土壤和沉积物中烃类污染物的主要来源与识别标志

土壤、沉积物中烃类污染物的来源十分复杂,其输入方式主要包括矿物油直接输入、大气颗粒物沉降、通过水介质输入、工业固体废弃物、城市垃圾和生活废弃物排放及天然有机质生物化学降解产物等。不同来源的烃类污染物组成上存在一定的差别,可根据这些差别判识环境中烃类污染物的来源。介绍了不同污染源的烃类污染物中正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃、烷基环己烷、甾萜烷烃及芳香烃类化合物的组成与分布特征,综合评述了不同污染源的分子标志物特征及主要识别标志。     

煤矿区表层土壤中饱和烃污染物的组成与分布

应用GC-MS技术检测石龙区表层土壤中饱和烃馏分,共鉴别正构烷烃、甾类、萜类等系列的85种代表性化合物,分析了饱和烃在不同功能区域含量及分布特征,并结合分子有机地球化学参数对其污染来源作了初步探讨.结果表明,受煤矿开采活动影响的区域土壤中饱和烃含量远高于无矿区域,以矸石山周围和炼焦区最为严重;正构烷烃的高碳数部分较少、低碳数部分较多、主峰碳为C16或C18、姥植比和藿/莫比值大、地质构型甾烷和C29ααα20R-甾烷的含量较高,这些特征与煤岩中状况接近,表明石龙区表层土壤并非现代沉积物或是天然状态下的表层土壤.煤矿区煤及矸石等堆放、储藏、运输、加工过程中大量煤岩屑或煤灰长期沉降积累可能是矿区土壤有机质主要输入源.     

成都市春季土壤和扬尘中饱和烃的污染特征与来源分析

用GC-MS分析了成都市不同方位区域内具有代表性的土壤和扬尘样品中饱和烃的组成与分布特征。研究表明,在土壤和扬尘中均检测出了丰富的正构烷烃和甾、萜烷化合物等饱和烃。正构烷烃在土壤和扬尘中差别明显,其浓度分别为7.54~40.37μg g-1和26.61~71.52μg g-1,峰形分别主要呈前峰型和后峰型。成都市土壤中正构烷烃含量的趋势是东>北>中>西>南,扬尘为南>西>东>中>北。在土壤和扬尘中均检测出包括C27~C29规则甾烷、重排甾烷和孕甾烷等甾烷系列化合物和萜类化合物,主要来源于化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的产物等。     

城市土壤有机碳和黑碳的含量特征与来源分析

由于城市化过程中人为活动的深刻影响，城市土壤的一些性质被强烈地改变。城市土壤有机质由于来源的多样性和受到不同程度人为活动的影响，其组成和分布特征表现出异质性和多样性。本研究以南京市为对象，研究了功能区之间土壤有机碳和黑碳含量的差异。与郊区土壤相比，城市土壤的有机碳含量普遍较高。通过对有机碳组成的分析发现其中稳定的黑碳含量较郊区土壤明显偏高，且在不同功能区之间呈现差异性，体现了人为影响过程和污染来源的差别。同时发现路边绿化带土壤正受到来自交通环境的强烈影响，其有机碳和黑碳含量与其他功能区存在显著差异。不同功能区之间因人为影响的差异，土壤中黑碳含量与有机碳含量的比值表现出明显的不同，可以指示黑碳的可能来源。城市土壤环境中黑碳可能构成了总有机碳中的很大部分，这与自然土壤有明显的差别。     

太原市绕城高速公路路域土壤特性与重金属污染评价研究

为了揭示高速公路路域内部不同功能区强烈人为活动对土壤环境质量的影响,以太原市绕城高速路域内不同功能区为研究对象,于各功能区内随机布点,采集表层土壤样品72个,并对其土壤剖面结构、土壤pH值、土壤质地、土壤有机质、土壤重金属元素含量等理化性质和分布规律进行了测定和分析.结果表明,路域内土壤母质来源复杂,剖面层次混乱,土壤反应偏碱性、粗粒化、有机质含量升高和表聚现象较明显.路域土壤重金属污染较为严重,不同功能区的污染元素和污染程度有显著差异.综合污染程度以绿化带含量最高,依次为中央隔离带、互通、路堤边坡、路堑边坡、自然坡.路域土壤的随机空间变异十分突出,无论是土壤性质还是重金属污染积累都如此.路域中存在一些高度污染的区域,必须予以密切关注.     

