胡椒预处理方式对胡椒脱皮的影响

通过改变胡椒的预处理方式来解决固态发酵脱皮时间短与固态发酵脱皮白胡椒色泽差之间的矛盾。结果表明：不同条件下沸水热烫处理得到的胡椒脱皮率虽能达到100 %,但色泽不理想;而在室温条件下,经不同水处理后脱皮得到的白胡椒的色泽明显比沸水热烫的好,但脱皮率未能达到100 %;用热水浸泡预处理后的实验组不仅胡椒脱皮率能达到100 %,而且色泽也较为理想,已达到市售的水平。所以,选择胡椒脱皮的最优预处理方式为50 ℃热水浸泡20 min。     

采后乙烯利处理对胡椒鲜果果皮脱除及品质的影响

研究不同浓度(0、0.3、1.0、3.0、5.0、10.0 m L/L)乙烯利对胡椒鲜果采后催熟效果、脱皮率、色差及其胡椒精油、胡椒碱含量等的影响,探讨乙烯利催熟法去除胡椒鲜果果皮的可行性。结果表明:乙烯利能有效促进胡椒鲜果成熟,脱皮后的胡椒种子无异臭味,胡椒精油和胡椒碱含量高于传统白胡椒。     

不同胡椒粉中胡椒碱的含量比较

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和紫外分光光度法(UV)测定黑胡椒、胡椒根、市售胡椒粉和用不同浸泡液浸泡脱皮的白胡椒粉中的胡椒碱含量。结果表明：黑胡椒粉、2种市售胡椒粉和白胡椒粉中胡椒碱含量不同；果＞根、白胡椒＞黑胡椒、盐水浸泡＞河水浸泡＞醋浸泡、西安胡椒粉＞海南胡椒粉。说明不同的胡椒粉胡椒碱的含量不同，这可以为胡椒的质量控制提供比较有用的参考。     

豆浆用大豆品种的筛选

豆浆(Soymilk)是将大豆经脱皮或不脱皮,经浸泡或不浸泡、加水研磨、加热使蛋白质等有效成分溶出,除去豆渣后所得的总固形物含量在6%以上的乳状液[1]。豆浆含有丰富的植物蛋白和磷脂,还含有维生素B1、B2和烟酸,此外,还含有铁、钙等矿物质,营养非常丰富,且易于消化吸     

影响酶法合成生物柴油产业化发展因素的探讨

阐述了原料、脂肪酶、酰基受体和加工工艺等方面对酶法合成生物柴油的影响,并结合湖南农业大学在酶法合成生物柴油研究中的工作,对酶法合成生物柴油的产业化发展提出了一些建议,以促进酶法合成生物柴油产业化发展。     

我国胡椒水肥管理方法及发展趋势

胡椒作为一种热带经济作物，对水肥管理的要求比较高。我国胡椒水肥管理包括浇灌、沟灌、喷灌和滴灌等灌溉方法，传统的施肥方法以及近几年发展起来的水肥一体化管理技术。本文针对各种水肥管理方法的优缺点，提出水肥一体化技术将成为胡椒水肥管理的主要方法。     

不同生物炭种类与施用量对胡椒园土壤培肥效果研究

将生物炭用于胡椒园土壤,探讨生物炭对胡椒园土壤培肥的作用,为生物炭培肥胡椒园土壤提供依据。试验设计C1和C2两种,两种生物炭施用量均为炭土比10 %、20 %、30 %,空白土壤为对照(CK),测试土壤有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾元素含量。研究结果表明：添加生物炭C1和C2都能显著提高胡椒园土壤有机质和速效钾含量,炭土比为30 %的生物炭C2施用量对土壤有机质和速效钾含量的影响最大;生物炭C1和C2的添加对土壤水解性氮和有效磷含量的影响不明显。     

脱水青胡椒的制备

以青胡椒鲜果为原料,经过脱粒、分选、清洗、杀青、干燥等工序加工制备脱水青胡椒;并与传统黑胡椒、白胡椒进行产品质量对比分析,同时制定脱水青胡椒产品质量标准,脱水青胡椒具有色泽青绿、味道良好,易贮藏保存和产品品质高等优点。     

