环境温度和饲粮金荞麦提取物对蛋鸡肝脏超微结构及线粒体抗氧化功能的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮金荞麦提取物（FDR）对不同温度条件下的长顺绿壳蛋鸡肝脏组织超微结构和线粒体抗氧化功能的影响。采用3×4的双因子完全随机试验设计,将192只鸡分为22℃常温、28℃中温和33℃高温以及4个FDR添加水平：0、200、400、800 mg/kg,共12个处理组。每个处理4个重复,每个重复4只鸡。将试验鸡只按照温度梯度分别安排到3个独立的温控鸡舍,于试验结束采集肝脏样品用于超微结构及线粒体抗氧化指标检测。结果显示：（1）33℃高温下蛋鸡肝脏组织超微结构损伤最严重,高温处理下不同浓度FDR添加肝脏组织超微结构损伤有所减轻,添加400 mg/kg组损伤程度最轻;（2）33℃环境条件下,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性分别下降了13%和6.1%,丙二醛（MDA）含量和蛋白质羰基（PC）含量分别上升了17.3%和13.9%,FDR添加与温度的影响呈相反趋势,环境温度和FDR两因子添加对蛋鸡GSH-Px活性、SOD活性、MDA含量和PC含量均有显著的互作影响（P <0.05）;(3)饲粮中添加FDR可上调蛋鸡肝脏中Nrf2信号通路与Trx2系...     

温度胁迫下几种冷季型草坪草抗性机制的研究

研究了３种冷季型草坪草的５个品种在不同温度下地上部分可溶性糖含量,硝酸还原酶（ＮＲ）活化的活化,根系中可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物经酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的变化及其与草坏草抗寒性和耐热性的关系,同时用综合评定法判定了它们的抗寒性和耐热性。结果表明,５℃的低温胁迫下,草坪叶片中的可溶性糖含量和ＮＲ活性增加,根系中的蛋白质含量和ＰＯＤ、ＳＯＤ活性增强;３３℃的高温下可溶性糖含量和ＳＯＤ活     

贮藏条件对苜蓿叶蛋白功能性酶的影响

以苜蓿为原料,采用酸碱法沉淀叶蛋白凝聚物。冷冻干燥后,分析叶蛋白中常规营养成分的含量和氨基酸组成,以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的含量;得到的苜蓿叶蛋白分别在常温、4℃、-20℃、-40℃条件下储藏,在2周、4周、8周、12周时取样,分析超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性在储藏过程中的变化。结果表明：苜蓿叶蛋白中常规营养成分的含量远高于日常食品,各种氨基酸种类齐全;苜蓿叶蛋白中含有丰富的SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶;低温对SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的酶活性保存率保存效果最好。     

蜂王浆肌动蛋白是蜂王浆质量的一种可能的标记物

镰仓昌树 (2 0 0 2 )研究蜂王浆成分及生理活性与其新鲜程度的关系时 ,发现一种能够用于鉴别蜂王浆质量的标记物。首先研究的是贮藏温度与时间对蜂王浆成分的影响。在 4 0℃温度下贮藏 7天 ,蜂王浆的 1 0_羟基_2_癸烯酸含量及一些维生素没有变化。而一种特有的蛋白质 ,指定为王浆蛋白质_1(RJP_1 )在 4℃～ 5 0℃和 1～ 7日的贮藏条件下 ,逐渐降解。RJP_1的降解与贮藏温度和时间呈正比。将RJP_1纯化 ,均质 ,定性为一种单体糖蛋白 ,分子量5 7kDa。之后 ,又研究了蜂王浆对雄性小鼠的抗疲劳作用。一次强迫全体小鼠游泳 1 5min ,休息后测定最…     

不同酶促反应条件及热处理对木聚糖酶活的影响

本试验研究了还原糖法不同酶促反应时间、温度和ｐＨ值及干热、温热处理等因素对木聚糖酶活的影响。结果表明：大多数酶制产品获得最高木聚糖酶的促反应条件是１０ｍｉｎ、６０℃和ｐＨ６．３５。酶活测定时各酶制剂具有较宽的温度适应范围（３５￣７５℃）和较宽的ｐＨ值适应范围（ｐＨ４．５￣７．４）。各酶制剂在较高温度（６５￣９５℃）下干热处理１０ｍｉｎ，其酶活损失较少，而在８５℃温热处理时间愈长，其酶活损失愈多。     

低温处理对西番莲扦插苗生长及生理特性的影响

本试验以芭乐黄金果、紫香1号和台农1号西番莲品种扦插苗为试验材料,研究西番莲在低温条件下其植株生长及其体内保护酶活性变化情况,并通过恢复生长试验,测定植株存活率,进一步探明西番莲耐冷机理。试验结果表明,在低温处理下,各参试材料中丙二醛（MDA）和可溶性糖（SS）含量随温度降低而逐渐增加;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性测得值呈下降趋势、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和脯氨酸（Pro）含量测得值呈先增加后减少,在温度为10℃时,测得值均达到最大,在温度低于3℃时,测得值均低于对照;恢复生长试验中,3℃处理后的芭乐黄金果西番莲品种存活率为0,0℃处理后的三个参试品种,存活率均为0。综上所述,西番莲扦插苗受到低温伤害时,其叶片中MDA含量增加,诱导出POD、SOD和CAT保护酶活性,同时体内脯氨酸（Pro）和可溶性糖（SS）含量会逐渐积累增加,从而进一步提高植株抗寒性。     

不同温度对马蹄金草坪生理生化特性的影响

在不同温度处理下，马蹄金叶片中还原糖含量，可溶性蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均发生明显的变化。结果表明，在温度胁迫下，马蹄金叶片中还原糖含量均增加；可溶性蛋白质含量在低温胁迫下呈下降趋势；MDA含量在-5℃时最大，在其他温度下均低于对照，随温度处理时间的延长MDA含量逐渐增加；SOD、POD和CAT活性在温度胁迫下均下降，但在0℃时SOD和POD活性上升。     

储存温度和时间对蜂王浆10-HDA含量的影响

为了研究蜂王浆的储存条件对其质量的影响,试验将新鲜蜂王浆置于-20℃、4℃、20℃条件下分别存放1 d、5 d、10 d,采用高效液相色谱法测定蜂王浆中的10-羟基-2-癸烯酸(10-HDA)含量。结果表明:蜂王浆中的癸烯酸含量没有发生显著变化。说明蜂王浆中的10-HDA成分相对比较稳定,在一定时间内温度的变化不会影响其重要成分10-HDA的含量。     

不同条件下木聚糖酶稳定性的研究

本试验研究了木聚糖酶在不同温度、pH值和保存条件下酶活变化情况.结果表明:木聚糖酶整体耐高温性能较好,85℃下相对酶活仍然能保持在70%以上,同时随着处理时间的延长在不同温度下酶活损失也呈增加趋势;偏酸性条件木聚糖酶能保持较高的酶活,碱性条件不利于木聚糖酶的存活;在常温和37℃恒温保存条件下木聚糖酶都具有良好的稳定性.     

不同贮存温度和时间对蜂王浆中SOD活性的影响

试验采用总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力试剂盒对贮存在不同时间和温度条件下的蜂王浆SOD活性进行了检测,结果表明:蜂王浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随贮存温度和时间的变化表现十分敏感,新鲜蜂王浆的SOD活性为109.37 U/g,贮存30 d后活性几乎消失.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in