马铃薯地上垄体栽培模式中害虫的防控技术

随着黑龙江省马铃薯地上垄体栽培模式推广面积的逐年增加,其害虫的防控技术已经成为制约该模式下马铃薯生产的重要环节,为解决这一问题,特设立6种化学及生物杀虫剂(5%吡虫啉乳油2 000倍液、3%啶虫脒乳油3 000倍液、48%乐斯本乳油2 000倍液、30%速克毙乳油2 000倍液、40%氧化乐果乳油2 000倍液、2%阿维菌素乳油2 000倍液)进行马铃薯瓢虫及蚜虫的田间药效比较试验及3%啶虫脒乳油对马铃薯瓢虫幼虫的室内杀虫活性的测定。经过对校正防效和虫口减退率比较分析,结果表明:3%啶虫脒乳油对马铃薯瓢虫与蚜虫施药7 d后的防效最高,分别达到84.94%和94.99%;其虫口减退率也最高,分别达到77.12%和92.04%。通过对LD50值比较6种药剂对马铃薯瓢虫的毒力,其中毒力最大的为3%啶虫脒乳油,LD50值为0.05。3%啶虫脒乳油对马铃薯瓢虫幼虫的72 h LD50为21.22 mg/L。由此可见,3%啶虫脒乳油是防治马铃薯瓢虫及蚜虫的有效药剂。     

中国向印尼订购椰衣纤维

采用22%啶虫脒窑仲丁威乳油防治田间稻飞虱袁结果表明,22%啶虫脒窑仲丁威乳油900g/hm2对稻飞虱的防治效果极显著优于对照药剂3%啶虫脒乳油和25%仲丁威乳油,药后第1天防效高达89.04%,药后第3天防效高达91.68%,药后第7天防效高达89.53%,且对水稻安全无药害遥22%啶虫脒窑仲丁威乳油高效、安全、快捷,是当前稻飞虱综合防治的理想药剂,可大面积推广应用。     

5种杀虫剂对大豆食心虫防治效果

研究5种不同药剂对大豆食心虫防治效果试验,结果表明:20%吡虫啉可溶液剂防治效果最好,蛀荚率防效为97.45%,30%毒死稗微囊悬浮剂和77.5%DDVP乳油防效略差于20%吡虫啉,防效分别为92.76%和89.71%,显著高于其他2种药剂,4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油和1.8%阿维菌素可湿性粉剂防效分别为62.90%和55.58%。5种药剂虫食粒率防效与蛀荚率防效相一致。     

新型药剂防治棉田烟粉虱田间药效试验

不少棉田烟粉虱危害程度日益加重,为了有效防治,进行了6种药剂效果比较试验。结果表明,40%乐斯本乳油、20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂对烟粉虱成虫防治具有速效性强和药效性持久的特点;而5%氟虫氰悬浮剂、25%阿克泰可分散性粒剂和2.8%阿维菌素乳油具有速效性较差、持效性好的特点;10%吡虫啉WP防效最差。     

不同药剂对麦蚜的防治作用及对麦田天敌昆虫的影响

为了明确杀蚜药剂对麦蚜的防治效果、适宜的防治时期、对生态环境安全性和粮食作物食品安全性的影响,对4.5%氯氰菊酯、40%氧化乐果、40%毒死蜱、3%啶虫脒、10%吡虫啉等9种防治麦蚜的药剂进行了筛选,发现各药剂对麦蚜的防效较好,喷药后7 d防效均在90%以上.9种农药在喷施后的3 d内,对麦蚜的主要天敌蚜茧蜂和瓢虫影响较大,两种天敌数量锐减,但到7 d时各处理蚜茧蜂数量均有回升,其中不同剂型的吡虫啉、啶虫脒和鲁植顺克处理的蚜茧蜂数量同对照相差不大.由于瓢虫本身数量较少,而且喷药期内麦田瓢虫种群数量呈下降趋势,因此,种群数量回升不明显.在5月3日、5月8日、5月13日用4.5%高效氯氰菊酯、40%氧化乐果、5%蚜螨虫净超微乳油、20%吡虫啉可湿性液剂四种药剂进行了不同时期防治麦蚜农药试验,表明在麦蚜发生初盛期喷施杀蚜剂可以有效防治麦蚜.各农药处理小麦收获晒干后的农药残留量均在国家安全标准之内.根据试验结果,建议在麦蚜发生初盛期喷施吡虫啉或0.7%阿维.BTWP,可以减少喷药次数,提高作物产量,同时保护田间生态环境.     