苏南某焦化厂场地土壤和地下水特征污染物分布规律研究

以苏南某焦化厂为研究对象,在对污染区域初步识别的基础上,采集了0～4.5 m深的22个土壤样品和2个地下水样品,利用GC/MS等检测了多环芳烃类、总石油烃、苯系物、重金属,总氰化物、挥发酚、硫化物的含量,并研究了其在不同功能区土壤和地下水中的特征分布。结果表明：（1）该焦化场土壤和地下水受到了不同程度的污染,其中炼焦炉周边、焦油和洗油储罐区、焦油和粗苯加工车间是污染最严重的区域;（2）土壤中主要超标污染物是多环芳烃、总氰化物、总石油烃、单环芳香烃、二苯呋喃、苯胺、硫化物、挥发酚和一些苯酚类化合物;（3）地下水重点污染区域粗苯车间受到总氰化物、苯胺、苯酚类、萘、总石油烃、单环芳香烃的严重污染,污水处理站区域地下水主要污染物包括总氰化物、萘、总石油烃、苯。     

广东汕头市土壤环境砷污染状况及污染因素分析

通过对汕头市72个菜地土壤表层样品和43个水稻土壤表层样品的分析测试,初步摸清了汕头市土壤环境中砷含量分布。其中72个菜地土壤样品和42个水稻土壤表层样品的砷含量全部符合国家土壤环境质量一级标准,但有1个水稻土壤样品砷含量达到了25.1mgkg-1,超出了国家土壤环境质量一级标准,指示该区域有点源污染存在的可能。汕头市各区、县土壤砷元素含量极不均匀,主要与成土母质及后期人为扰动等因素有关。     

6 000年以来水稻土剖面中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源初探

研究了多环芳烃(PAHs)在含6000a(马家浜文化时期)古水稻土的土壤剖面中的分布特征,并对其可能来源进行了分析。结果显示,各层土壤中PAHs的总量在25.9~202.9μgkg-1之间,并主要富集在表层土壤,其中含量较高的化合物及其大小顺序为Nap>Phe>Fla>Pyr,4环以上的PAHs占总量的51.8%。表层以下各层土壤中PAHs含量大幅降低,检出种类也有所减少,并主要以2、3环化合物为主,古水稻土中4环以上的芳烃也占有一定的比例,达37%。聚类分析和主成分分析表明,Chr、BkF、BaA、IcP、BbF、Pyr、BaP、DaA和Fla等化合物主要是人为产生,Flu和Phe由生物合成,而Nap、BgP和Ant则可能来源于人为产生和生物合成的共同作用。     

石灰岩与白云岩坡地土壤饱和导水率对比研究

[目的]对比研究不同下垫面特征和土地利用方式对两类坡地表层土壤性质及其土壤饱和导水率(Ks)的影响。[方法]以喀斯特地区不同岩性下垫面的石灰岩和白云岩两类坡地表层土壤为研究对象,采用Guleph稳定入渗仪和土壤分析的方法。[结果](1)石灰岩和白云岩表层土壤在受到放牧作用影响后,土壤均呈现显著退化趋势,其容重、黏粒含量增大,孔隙度、有机质含量降低。(2)石灰岩和白云岩两类坡地表层土壤在未受到人为干扰的自然植被条件下,由于表层岩溶带的发育,Ks都很高,平均值分别为328.6和257.2mm/h。其中,石灰岩坡地相比白云岩坡地,Ks具有更高的空间变异性,二者Ks变异系数变化范围分别为90.71%~95.62%和59.60%~67.32%。(3)受到放牧作用影响后,石灰岩和白云岩坡地表层土壤Ks相比自然植被状态下呈显著降低趋势,Ks分别降低52.2%和86.7%,白云岩坡地Ks降低程度大,高于石灰岩坡地。     

6000年以来水稻土剖面中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源初探

研究了多环芳烃（PAHs）在含6000a（马家浜文化时期）古水稻土的土壤剖面中的分布特征，并对其可能来源进行了分析。结果显示，各层土壤中PAHs的总量在25．9—202．9μgkg^-1之间，并主要富集在表层土壤，其中含量较高的化合物及其大小顺序为Nap〉Phe〉Fla〉Pyr，4环以上的PAHs占总量的51.8％。表层以下各层土壤中PAHs含量大幅降低，检出种类也有所减少，并主要以2、3环化合物为主，古水稻土中4环以上的芳烃也占有一定的比例，达37％。聚类分析和主成分分析表明，Chr、BkF、BaA、IcP、BbF、Pyr、BaP、DaA和Fla等化合物主要是人为产生，Flu和Phe由生物合成，而Nap、BgP和Ant则可能来源于人为产生和生物合成的共同作用。     

