病毒诱导基因沉默技术在豆科植物中的应用

病毒诱导基因沉默（virus-induced gene silencing, VIGS）是一种基于转录后基因沉默的反向遗传学研究方法,用于快速鉴定基因功能。该技术具有实验周期短、操作简便、低成本、高效率、获得表型快以及高通量等优点,被广泛地应用于植物基因功能研究。豆科植物作为人类食品中淀粉、蛋白质、油和蔬菜的重要来源之一,具有重要的经济价值。本文从VIGS的技术原理、VIGS载体的开发和改良、VIGS在豆科植物中的应用等方面进行了综述,分析了VIGS技术在豆科植物中存在的问题,并展望了其应用前景。     

乙烯对豆科植物生长发育和根瘤形成的影响

乙烯是一种重要的植物激素,在植物生长和发育以及对外界环境信号的响应中发挥重要作用。乙烯调控了豆科植物的黄化苗的三重反应和光下幼苗的生长,能够促进叶片和花的衰老和脱落。豆科植物能与根瘤菌形成互利共生关系,在根部形成一种特异的固氮器官——根瘤。在结瘤过程中,由于豆科植物结瘤习性或遗传背景的不同,乙烯能够抑制或者促进根瘤的形成。乙烯与其它植物激素的互作也调控了豆科植物根瘤的形成。文章对乙烯信号途径调控豆科植物的生长发育和根瘤形成的相关研究做了综述和分析,并就未来关于豆科植物乙烯信号转导的研究进行了探讨和展望。     

植物激素在豆科植物根瘤形成和发育过程中的调控作用

豆科植物能够利用与根瘤菌形成的共生系统高效地固定氮素养分.根瘤形成过程包括表皮细胞中侵染线形成和皮层细胞根瘤原基形成2个阶段.豆科植物根瘤的形成和发育存在严格的调控机制,综述了多种激素正向(如细胞分裂素、生长素、赤霉素等)或负向(乙烯、逆境激素等)或协同调控根瘤的形成和发育的研究进展.并提出对激素调控结瘤机制的深入研究,将有助于提高豆科作物的产量,减缓氮肥过度使用造成的环境问题.     

马铃薯的开发应用价值探讨

主要对马铃薯的营养价值、药用价值、生物教学价值、工业价值、马铃薯在食品安全体系中的价值及脱毒马铃薯试管薯的价值进行了探讨.     

刚果12号桉对4种豆科植物的化感作用

采用室内生物检测的方法研究了刚果12号桉叶片自然释放的挥发性物质、叶片水抽提物、叶片经水蒸气蒸馏所得的桉油、含挥发性水溶性物质的冷凝水和含水溶性非挥发性物质的渣汁3个组分以及桉树根际土壤水浸液对绿豆、大豆、柱花草与大翼豆4种受体植物的化感活性。结果表明：刚果12号桉叶片释放的挥发性物质对4种受体植物种子的萌发有强烈的抑制作用：桉叶水抽提物与根际土壤水浸液对绿豆、大豆、柱花草与大翼豆4种受体植物种子萌发与幼苗生长不但有一定抑制作用，而且土壤水浸液对绿豆、大豆和柱花草幼苗的根生长还有不同程度的促进作用，处理分别比对照高出13％、2％、23％。从桉油、冷凝水与渣汁3个组分的化感活性来看，渣汁的最强，桉油次之，冷凝水最低，即单位叶片中水溶性物质的化感活性比挥发性的高。这表明水溶性化感活性物质可能是刚果12号桉的主要化感作用物质。     

大豆等豆科植物快生型根瘤菌的分离比例、质粒类型及共生反应

本文对大豆、野大豆、花生、大翼豆等寄主植物的根瘤菌进行分离鉴定。结果表明,从几种寄主根瘤中分离出的快、慢生型菌株大约各占一半。在供试寄主植物上表现有效共生的菌株比例,慢生菌大于快生菌。大豆快生型菌株的质粒类型具多样性,按质粒图可分为26组。10种不同质粒类型代表菌株与太兴黑豆(与慢生菌广谱有效共生)有选择性地有效结瘤固氮,而与矮脚早(与慢生菌特异性有效共生)非选择性地有效结瘤固氮。     

链霉菌FB1的发酵产物对5种豆科植物种子萌发的影响

以黄大豆、菜豆、青大豆、黑大豆和红小豆等5种豆科植物的种子为材料,研究了链霉菌FB1的发酵产物对种子萌发的影响.结果表明,链霉菌FB1的发酵产物可以提高4种种子的萌发率,促进后3种种子胚根的伸长,提高所有5种豆科植物种子的简明活力,而且以10倍稀释液的作用最为显著.     

