引种植物美王冠的扦插繁殖研究

以美王冠为试验材料,研究插穗部位、植物生长调节剂、基质组合及不同季节对其扦插繁殖的影响。试验结果表明,不同插穗部位中,基部枝条为插穗的扦插成活率最高为85.73%;不同植物生长调节剂中,200mg/m L生根粉(ABT3)浸泡的扦插成活率最高为93.37%;不同扦插基质中,红壤为基质的扦插成活率最高为82.08%;秋冬交替季扦插成活率86.7%,明显高于春夏交替季扦插成活率40%。在秋冬交替季选择木质化程度高的枝条为插穗、红壤土为基质、用ABT3浸泡60 min进行扦插可获得较好的扦插效果。     

不同处理对北方茶树扦插成活率的研究

通过对北方茶树扦插苗扦插时间、扦插基质、激素处理的研究发现,在北方早秋扦插成活率达80.78%,高于晚秋季6个百分点;心土扦插圃比沙质圃的成活率高20%,心土扦插处理的茶苗光合速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度高于沙质圃扦插处理,激素处理过的茶树扦插苗效果明显.     

摘取腋芽薯对脱毒马铃薯扦插苗生产微型薯产量的影响

在温室条件下 ,使用相同的无土栽培基质 (蛭石 ) ,利用脱毒试管苗和扦插苗生产微型薯 ,扦插苗采用摘取腋芽薯和不摘取的管理办法 ,进行比较试验。结果表明 :扦插苗生产微型薯单粒重达7 0 g ,试管苗单粒重为 4 5 g ,摘取腋芽薯扦插苗达 4 0 g ,单株结薯和单位面积 (m2 )结薯分别比扦插苗高 76 3%和 6 1 1%。而试管苗和摘取腋芽薯扦插苗则相差不大。而扦插苗 >1g微型薯比例达90 %,试管苗仅 82 %,摘取腋芽薯扦插苗为 83%,单位面积产量三者相差不大。     

生长调节剂对2个扶桑品种扦插繁殖的影响

为提高扶桑扦插生根率及其后续生长表现，使用生长调节剂NAA对2个扶桑新品种‘Yukarin’‘Summer Yellow’插穗进行浸泡。结果发现：2个扶桑品种扦插繁殖生长调节剂NAA的应用最佳浓度为800 mg/L，可提高‘Yukarin’扦插成活率至78.3%、‘Summer Yellow’至93.3%；增加‘Yukarin’生根数量至7.33、Summer Yellow’至17.67条/株。     

兜唇石斛扦插繁殖试验

用兜唇石斛一年生鲜茎为插穗的扦插试验结果表明：4-7月是抽芽期,其中5月抽芽最多,占总抽芽数的69.64%,6-10月是出圃期,7月出圃的扦插苗最多,达总出圃数的53.93%;2月份扦插的插穗生长最好,插穗健壮、整齐,出圃时间集中,出圃率达91.44%;底部茎节是最好的扦插材料,可以获得优质扦插苗,扦插成本较低;参试的植物激素和扦插基质对插条抽芽生根无明显影响。     

茶树短穗扦插育苗防冻措施

短穗扦插育苗是目前最好的育苗方式，但茶苗出圃率低，“三分在于插，七分在于管”，其中的越冬防冻措施又是管理中的重要一环。在中小叶种茶区，扦插苗越冬情况对茶苗翌年的长势和出圃率有着重要的关系。在无任何防御措施下，越冬后一般因冻伤造成的减苗率可达10%-20%，尤其在10月份左右扦插的，由于穗苗多数未能长根，     

提高茶树大田扦插效果的技术措施

江苏省茶树大田扦插,一般每亩插苗数10～19万支,土地利用率约40%,由于降雨量少,气温偏低,扦插苗成活率只有40%左右。土地利用率低、扦插苗成活率不高是当前大田扦插的突出问题,本文根据茶树短穗扦插需要的环境条件,就如何提高茶树大田扦插的效果提出几项技术措施。 1.提高可插面积。可插面积是指直接插苗的面积,也就是畦面积。间接插苗面积包括畦沟面积、道     

景东县发展无性系茶树良种思考

<正>一、景东县发展无性系茶树良种关键阶段1.茶树短穗扦插技术试验成功阶段1987年7月,经云南景东县茶试站领导同意,技术员者跃达、欧明兰、邹应福三人在茶试站苗圃开展了茶树短穗扦插试验。1987年8月4日进行8.77平方米小面积扦插,共扦插3114穗,到1988年7月14日,共出圃茶苗2797株,成活率达89.82%;1987年11月20~28日,进行了53.3平方米冬季扦插,共扦插13476穗,1988年7月5~14日出圃,共出圃茶苗12335株,成活率达91.5%。二次扦插的平均成活率达91.2%。茶树     

胡椒木扦插试验初报

以胡椒木当年生半成熟枝条作扦插材料,用不同部位的枝条扦插和不同浓度萘乙酸(NAA)溶液处理,观察其生根效应。试验结果:在相同条件下,顶部和中部的扦插枝条生根情况显著不同,在200mg/L的NAA 2h溶液处理下,用顶部扦插效果好,而在400mg/L的NAA溶液 1h处理下,则选择中部枝条扦插效果好;供试的4个NAA处理浓度相比之下,成活率和生根率均明显高于清水对照,以顶部扦插并用浓度200mg/L处理顶部扦插效果最好,分别达81.7%和86.7%。     

月季全光雾扦插育苗新技术

通过3年的实践，利用定时循环控制系统，结合扦插育苗技术和现代微喷技术，建立了一套简便、易行的全光雾扦插育苗体系。同时对月季扦插基质、插穗以及生根剂等方面进行了研究，总结出一套月季扦插育苗新技术。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).