Surfacing of pacific equatorial undercurrent: direct observation

Measurements of current speed and direction from the sea surface to below 400 meters made on the equator in the eastern Pacific in April 1968 indicate that the Equatorial Undercurrent extends from 300 meters to the sea surface. These measurements, when compared with previous observations, indicate that eastward motion at the surface is a result of surfacing of the undercurrent caused by a release of the surface wind stress.     

Food sovereignty, urban food access, and food activism: contemplating the connections through examples from Chicago

The idea of food sovereignty has its roots primarily in the response of small producers in developing countries to decreasing levels of control over land, production practices, and food access. While the concerns of urban Chicagoans struggling with low food access may seem far from these issues, the authors believe that the ideas associated with food sovereignty will lead to the construction of solutions to what is often called the ??food desert?? issue that serve and empower communities in ways that less democratic solutions do not. In Chicago and elsewhere, residents and activists often see and experience racial and economic inequalities through the variety of stores and other food access sites available in their community. The connections between food access, respect, and activism are first considered through a set of statements of Chicagoans living in food access poor areas. We will then discuss these connections through the work and philosophy of activists in Chicago centered in food sovereignty and food justice. Particular focus will be placed on Growing Power, an urban food production, distribution, and learning organization working primarily in Milwaukee and Chicago, and Healthy South Chicago, a community coalition focused on health issues in a working class area of the city.     

食品添加剂对海洋拮抗酵母Rhodosporidium paludigenum抑制冬枣采后腐烂效果的影响

    为了提高海洋拮抗酵母Rhodosporidium paludigenum的生防效果,研宛该酵母与不同浓度碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)和尼泊金酯钠盐配合使用对冬枣果实采后黑斑病(Alternaria alternata)的防治效果,以及碳酸氢钠和尼泊金酯钠盐对R.paludigenum酵母生长的影响.体内(in vivo)、体外(in vitro)试验结果表明,不同浓度的碳酸氢钠和尼泊金酯钠盐对R.paludigenum的生长均没有影响.同时,碳酸氢钠和尼泊金酯钠盐对酵母菌在冬枣果实伤口上的生长也没有抑制作用.但当R.paludigenum与0.3%NaHCO3、0.012‰(W/V)尼泊金乙酯钠或尼泊金丁酯钠溶液结合使用时可显著抑制冬枣果实黑斑痛的发生;其中,R.paludigenum与0.3%NaHCO3合用对控制冬枣果实黑斑病的效果最好.说明R.paludigenum与某些食品添加剂结合使用在控制冬枣果实采后病害方面具有潜在的应用价值.     

Transmission electron microscopy: direct observation of crystal structure in refractory ceramics

Using high-resolution multibeam interference techniques in the transmission electron microscope, images have been obtained that make possible a real-space structure analysis of a beryllium-silicon-nitrogen compound. The results illustrate the usefulness of lattice imaging in the analysis of local crystal structure in these technologically promising ceramic materials.     

Redefining the age of Clovis: implications for the peopling of the Americas

The Clovis complex is considered to be the oldest unequivocal evidence of humans in the Americas, dating between 11,500 and 10,900 radiocarbon years before the present (14C yr B.P.). Adjusted 14C dates and a reevaluation of the existing Clovis date record revise the Clovis time range to 11,050 to 10,800 14C yr B.P. In as few as 200 calendar years, Clovis technology originated and spread throughout North America. The revised age range for Clovis overlaps non-Clovis sites in North and South America. This and other evidence imply that humans already lived in the Americas before Clovis.     

Competition in desert rodents: an experiment with semipermeable exclosures

Larger species of seed-eating desert rodents were excluded from experimental plots while smaller, potentially competing species were allowed to enter. Density of small granivores on these plots increased to nearly 3.5 times that on control plots but only after 8 months. These results indicate that interspecific competition affects the abundance of desert rodents; they also support indirect evidence that competition for seeds influences the organization of desert rodent communities.     

Getting to know your food: the insights of indigenous thinking in food provenance

Western consumers are increasingly demanding to know the provenance of their food. In New Zealand, Māori tribal enterprises are engaged in the food producing sectors of farming and fisheries and, like other businesses seeking to remain competitive in global markets, are responding to the demand for provenance through developing systems for communicating the origin of foods to consumers. However, Māori are doing this in their own way, in a manner that authentically reflects their own understanding of place and expresses an indigenous animist perspective. It is argued that an animist approach to provenancing provides an authentic means of connecting Western consumers to nature in circumstances where they have become psychologically and physically abstracted. Animism provides a relational way of understanding the world, through which food products emerge as animated representations of reciprocal place-based relationships. It is considered that this indigenous approach can provide ‘an antidote’ to the alienating effects of modernity, where food products are experienced as inert compositions of elements that can be replicated and produced anywhere via industrial processes. Furthermore, it can provide a touchstone for differentiating between authentic provenance and the cynical use of provenance marketing that exploits the needs of alienated individuals for connection to place. A case study of indigenous provenance, Ahikā Kai, is offered to explain and illustrate the theoretical perspectives provided.     