茶文化在高职院校公寓文化节中的应用价值与应用路径

中华民族传统文化历史源远流长,茶文化作为其中不可割裂的一部分,具有深厚的文化底蕴与多元化的功用价值。在“文化自信”战略视角下,茶文化的传承与发展十分必要,其在高职院校公寓文化节中的应用嵌入,不仅能够为茶文化开辟新的传承发展路径,促使茶文化在新时代下以高职院校为平台绽放绚丽的光彩,也能够潜移默化中发挥茶文化的育人价值。本文首先对茶文化和公寓文化进行了概述,然后分析了茶文化在高职院校公寓文化节中的应用价值,最后就其具体工作路径展开了探究。     

探索茶文化在英语教学中的实际应用和价值

不管是中国还是英国抑或是世界上的任何一个国家都有着本民族的文化特色,在这些特色文化中,同样存在着文化相通的方面,比如茶文化。茶文化虽然起源于中国,但是逐渐传入到西方国家之后,在这些国家中也获得很好的发展。既然不同国家存在文化的认同感,那么在进行英语教学时自然就可以适当地渗透茶文化内容,这样不仅能够增加学生的文化认同感,同时对英语教学质量与水平的提升也大有裨益。     

金银花的价值分析与园林应用研究

通过分析金银花的经济价值、营养价值、生态价值、观赏价值、药用价值和阐述金银花在园林绿化中制作盆景、棚架绿化、柱体绿化、屋顶绿化等方面的应用,指出其广阔的市场应用前景。     

磷胁迫下豆科作物的基因调控

磷胁迫是全球耕地面临的共性问题.自然资源的局限限制了磷肥的生产,因此植物如何高效利用磷素已经成为研究热点.从基因调控的角度,包括磷胁迫诱导的EST、磷胁迫响应的转录因子、磷胁迫响应的MICRORNA以及植物激素等,综述了植物高效吸收利用磷素的机制.     

桉树人工林间作豆科牧草适应性评价

桉树人工林单一种植引起植被多样性减少是普遍存在的问题,间作成为恢复与重建桉树林下植被多样性的重要途径。桉树人工林下间作豆科牧草综合评价结果表明GC1581、GC1517、热研10号和热研2号柱花草牧草产草量达296.54~852.08 kg/hm2,耐干旱,旱季牧草产量占年产草量的18.42%~23.95%,在极端干旱条件下仍保持一定的生长和生物量的积累,植株存活率达50.2%~61.9%,间作牧草在桉树行间形成良好的覆盖层,覆盖度达47.083%~79.252%,适应性强。间作可促进林下植被的恢复,进而促进植被多样性的形成,这对增加桉树人工林的群落组成、形成多层次片层结构有积极意义。     

Phytosterol,Squalene, Tocopherol Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Selected Seeds,Grains, and Legumes

The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of plant-based foods is a potential source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols. The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of phytosterols, and squalene, as well as tocopherols (α and β + γ) in selected grains, seeds, and legumes. The method comprised acid hydrolysis and lipid extraction followed by alkaline saponification, prior to analysis by HPLC. In addition, the fatty acid profile of the foods was determined via total lipid extraction, fatty acid derivitisation and GC analysis. In general, β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, ranging in concentration from 24.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seed to 191.4 mg/100 g in peas. Squalene identified in all foods examined in this study, was particularly abundant in pumpkin seed (89.0 mg/100 g). The sum of α- and β+ γ-tocopherols ranged from 0.1 mg/100 g in rye to 15.9 mg/100 g in pumpkin seeds. Total oil content ranged from 0.9% (w/w) in butter beans to 42.3% (w/w) in pumpkin seed and the type of fat, in all foods examined, was predominantly unsaturated. In conclusion, seeds, grains, and legumes are a rich natural source of phytosterols. Additionally, they contain noticeable amounts of squalene and tocopherols, and in general, their fatty acid profile is favorable.     

Mixed Planting with Legumes Modified the Water Source and Water Use of Pearl Millet

Abstract

In semi-arid areas, pearl millet is an important staple food crop that is traditionally intercropped with cowpea. This study evaluated the water competition between pearl millet and cowpea using deuterated water. At vegetative stage, pearl millet biomass production was lower in the pearl millet-cowpea (PM-CP) combination than in the pearl millet-pigeon pea (PM-PP) and pearl millet-bambara nut (PM-BN) combinations. PM-CP used more water than PM-PP and PM-BN under well-watered conditions; however, all combinations used similar amounts of water under dry conditions. The biomass production, photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, and midday leaf water potential of pearl millet at early flowering stage were not significantly reduced by mixed planting with cowpea sown two weeks later as compared with single planted pearl millet. When pearl millet and cowpea were sown at the same time, mix planting significantly increased the recovery rates of recently irrigated heavy water in pearl millet, but not in cowpea in both vegetative and early flowering stages. Midday leaf water potential and transpiration rates in pearl millet were lowered by mixed planting but those in cowpea were not. These indicate that the water source of pearl millet is shifted to the recently irrigated and easily accessible water. By contrast, when cowpea was sown two weeks later than pearl millet, this trend was not observed. These results provide new evidence on water competition in the PM-CP intercropping system; cowpea has higher ability to acquire existing soil water than pearl millet when both crops are sown at the same time.     

