河西走廊糖用甜菜白粉病的药剂筛选试验

采用田间喷雾的方法,以期筛选对糖用甜菜白粉病防治效果较好的杀菌剂。结果筛选出的防治效果较好的药剂有400g/L氟硅唑EC 5000倍液、20%三唑酮EC 1000倍液、325g/L苯甲·醚菌酯SC1500倍液、33%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑EC 3000倍液的防效分别为73.00%、71.74%、68.28%、65.93%。     

32.5% SC苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯对甘蔗凤梨病的田间效果评价

通过浸泡法测定了32.5% SC苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯对甘蔗凤梨病的防治效果。结果表明,在甘蔗下种期使用32.5% SC苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯1 500倍液浸泡蔗种茎5 min,对甘蔗凤梨病有较好的防治效果,防效为68.93%,显著优于25% SC嘧菌酯1 500倍液、50% WP多菌灵1 000倍液的。该药对蔗种安全、高效,是防治甘蔗凤梨病较为理想的新一代农药,使用剂量,以1 500倍为宜。     

金边虎尾兰炭疽病防治技术的研究

对金边虎尾兰炭疽病进行了田间防治药剂筛选和采用温室大棚栽培防病试验.结果表明:供试的10种药剂中,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、450 g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂、430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂、250 g/L 吡唑醚菌酯乳油、53.8%氢氧化銅水分散粒剂、75%代森锰锌水分散粒剂和75%多·锰锌可湿性粉剂对金边虎尾兰炭疽病的防治效果较好.其中,450 g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂1000倍液的防治效果最佳,防效为83.87%.而采用温室大棚栽培防雨避病对金边虎尾兰炭疽病也有较好的防控效果     

啶酰菌胺对胡麻白粉病的防效初探

为探明醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺可湿性粉剂以及苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂对胡麻白粉病的防治效果以及对胡麻的安全性,进行了田间防效试验.结果 表明,50％啶酰菌胺可湿性粉剂对胡麻白粉病防效最好.在胡麻白粉病始发前或始发初期,用50％啶酰菌胺可湿性粉剂540 g/hm2,兑水675 kg,第一次用药后,根据病情发展,一周后再喷第二次药剂,...     

番木瓜疮痂病菌的室内药剂筛选

为了筛选出适合大田防治番木瓜疮痂病的药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法对8种药剂进行室内药效筛选。结果表明：8种药剂对菌丝生长的抑制效果不同,从方差分析结果来看,25% 咪鲜胺乳油、10% 苯醚甲环唑可湿粉填料、50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂和25% 丙环唑乳油的EC50极显著或显著差异优于70% 甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、50% 异菌脲可湿性粉剂、80% 代森锰锌可湿性粉剂和50% 福美双可湿性粉剂;而25% 咪鲜胺乳油、10% 苯醚甲环唑可湿粉填料和50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂间的EC50无显著差异,其中25% 咪鲜胺乳油的EC50最小。建议在生产上推广使用25% 咪鲜胺乳油、10% 苯醚甲环唑可湿粉填料和50% 多菌灵可湿性粉剂。     

甘蔗梢腐病的室内杀菌剂筛选

为明确不同杀菌剂对甘蔗梢腐病病原菌的抑菌效果以便后续科学地指导病害防治,本文分别使用42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂,62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂,250 g/L苯醚甲环唑乳油,325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂,25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油,43%氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂,60%唑醚·代森联水分散粒剂和19%啶氧·丙环唑悬浮剂对甘蔗梢腐病病原菌拟轮枝镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides)采用菌丝生长速率法进行室内药剂筛选,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)观测不同杀菌剂对病原菌孢子与菌丝的影响。结果表明,不同杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝生长均有一定抑制作用。扫描电镜结果表明,经不同杀菌剂处理后,病原菌孢子和菌丝均有不同程度的溃烂、畸形、干瘪甚至穿孔。其中,19%啶氧·丙环唑悬浮剂和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的抑菌效果较好,抑制中浓度(EC₅₀)分别为0.260μg/mL和0.042μg/mL;而62.5 g/L精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂的抑菌效果较差,EC₅₀高达2504.060μg/mL。供试药剂中,三唑类杀菌剂与甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的复配剂抑...     

花生疮痂病在青岛市的发生及防治技术研究

花生疮痂病近几年在青岛市大面积发生,已成为青岛花生产区一种主要病害。通过轮作、地膜覆盖均能减轻该病危害,且轮作防治效果明显。田间以30%苯甲丙环唑乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂和70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂防治效果较好。     

几种杀菌剂对甜菜白粉病的防治效果

采用田间喷雾的方法,筛选对甜菜白粉病防治效果较好的杀菌剂及合理的施药剂量,结果筛选出防治效果较好的药剂有325g/L苯甲·醚菌酯悬浮剂1500倍液、400g/L氟硅唑乳油5000倍液、250g/L醚菌酯悬浮剂1500倍液、25%乙嘧酚水悬浮剂800倍液,防效分别为73.46%、70.59%、69.48%、68.09%。     

花生疮痂病的药剂防治

采用70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂、10%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、30%爱苗乳油、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、50%速克灵可湿性粉剂和苯醚甲环唑.多菌灵等8种药剂对花生疮痂病进行防治试验,结果表明：几种药剂均有一定的防治效果,其中70%甲基托布津可湿性粉剂和10%苯醚甲环唑可湿性粉剂的防治效果最好,单株结荚数多,果饱、果大,增产幅度最大;70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂防治效果最差,增产幅度最小。     

不同药剂不同施药次数防治水稻纹枯病田间药效试验

通过田间试验,比较分析了不同药剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 350 g/hm~2、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂345 g/hm~2、25%丙环唑乳油600 g/hm~2对水稻纹枯病的防效均在87%以上,43%戊唑醇悬浮剂的防效为74.38%;4种药剂的田间药效比生产上常用药剂井冈霉素的防效分别提高0.79倍、0.75倍、0.69倍、0.43倍,头季和再生季每hm~2综合增收6 499元、4 042元、2 051元、1 913元。从防治效果和经济效益来看,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂、25%丙环唑乳油均可以作为本地防治水稻纹枯病的主体药剂进行推广应用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.