Mechanical rotation of the c subunit oligomer in ATP synthase (F0F1): direct observation

F0F1, found in mitochondria or bacterial membranes, synthesizes adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) coupling with an electrochemical proton gradient and also reversibly hydrolyzes ATP to form the gradient. An actin filament connected to a c subunit oligomer of F0 was able to rotate by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. The rotary torque produced by the c subunit oligomer reached about 40 piconewton-nanometers, which is similar to that generated by the gamma subunit in the F1 motor. These results suggest that the gamma and c subunits rotate together during ATP hydrolysis and synthesis. Thus, coupled rotation may be essential for energy coupling between proton transport through F0 and ATP hydrolysis or synthesis in F1.     

Rewarding performance that is hard to measure: the private nonprofit sector

The private nonprofit form of institutions is large and growing. Its role in a mixed economy is the subject of this article. Nonprofits differ from private enterprises primarily in the constraints on them. The key element is that nonprofits may not distribute profits to anyone associated with the organization, a restriction that is in sharp contrast to the freedom that private firms have to reward owners and managers for generating profit. The theoretical case that such a constraint can be useful when consumers are poorly informed is examined. Also, the available empirical evidence on differences in behavior between nonprofit and for-profit organizations is presented.     

小儿低位右颈内静脉套针直接穿刺的临床观察

目的：寻求小儿经皮颈内静脉穿刺置管的捷径。方法：选１０岁以下患儿１００例,平均年龄（６．２±２．１）岁,随机分为两组（ｎ＝５０）,Ⅰ组（实验组）用１８号短套针直接低位右颈内静脉穿刺置管,Ⅱ组（对照组）用传统高位穿插导引置管。结果：首次穿刺置管成功Ⅰ组４９例（占９８％）、Ⅱ组４０例（占８０％）,两组比较有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）;误穿动脉Ⅰ组１例（占２％）,Ⅱ组６例（占１２％）,两组比较也有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）;Ⅱ组４例首次穿刺未见回血。结论：低位右颈内静脉直接套针穿刺成功率高于传统的高位穿刺导引置管法,且并发症少,更适用于１０岁以下小儿经皮静脉穿刺中心静脉置管     

Antibody combining site: the B polypeptide chain

The antibody molecule consists of several polypeptide chains. Peptides, which appear to have been derived from the binding region of the rabbitantibody molecule directed against pazobenzenearsonate, have been isolated. The particular polypeptide chain from which these peptides are derived has now been identified as the B chain described by Fleischman, Pain, and Porter.     

Farm to school in British Columbia: mobilizing food literacy for food sovereignty

Farm to school programs have been positioned as interventions that can support goals of the global food sovereignty movement, including strengthening local food production systems, improving food access and food justice for urban populations, and reducing distancing between producers and consumers. However, there has been little assessment of how and to what extent farm to school programs can actually function as a mechanism leading to the achievement of food sovereignty. As implemented in North America, farm to school programs encompass activities not only related to school food procurement, but also to the development of student knowledge and skills under the framework of food literacy. Research on farm to school initiatives has largely been conducted in countries with government-supported national school feeding programs; this study examines farm to school organizing in Canada, where there is no national student nutrition program. Using qualitative fieldwork and document analysis, we investigate the farm to school movement in British Columbia, in a context where civil society concerns related to education and health have been the main vectors of farm to school mobilization. Our analysis suggests that, despite limited institutional infrastructure for school meals, the British Columbia farm to school movement has contributed toward realizing goals of food sovereignty through two main mechanisms: advocacy for institutional procurement of local and sustainable foods and mobilizing food literacy for increased public engagement with issues of social justice and equity in food systems.     

Expansion and contraction of the sahara desert from 1980 to 1990

Data from polar-orbiting meteorological satellites have been used to determine the extent of the Sahara Desert and to document its interannual variation from 1980 to 1990. The Sahara Desert ranged from 8,633,000 square kilometers in 1980 to 9,982,000 square kilometers in 1984. The greatest annual north-south latitudinal movement of the southern Saharan boundary was 110 kilometers from 1984 to 1985 and resulted in a decrease in desert area of 724,000 square kilometers.     

Oceili: a celestial compass in the desert ant cataglyphis

In addition to multifaceted lateral compound eyes, most insects possess three frontal eyes called ocelli. Each ocellus has a single lens, as does the vertebrate eye. The ocelli of some flying insects, locusts and dragonflies, have been shown to function as horizon detectors involved in the visual stabilization of course. In a walking insect, the desert ant Cataglyphis, it is now shown that the ocelli can read compass information from the blue sky. When the ant's compound eyes are occluded and both sun and landmarks are obscured, the ocelli, using the pattern of polarized light in the sky as a compass cue, help in guiding the ant back home.     

Suppression of food intake with intragastric loading: relation to natural feeding cycle

Rats were infused through chronically implanted intragastric tubes with 100 percent of their normal total daily food intake. The infusion was given either continuously over 24 hours or divided into discrete meals programed to simulate the rats' natural eating pattern. The same diet was also available for consumption by mouth. In neither case did the animals completely stop eating. During slow infusions excessive consumption ranged from 30 to 50 percent. During simulated meal infusion of the same total quantity of diet, they compensated far better, overeating by only 2 to 18 percent. Periodic filling of the stomach between scheduled meals was no more effective than a continuous slow infusion. Therefore, factors related to the natural feeding cycle make a significant contribution to the effectiveness of food in maintaining satiety and controlling food intake.