Effect of processing on protein digestibility,biological value and net protein utilization of millet and legume based infant mixes and biscuits

Effect of combinations of millet and legume and processing on digestibility, biological value and net protein utilization was evaluated using albino rats. The millets and legumes selected for the study include sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet, chickpea and green gram (P radiatus). The processes tested include dehulling, boiling, roasting, malting and baking. Among the combinations tested, the sorghum-chickpea combination had significantly (p<0.05) higher digestibility. Between the processes tested, roasting resulted in significantly higher net protein utilization. Results of biological study on biscuits prepared by using millet and legume combination flours, indicated the biscuits to be of good protein quality.     

Leaf protein content and yield of some Indian legumes

Eighty three leguminous species including crop plants, weeds and trees have been screened for their content of leaf protein as well as extractabilities of leaf protein, total N and protein N. Leaves ofCrotalaria sericea Retz. showed the heighest values for extractabilities of LP and protein N as well as total N content in leaf protein.Abbreviation LP leaf protein     

Forage Legumes for Sustainable Cropping Systems

SUMMARY

Perennial and annual forage legumes are important components of sustainable cropping systems. Forage legumes are a primary source of forage to supply protein and fiber for livestock rations. They can be grazed, or stored as hay or silage. They contribute biologically fixed N and sustain the soil by reducing erosion and increasing soil organic matter levels. Diversifying cropping systems by including legumes can also reduce weed, insect, and disease incidence. Potential new uses of legumes include phytoremediation of N contaminated sites and capturing N lost from cropping systems. Legumes also have potential use as a feedstock for renewable energy production. Legumes have traditionally been used in rotation with grain crops but more recently have been shown promise as winter cover crops, intercrops with grain crops, and as living mulches. In this review, we discuss traditional and new roles of forage legumes in sustainable cropping systems with examples primarily chosen from northern USA and Canada.     

Impact of microwave heating on hemagglutinins,trypsin inhibitors and protein quality of selected legume seeds

Selected legume seeds (dry and soaked) including faba beans, peas, chickpeas, soybeans, lentils and common beans containing 8 and 25% moisture, respectively, were subjected to microwave heating, and to a conventional cooking method to determine the heating effect on toxic compounds and protein quality. Trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinins and available lysine were analyzed, and laboratory rats were used to determine digestibility and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Results indicated that microwaving destroyed trypsin inhibitors to a similar degree to that observed in beans cooked using the conventional method without affecting PER for raw seeds with low antinutrients content (faba beans, peas, chickpeas and lentils). Microwave-heated soaked soybeans had a higher amount of destroyed trypsin inhibitors, along with a higher PER, compared with microwave-heated dry soybeans. Microwave heating of common beans failed to destroy hemagglutinins and trypsin inhibitors, and consequently their digestibility and PER values were poor. Finally it was concluded that microwave heating constitutes an adequate method for destroying hemagglutinins and trypsin inhibitors without affecting protein quality of most legume seeds, except for common beans that despite of this process retained the antinutritional substances.     

Acceptability of supplementary foods based on popped cereals and legumes suitable for rural mothers and children

Eight types of supplementary foods based on popped cereals (wheat, ragi, bajra and sorghum) blended with legumes (soy and bengalgram) and fortified with essential vitamins and minerals were developed on a pilot plant scale. Four of the supplements were prepared with cereals, soy flour (SF) and bengal gram (BG) dhal and the other four were prepared with combinations of cereals and SF. These blends were mixed with jaggery (obtained by boiling juice out of sugarcane) syrup and pressed into compact form. One hundred gram portions of these foods provided 370 ± 20 kilocalories and 11 ± 1 g protein. Moisture, crude protein, total carbohydrates, total lipids, ash, dietary fiber and energy contents, of all the developed supplements were within the ranges prescribed by the Indian Standards Institute for processed weaning foods and could satisfactorily meet one-third of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of these nutrients per day for preschool children. Organoleptic evaluation and feeding trials revealed that the foods were well accepted by rural mothers and children.