Use of blood and blood products

It is sometimes necessary for the practitioner to transfuse the ruminant with whole blood or plasma. These techniques are often difficult to perform in practice and are time-consuming, expensive, and stressful to the animal. Acute loss of 20-25% of the blood volume will result in marked clinical signs of anemia, including tachycardia and maniacal behavior. The PCV is only a useful tool with which to monitor acute blood loss after intravascular equilibration with other fluid compartments has occurred. An acutely developing PCV of 15% or less may require transfusion. Chronic anemia with PCV of 7-12% can be tolerated without transfusion if the animal is not stressed and no further decline in erythrocyte mass occurs. Seventy-five per cent of transfused bovine erythrocytes are destroyed within 48 hours of transfusion. A transfusion rate of 10-20 ml/kg, recipient weight, is necessary to result in any appreciable increase in PCV. A nonpregnant donor can contribute 10-15 ml of blood/kg body weight at 2-4 week intervals. Sodium citrate is an effective anticoagulant, but acid citrate dextrose should be used if blood is to be stored for more than a few hours. Blood should not be stored more than 2 weeks prior to administration. Heparin is an unsuitable anticoagulant because the quantity of heparin required for clot-free blood collection will lead to coagulation defects in the recipient. Blood crossmatching is only rarely performed in the ruminant. In field situations, it is advisable to inject 200 ml of donor blood into the adult recipient and wait 10 minutes. If no reaction occurs, the rest of the blood can probably be safely administered as long as volume overload problems do not develop. Adverse reactions are most commonly seen in very young animals or pregnant cattle. Signs of blood or plasma transfusion reaction include hiccoughing, tachycardia, tachypnea, sweating, muscle tremors, pruritus, salivation, cough, dyspnea, fever, lacrimation, hematuria, hemoglobinuria, collapse, apnea, and opisthotonos. Intravenous epinephrine HCl 1:1000 can be administered (0.2 to 0.5 ml) intravenously or (4 to 5 ml) intramuscularly if clinical signs are severe. Pretreatment with antipyretics and slowing the administration rate may decrease the febrile response. Blood or plasma administered too rapidly will also result in signs of cardiovascular overload, acute heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension and edema. Furosemide and slower administration of blood or plasma should alleviate this problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

饲料产品的采样及实验室制备

<正>饲料分析的程序一般为:饲料的采样、制备和保存,样品的预处理、成分分析、分析数据处理及分析报告的撰写。所谓饲料采样就是从整批饲料的原料或成品中抽取具有一定代表性的样品。要正确采样,必须遵守两个原则:第一,采集的样品要均匀,有代表性,能反应全部被测饲料的组分、质量和卫生状况;第二,采样过程中要设法保持原有的理化指标,防止成分逸散或带入杂质。     

Collection of blood from swine

Abstract

Extract

Recent implementation of regulations regarding pseudo-rabies has necessitated obtaining suitable blood samples from large numbers of swine for a critical serologic (serum neutralization) test. A clear, nonhemolyzed sample of uncontaminated serum is crucial to the accuracy of the test. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review a technique for collecting blood from the veins of swine located cranial to the first pair or ribs, ventral to the trachea and dorsal to the manubrium sterni This basic technique has been utilized for over 35 years(1) Carle, B. N. and Dewhirsl, W. H. Jr. 1942. A Method for Bleeding Swine. JAVMA, 101: 495–496.  [Google Scholar] and, in our opinion, is the most practical method for obtaining suitable samples from swine.     

论动物血液产品的安全性

喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉和血球蛋白粉是两种来源于动物血液的优质动物蛋白质。本文通过分析生产工艺和研究欧盟对待血液产品的历史来说明动物血液制品的安全性主要受原料来源、加工工艺、管理水平3个方面影响。     

Fluid therapy and newer blood products.

A fluid therapy plan for a patient is developed prior to surgery and is designed to meet each patient's needs. The volume and type of fluid are dependent on the patient's physical status; the acid-base, fluid, and electrolyte status; the surgical procedure; and the expected losses occurring during the procedure. No one fluid regimen is ideal for all patients. All fluid regimens must be continually re-evaluated. A brief minor surgical procedure in a healthy surgical candidate requires little or no fluid administration. In cases of more extensive surgical procedures involving invasion of the abdomen or chest as well as in cases with trauma and major blood loss, much more volume and a specific balanced replacement fluid are required. Depending on the severity of the surgical case, administration rates of 5 to 15 mL/kg/h or greater of crystalloid may be required to maintain perfusion. These rates are merely guidelines, and resuscitation should continue until the desired end point is reached. Balanced replacement fluids may be used to replace blood loss at a ratio of 3:1 and are added to maintenance and replacement requirements. Blood loss of 20% to 25% of the calculated blood volume or hematocrit values less than 20% are indications for colloids or blood replacement at a ratio of 1:1. The optimal fluid therapy regimen for a patient may involve a combination of crystalloids as well as natural and synthetic colloids, using each type of fluid to obtain and maintain perfusion and oxygenation to the tissues.     