茶叶脱咖啡因技术研究进展

茶叶具有许多医疗保健作用,然而咖啡因的负作用使消费者对低咖啡因茶及茶制品特别青睐。目前脱咖啡因技术主要有水脱除、溶剂萃取、吸附分离和超临界CO2萃取等传统方法,以及后来发展的微生物和酶法降解咖啡因和培育低咖啡因茶树等。本文对茶叶脱咖啡因的研究进行综述,并讨论其可行性;水脱除法与吸附分离法相结合、微生物和酶法降解及培育低咖啡因茶树将是今后茶叶脱咖啡因技术发展的主要方向。     

胡椒连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性与群落结构的影响

连作障碍严重威胁中国胡椒优势种植区可持续发展,而土壤微生物多样性下降、群落结构失衡是连作障碍形成的重要原因之一。为了探明胡椒连作障碍与微生物多样性及群落结构变化之间的关系,揭示胡椒连作障碍形成的微生物机理,本文采用BIOLOG微平板法研究了海南万宁8、18和28 a 3种不同种植年限胡椒园土壤微生物群落功能多样性和群落结构变化。结果表明:随种植年限增加,不同园块之间稳定并达到最大的平均吸光度值(AWCD)呈明显下降趋势;香农指数、香农均匀度等多样性指数亦随种植年限增加呈显著下降趋势,而辛普森优势度指数无显著性差异;微生物群落结构随着年限增加出现了2次明显变化,第1次群落结构变化发生在8~18 a阶段,主要与酚酸类和多聚物类碳源利用微生物大幅减少有关,第2次则发生在18~28 a阶段,与碳水化合物类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和胺类相关利用微生物减少有关。因此,胡椒连作显著降低了土壤中微生物多样性,改变了微生物群落结构,是胡椒连作障碍形成的重要原因之一。     

Changes in micro- and macronutrient composition of pearl millet and white sorghum during in field versus laboratory decortication

Traditional decortication of pearl millet and white sorghum by hand pounding or using a mechanical device were performed in Burkina Faso, and compared to abrasive decortication in the laboratory using the same kernel lots. Using some nutrients as histological markers, the decortication characteristics and nutritional composition (iron, zinc, phytates, lipids, ADF fibres and starch) of decorticated grains were measured. Decortication had numerous effects on grain composition but no significant differences were observed between the two traditional methods of decortication. The effects varied according to the type of grain mainly due to the fact that more germ was removed in sorghum than in millet, as the millet germ is more embedded in the endosperm. During abrasive decortication, zinc and lipid losses increased rapidly due to removal of the germ, particularly in sorghum. Phytates were shown to be located mainly in the bran and germ but also in the endosperm in millet. In both sorghum and millet, half the iron was removed when only 10% of grain DM was abraded. The method of decortication, shock or friction vs. abrasion, influenced the fractions removed and thus the chemical composition of the decorticated kernels.     

彩色甜椒基因组DNA提取方法的优化

以不同颜色的甜椒为试验材料，采用CTAB法、SDS法、ROSE法和氯化苄法提取彩色甜椒基因组DNA。结果表明，CTAB法所提取DNA的质量和纯度较高，以此DNA为模板进行RAPD-PCR分析，DNA扩增效果较好，带形清晰、整齐，说明CTAB法提取的DNA较为完整，能用作RAPD-PCR模板来开展彩色甜椒分子水平的研究。     

Influence of the growth stage of industrial hemp on chemical and physical properties of the fibres

Fibre damages by the decortication process have to be avoided to achieve high quality of hemp fibres (Cannabis sativa L.) for industrial use. In addition, a well-defined separation of the single fibres by the subsequent degumming process is required. The objective of the present study is to determine the growth stage at which bark and shives can be separated from unretted industrial hemp (variety ‘Kompolti’) with as little fibre damage as possible. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the bark and the molecular weight of fibre cellulose have been analysed to estimate the fibre quality that can be achieved after a degumming process. For this, the fibres have been extracted by a standardised chemical degumming process. The investigations were carried out at nine growth stages of the plants reaching from vegetative stages to senescence. Considering only the mechanical decortication of green dry stems without degumming of the bark, the results reveal that a harvest time at the beginning of seed maturity leads to easier decortication without any effect on the tensile strength of the bast. For decortication of fresh stems including a subsequent degumming process, a harvest after the flowering of the male plants results in fibre losses during decortication and to fibres of reduced fineness.     