7种杀虫剂对扁喙叶蝉的防效试验

扁喙叶蝉是我国芒果树的主要害虫之一。针对生产上存在的不科学用药现象，作者选择了7种常规药剂对扁喙叶蝉进行室内及田间筛选试验，以期为生产上防治该虫提供参考。结果表明：20%啶虫脒EC 1 500倍、70%吡虫啉WDG 1 000倍、25 g/L高效氯氰菊酯EW 1 000倍及25 g/L溴氰菊酯EC 1 000倍是防治扁喙叶蝉的良好药剂。     

烯啶虫胺等4种杀虫剂防治棉花蚜虫田间药效试验

试验表明,烯啶虫胺、啶虫脒、吡虫啉对棉花蚜虫有良好的防治效果,硫丹次之;烯啶虫胺10%水剂450mL.hm-2在药后1天、7天的防治效果与啶虫脒20%可溶粉剂67.5g.hm-2和吡虫啉350g·L-1悬浮剂90mL.hm-2的相当,烯啶虫胺10%水剂300mL.hm-2在药后7天的防治效果与硫丹350g·L-1乳油1350mL.hm-2的相当。烯啶虫胺、硫丹、啶虫脒、吡虫啉为棉花蚜虫的综合防治提供了新的防治途径,建议4种杀虫剂轮换使用,以免棉花蚜虫较快产生抗药性。     

几种新型杀虫剂对棉田烟粉虱防治效果研究

 试验研究了5种杀虫剂对棉田烟粉虱的田间防治效果。结果表明：50%氟啶虫胺腈 WDG、12.5%阿维菌素·啶虫脒ME和1.8%阿维菌素EC综合防效较好,不仅速效性快,而且持效期较长,优于常用杀虫剂20%啶虫脒SP和10%吡虫啉EC。     

不同杀虫剂对花生蚜毒力及拌种控制效果研究

为明确噻虫胺等9种杀虫剂对花生蚜虫的毒力和拌种处理对花生蚜虫的控制效果,采用浸渍法进行了室内毒力测定,并进行了盆栽和田间药剂拌种防治试验。结果表明,以新烟碱类噻虫胺、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪对蚜虫的毒力最高,其毒力分别是毒死蜱的49.2、40.7、26.6和26.1倍;其次是吡蚜酮、高效氯氰菊酯和氯氟氰菊酯,哒螨灵的毒力是毒死蜱的3.9倍。盆栽药剂拌种处理后50d,噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对花生蚜的防效达仍在89%以上。田间拌种处理后25d,噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对蚜虫的防效均达100%,药后45d防效达87.07%~92.67%,其中以噻虫胺防效最高,而对照药剂毒死蜱几乎无控制效果。采用新烟碱类药剂噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉拌种,对花生苗期蚜虫控制效果优异,并可有效控制地下害虫,且对天敌保护作用强。     

花生花蓟马室内药剂筛选及田间药效试验

采用浸叶法在室内对花蓟马进行了药剂筛选试验,并对毒效较高的3种药剂开展了进一步毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,有机磷类的三唑磷和乐斯本,拟除虫菊酯类的高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯,以及氨基甲酸酯类的丁硫克百威等药剂对花蓟马的毒效很低,致死率均在37．6％以下。阿维菌素、啶虫脒和吡虫啉对花蓟马的致死作用明显,致死率分别为98．3％、98．7％和66．8％,它们的LC50分别为0．97mg·L^-1、15．4mg·L^-1和42．4mg·L^-1,以阿维菌素的毒力最高,是吡虫啉的43．71倍。田间药效试验结果与室内毒力测定结果相符合,以阿维菌素的防效最高,达93．3％以上,且持效期较长,施药后12d的防效仍在90％以上,是防治花生花蓟马的首选药剂。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.