血液制品对断奶仔猪的饲用价值

断奶仔猪饲料所选用的原料,必需极易消化,且不含过敏原化合物或其他营养抑制因子,以适应肠道和酶系统都未完全发育的仔猪。传统上,符合上述要求,适宜用作断奶仔猪日粮的重要蛋白质源,主要包括脱脂奶粉、乳清粉、无过敏原大豆蛋白和鱼粉。近年来,血液加工蛋白质制品的利用,已引起人们的关注。1　影响血液制品营养价值的因素研究显示,血液制品可应用于仔猪饲料中。血液中含有诸如氨基酸和矿物质等多种仔猪需要的养分。加工方法对血液制品的营养价值起关键性作用。大量的研究表明,喷雾干燥制品中的氨基酸回肠消化率最高(表1)。表1　加工方法对…     

蜂产品复合制剂治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的临床研究

目的：观察蜂产品复合制剂“唐安康”修复胰岛功能、治疗2型糖尿病及其并发症的疗效。方法：按统一标准筛选150例2型糖尿病合并并发症患者作为临床观察对象，随机分为治疗组和对照组，两组患者临床情况无明显差异，具有可比性，分别给予唐安康、消渴丸治疗，治疗初期两组患者原服降糖药均不停不减，观察两组患者治疗2周及4个月后空腹血糖、餐后1、2、3小时血糖变化，以及胰岛功能、血浆C-肽、肝肾功能变化情况。结果：治疗组患者经4个月的治疗后，患者空腹及餐后血糖均有不同程度的降低，胰岛功能有不同程度的改善，并发症明显减少，症状减轻，对照组在治疗2周后空腹及餐后血糖有明显的下降，胰岛功能无明显改善，治疗4个月后空腹及餐后血糖均较治疗2周有所升高，胰岛功能较前下降。结论：蜂产品复合制剂“唐安康”通过营养修复胰岛功能，激活胰岛素受体，提高受体敏感性，明显降低2型糖尿病患者的血糖，改善微循环，及时调节糖、脂肪、蛋白质等物质的合成与代谢，改善和减少并发症，且对肝、肾无损害，为治疗2型糖尿病及并发症开辟了一条新的治疗途径。     

Collection of equine cord blood and placental tissues in 40 Thoroughbred mares

Reasons for performing study: Stem cells derived from umbilical cord tissue (UCT) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) in human subjects and horses can be obtained in a minimally invasive fashion with successful propagation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Currently there are no detailed protocols documenting a procedure to harvest UCB and UCT safely for equine stem cell propagation. Hypothesis: UCB and UCT could be collected without harm to mare or foal. Objectives: To develop a standard and safe method for UCB and UCT collection, and prospectively to compare foal and mare health between groups of animals where tissue was and was not collected. Methods: This study was conducted at a Thoroughbred breeding facility in central California in 2008. UCB and UCT were collected from 40 mare and foal pairs. Clinical parameters including time for foal to stand and nurse, time for mare to pass the placenta, and foal haematology data at age 24 h were documented and compared to a control group, consisting of the succeeding 40 mare and foal pairs. Results: UCB was obtained successfully from 36 of 40 (90%) mares and UCT from 38 of 40 (95%) mares. Bacterial contamination was documented in 6 out of 36 (16.6%) UCB samples. There were no significant differences in time to stand or nurse for foals or time to pass the placenta for mares, between the experimental and control groups. There were no clinically relevant differences identified in haematological data obtained from foals with and without UCB collection. Conclusions: UCB and UCT can be harvested safely without harm to mares or foals. Potential relevance: UCB and UCT samples collected in an inherently contaminated environment can be successfully disinfected and transported with minimal bacterial overgrowth for use in cell culture to isolate MSCs.     