不同提取方法对黑胡椒油树脂得率及其胡椒碱含量的影响研究

以黑胡椒为主要原料,研究热回流提取、索氏抽提、超声波提取、微波提取、超声波-微波辅助提取等不同提取方法对胡椒油树脂得率的影响,并用HPLC分析测定胡椒粉和不同提取方法所得胡椒油树脂中的胡椒碱含量。结果表明,不同提取方法所得胡椒油树脂及其胡椒碱含量有显著性差异;索氏抽提法所得胡椒油树脂的得率最低,超声波-微波协同萃取的得率最高,可达17.23％;胡椒油树脂中的胡椒碱含量最高为42.20％;在相同提取条件下,温度对黑胡椒油树脂得率及其胡椒碱含量影响较大。     

卡尔费休法测定胡椒水分含量的比较研究

以蒸馏法测定胡椒水分含量结果为基准，比较卡尔费休容量法测定胡椒(Piper nigrum L.)水分的准确度和精确度，并获得校正系数平均值2.18。结果表明：卡尔费休法可达到蒸馏法的测定准确度和精确度，而且操作简便，是可靠的胡椒水分含量测定方法。     

沼液在辣椒生产上的应用效果研究

研究施用沼液对辣椒生物学性状与品质的影响，结果表明：施用沼液可使辣椒初花期、座果期分别提前5～10、12～25 d；施用沼液也可使辣椒的株高更高，茎更粗；100%沼液氮处理与100%化学氮处理对比，辣椒素提高了22.08%，维生素C提高了26.44%，可溶性糖提高了22%，亚硝酸盐降低了26.44%。     

Translocation and distribution of P labelled potassium phosphonate in black pepper (Piper nigrum L)

The aim of this project was to study the translocation of potassium phosphonate within black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and to elucidate the amount of chemical distributed through out the plant based on a tracer technique. Potassium phosphonate is a potential fungicide used against the pathogen Phytophthora capsici, which causes Phytophthora foot rot (Quick wilt) in the plant. Reports indicate that translocation of phosphonate is ambimobile, but there is no visual evidence for this. Potassium phosphonate labelled with radioactive phosphorus, ³²P, was applied to the black pepper vine and bush pepper and its translocation to different parts of the pepper plant was studied using an autoradiography technique. The chemical which migrated to different parts of the plant was quantitatively estimated by measuring ³²P on a liquid scintillation spectrometer following Cerenkov counting. Only traces of the chemical were lost to the soil through root systems. These results indicate that foliar sprays of potassium phosphonate to pepper could be a viable method of application for soil and foliar pathogens.     

海南砖红壤上优化施肥对线椒产量及氮肥利用的影响

蔬菜生产中片面追求高产,过量施用氮肥非常普遍,引起水体或大气污染。本文通过田间小区试验,以农户习惯施肥为对照,研究了减氮对线椒产量和植株地上部氮素积累量的影响,同时结合¹⁵N标记肥料的微区试验,研究了肥料氮的去向。结果表明:以农民习惯施氮肥450 kg/hm^2为对照,减氮30%后线椒产量略增加,但差异不显著。¹⁵N标记肥料的微区试验结果表明不同氮肥用量处理的线椒整个生育期果实、茎和叶的氮素总累积量几乎相等,农民习惯施氮肥较多,主要增加了土壤中的0～40cm残留量和表观损失量,大量残留的氮可能在线椒收获后被雨水淋失,环境风险大。氮肥利用率无论通过差值法还是¹⁵N示踪法计算,都是减氮30%处理显著高于习惯施氮。因此目前海南线椒生产中,相比农民习惯施氮肥450 kg/hm^2减少30%氮肥施用非常必要,既不会影响产量,还可减轻环境污染。     

胡椒碱的提取分离及检测方法的研究进展

胡椒碱是胡椒中的主要活性成分之一,具有抗炎、抑菌、抗氧化等活性,更有潜力被开发为新的抗癌药物。本文重点介绍胡椒碱的提取分离方法以及检测方法,以期为相关的科学研究提供参考。