2。     

Effect of Long-Term Application of K Fertilizer and Wheat Straw to Soil on Crop Yield and Soil K Under Different Planting Systems

Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK ＋ St 〉 NPK 〉 NP ＋ St 〉 NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK ＋ St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.     

稻草还田和易地还土对红壤丘陵农田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

 【目的】探讨稻草还田和易地还土对红壤丘陵水田和旱地土壤有机碳及活性有机碳的影响。【方法】以红壤丘陵区长期定位点坡旱地和水旱轮作地为研究对象,选取3个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（NPK）和稻草配施氮磷肥（S+NP）,对试验6年来的数据进行分析。【结果】与初始值相比,坡旱地NPK和S+NP处理在前4年内土壤有机碳（SOC）明显增加,平均增幅分别为14.6%和36.2%,此后波动较小;微生物量碳（MBC）总体保持增加趋势,NPK和S+NP处理显著高于CK,平均增幅分别为16.1%和33.5%;溶解有机碳（DOC）保持逐年增加,处理间差异不显著。水旱轮作地各处理土壤有机碳6年内基本保持稳定,但NPK和CK处理均低于初始值;MBC总体亦具有增加趋势,S+NP处理明显高于CK,平均增幅为 14.2%,但NPK处理低于CK;DOC后期出现降低趋势,且NPK和S+NP处理均低于CK。【结论】与单施化肥相比,稻草还田和易地还土均能明显提高土壤SOC和MBC含量,但稻草易地还土的效果更为显著,并在短期内表现明显。土壤溶解有机碳对施肥的响应较差,耕作时间较短的坡旱地土壤溶解有机碳含量明显高于耕作时间较长的水旱轮作地。     

Trends of Yield and Soil Fertility in a Long-Term Wheat-Maize System

The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China＇s food security. Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter （SOM） and nutrients, and is assumed to be non- sustainable. We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields, nitrogen use efficiency, P and K balances, and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system （1991-2010） on silt clay loam in Shaanxi, China. The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, nitrogen and potassium （NK）, phosphorus and potassium （PK）, combined NPK, wheat or maize straw （S） with NPK （SNPK）, or dairy manure （M） with NPK （M1NPK and M2NPK）, along with an un-treated control treatment （CK）. The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2 235 kg ha-1 under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha-1 under M2NPK treatment, respectively. Treatments in which either N or P was omitted （N, NK and PK） gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied. The crop yields obtained under NP, NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical, as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK. However, M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP, and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK. Wheat yields increased significantly （by 86 to 155 kg ha-1 yr-1） in treatments where NP was applied, but maize yields did not. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments; for maize, it was the highest under MNPK treatment. The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment, increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha-1 annually. While the K balance was negative in most treatments, ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha^-1 yr^-1, levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr. SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments. Overall, the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen, or retuming straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility, increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil.     

Long-term effect of fertilizer application on rice yield,potassium uptake in plants,and potassium balance in double rice cropping system

A 27 years field experiment was conducted on a Fe-Accumli Stagnic Anthrosol to evaluate the effects of long-term application of fertilizer, pig manure (PM), and rice straw (RS) on rice yield, uptake, and usage efficiency of potassium, soil K pools, and the nonexchangeable K release under the double rice cropping system in South Central China. Common cropping pattern in the study was early rice-late rice-fallow (winter). The field treatments included CK (no fertilizer applied), NP, NK, NPK, and NK + PM, NP + RS, NPK + RS. The pig manure and rice straw was applied in both the early rice and late rice cropping season. The ranking order of 27 years average annual grain yield were the CK<NK<NP<NK + PM<NP + RS<NPK<NPK + RS treatments. The negative yield change trends were observed in the CK and NP and NK treatments of unbalanced nutrient application in the case of omitted-K and P-omitted. The positive yield change trends were observed in balanced applications of NPK and combined application of fertilizer (NPK) with pig manure (NK + PM) or rice straw (NP + RS and NPK + RS). The application of K fertilizer (NPK) increased grain yield by 56.7 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ over that obtained with no K application (NP). The combined application of pig manure with fertilizer (NK + PM) increased by 82.2 kg·hm⁻² per year compared with fertilizer application alone (NK). The combined application of rice straw with fertilizer (NP + RS and NPK + RS) increased on the average of 34.4 kg·hm⁻² per year compared with fertilizer application alone (NP and NPK). In all fertilizer, pig manure and rice straw combinations, K uptake change trends in rice plants of the early rice was positive except for CK and NP treatments. The results showed that the total removal of K by the rice plants exceeded the amounts of total K applied to the soil in all treatments, which showed a negative K balance. This ranged from 106.3 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ in CK treatment to 289.6 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ in the NPK + RS treatment. Continuous annual application of 199.2 K kg·hm⁻² to rice resulted in an accumulation (58 kg·hm⁻²) of exchangeable K (1 mol NH₄OAc extractable K) in 0–45 cm soil depth over the study period, despite the higher average annual uptake of K by the system (225.7 kg·hm⁻²). However, nonexchangeable K increased substantially from 1090 kg·hm⁻² to 1113 kg·hm⁻² and 1140 kg·hm⁻² in the 0–45 cm soil layer in NPK + RS and NPK treatments after 27 years of the continuous double rice cropping system, respectively. Thus, long-term rational application of K fertilizer may increase sustainable K fertility of the continuous double rice cropped system.     

双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响

设CK（不施任何肥）、NK（施氮、钾肥）、NP（施氮、磷肥）、NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）、NK＋PM（施氮、钾肥＋猪粪）、NP＋RS（施氮、磷肥＋稻草）、NPK＋RS（施氮磷钾肥＋稻草）7个处理,通过25年长期肥料定位试验,研究了双季稻种植制度下长期施肥对红壤性水稻土氮素肥力的影响．结果表明,长期不平衡施肥处理（NK、NP）土壤各氮素含量增加不明显或出现一定幅度的减少;长期平衡施用化肥的NPK处理,土壤各氮素含量均有增长,与CK处理的差异达到显著或极显著水平;无机、有机肥长期配施处理NK＋PM、NP＋RS、NPK＋RS在单施化肥的基础上进一步提高了土壤中氮素养分的含量．双季稻种植制度下,长期平衡施肥,尤其是无机、有机肥配施能极大地增加红壤性水稻土各氮素养分含量,提高土壤氮素肥力,为水稻的高产、稳产和农业可持续发展提供良好的基础和保障．