稻谷专用酶制剂对肉仔鸭生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验以选用324只体重为(59.46±0.09)g的1日龄樱桃谷肉仔鸭,随机分为4组,每组3个重复(栏),每栏27只鸭。分为对照Ⅰ组、对照Ⅱ组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮、稻谷-玉米-豆粕型日粮、稻谷-玉米-豆粕型日粮+500g/t稻谷专用酶制剂和稻谷-玉米-豆粕型日粮+1000g/t稻谷专用酶制剂。试验期为14d。试验结果表明:①在生长性能方面,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与对照Ⅰ组相比,显著提高了平均日增重0.79%～0.98%,显著降低了平均日采食量1.02%～1.21%和料肉比1.42%～2.13%(P<0.05)。②试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与对照Ⅰ组相比,1～7d血清白蛋白显著提高了14.29%～17.81%,试验Ⅱ组的血清尿素氮比对照Ⅰ组显著降低了24.35%(P<0.05)。     

Effect of sample preparation on basophilic stippling in bovine blood smears

The effect of sample preparation on the amount of basophilic stippling of erythrocytes (BSE) was studied using blood from a calf with chronic experimental lead poisoning. The combination of EDTA anticoagulation and rapid drying of the blood smear resulted in the most BSE. Alcohol prefixation reduced BSE. Wright-Leishman stain was better than Wright stain in demonstrating BSE.     

The influence of irradiated ergosterol products on the blood calcium level

The numbers of psychrotrophic fungi in various environments have been investigated as these fungi are potential meat spoilage organisms, carried into the freezing works on stock awaiting slaughter. Of a number of soils examined, those from urban and high-altitude areascontained the fewest psychrotrophic fungi. In rural soil samples the total psychrotrophic fungal population varied with the stocking intensity in the paddocks from which samples were obtained. Highest fungal counts were obtained for soils from stockyards. Cowhair, wool,and sheepskin all contained a variety of psychrotrophic species in moderate numbers.

A total of 17 mould and 6 yeast species were cultured, Cladosporium cladosporioides being the most frequent mould and Torulopsis Candida the most frequent yeast. Several of the species demonstrated in soils and on stock were also present in the air.     

Advanced glycation end products and sorbitol in blood from differently compensated diabetic dogs

Canine diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder with long term complications, most of which are caused by glycosylation of structural proteins, decreases in antioxidant concentrations, altered osmotic balance and hypoxia due to impaired oxygen transport. Previous studies have demonstrated that under hyperglycemic conditions canine erythrocytes undergo swelling, probably due to activation of the polyol pathway. The present work aimed to assess the plasma concentration of advanced glycation end (AGE) products, stable Amadori-products generated by non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins and the intracellular concentration of sorbitol, produced by the activation of polyol pathway in 34 blood samples from diabetic dogs and in 14 controls. AGE products were significantly higher (p<0.01) in plasma from diabetic dogs compared with control animals. The sorbitol concentration in erythrocytes was also significantly higher in diabetic dogs and, in particular, in poorly compensated animals and in dogs with ketonuria. In five cases that were analysed before and after clinical improvement, sorbitol concentration was found to correlate with improvement. These results suggest that non-specific glycosylation is increased and that the polyol pathway is activated in diabetic dogs in a manner that is proportionate to the severity of disease. Moreover, the concentration of AGE products and sorbitol may be useful for monitoring the onset of diabetic complications and assessing the most appropriate therapeutic approaches for management of canine DM.     

蜂王浆复方降血糖作用的初步研究

采用一种特制的蜂王浆中药复方制剂（FSL），通过实验性糖尿病模型，以高（800mg／kg），中（500mg／kg），低（300mg／kg）3个剂量组对试验动物进行灌胃试验。结果显示：蜂王浆复方降糖制剂可显著拮抗四氧嘧啶，肾上腺素引起的血糖升高，且对正常小鼠的血糖值无明显影响，且不会影响正常的糖代谢过程。毒理研究结果表明其最大耐受量为60．00g／kg。     

复合酶制剂对肉鸭屠宰性能和部分血清生化指标的影响

用960羽1日龄双鬼头肉鸭研究了一种固体发酵复合酶(AllzymeSSF)在玉米-豆粕及玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中的应用效果,考察了添加该复合酶对肉鸭屠宰性能、血清生化指标的影响。试验结果表明,不同处理对49日龄肉鸭的半净膛率、全净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮的屠宰率略高于玉米-豆粕型日粮;玉米-豆粕及玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加200PU/kgAllzymeSSF降低了腹脂率(P<0.05);玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加300PU/kgAllzymeSSF及玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加200PU/kgAllzymeSSF提高了血清磷的含量(P<0.05);玉米-小麦-豆粕型日粮中添加200PU/kgAllzymeSSF提高了血清球蛋白的含量(P<0.05)。     

微量元素对肉仔鸡血液几种元素水平影响

测定了由亚硫酸钠、亚硒酸钠、碘化钾、硫酸铜、氧化锌及硫酸锰制成的片剂、注射剂和散剂3种剂型防治肉仔鸡微量元素缺乏病制剂,对肉仔鸡血液中Se、Cu、M n、Zn水平的影响。结果表明:微量元素控释剂、长效注射剂、散粉剂均使试验鸡血液几种元素水平在试验后15 d、30 d、45d显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并能维持到终生(50~60 d),完全可以满足肉仔鸡终生需要。