Composition of soil lipids in two chinampas agroecosystems from Xochimilco and Tlahuac municipalities,Mexico

Abstract

The Chinampas are important historically and represent a special agroecosystem that has been sustainable for many years. However, their agricultural potential has currently decreased mainly because of irrigation with waste water from Mexico City, leading to progressive salinity and alkalinity problems and the subsequent general alteration on the agroecosystem. Chemical composition of the main groups of lipid molecules in anthropogenic organic soil from Xochimilco and Tlahuac Municipalities (Mexico) were investigated. The analysis performed included physico‐chemical characteristics of the soil and the distribution analysis of free alkanes and fatty acids. The successive accumulation stages of organic materials in these anthropogenic organic soils represent a source of irregular distribution in organic carbon, likewise the concentration of lipid extracts differed noticeably with depth. There is a vertical variability, where hydromorphic environment has played a key role in this variability. The major compounds identified in the soil lipid extracts by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry include series of linear and satured alkanes, fatty acids, as well as individual components such as sterols and hopanes. Most of the lipid components in these soil seem to have a biogenic origin (higher plants and microorganism biomass).     

土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及其来源分析

利用气相色谱法分析了南充市10个不同功能区表层土壤中美国环保署规定的16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量和组分特征,运用同分异构体比率揭示了其污染来源。研究表明,该区土壤中PAHs的含量在9.1～2269.1μg·kg-1之间,而且工业区的残留量大于农业区和居民区的残留量。按PAHs的环数来分,在工业污染区PAHs的含量总的趋势是四环〉二环〉三环〉五环〉六环;农业和居民区二环〉三环〉五环〉四环〉六环。该污染状况与国内外相关研究比较,处于中等污染水平。煤、木材和化石的燃烧是该地区土壤中PAHs污染的主要来源,苯并（a）蒽和菲是主要的超标化合物。     

Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of an Arid Urban Ecosystem

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants produced by incomplete combustion sources such as home heating, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions. PAH concentrations in soils are influenced by source inputs and environmental factors that control loss processes and soil retention. Many studies have found higher concentrations of these pollutants in soils within cities of temperate climates that have a centralized urban core. Less is known about the factors regulating PAH abundance in warm, arid urban ecosystems with low population densities but high traffic volumes. The relative importance of sources such as motor vehicle traffic load and aridland ecosystem characteristics, including temperature, silt, and soil organic matter (SOM) were explored as factors regulating PAH concentrations in soils near highways across the metropolitan area of Phoenix, AZ (USA). Highway traffic is high compared with other cities, with an average of 155,000 vehicles/day. Soils contained low but variable amounts of SOM (median 2.8?±?1.8% standard deviation). Across the city, median PAH concentrations in soil were low relative to other cities, 523?±?1,886 ??g/kg, ranging from 67 to 10,117 ??g/kg. Diagnostic ratio analyses confirmed that the source of PAHs is predominantly fuel combustion (i.e., vehicle emissions) rather than petrogenic, biogenic, or other combustion sources (coal, wood burning). However, in a multiple regression analysis including traffic characteristics and soil properties, SOM content was the variable most strongly related to PAH concentrations. Our research suggests that dryland soil characteristics play an important role in the retention of PAH compounds in soils of arid cities.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils: Sources, behavior, and indication significance (a review)

The current ideas of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils are reviewed. Their natural and anthropogenic sources are discussed, and the mechanisms of their arrival from other environmental components to soils are considered. The main processes typical for PAHs in soils are defined; the sorption, degradation, and translocation features of polyarenes in the soil profile are shown. Attention is paid to the geographical features of the PAH distribution in soils. The use of data on the PAHs in soils for the indication of different natural and technogenic processes is also discussed.     

Source identification and assessment of heavy metal contamination in urban soils based on cluster analysis and multiple pollution indices

Purpose

To identify the sources and levels of contamination with anthropogenically derived heavy metals (HMs) for appropriate pollution control. We quantified anthropogenic influences with respect to HM pollution in soil, based on multiple pollution indices and cluster analysis derived from the results of an annual nationwide survey conducted in Korea.

Methods

Contamination levels of HMs in soils were quantitatively evaluated using multiple pollution indices: contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (I_geo), Nemerow’s integrated pollution index (NIPI), and pollution load index (PLI). Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to elucidate the correlations between HMs and contamination sources. A total of 2214 HM concentration data including six contamination sources were used to evaluate the pollution state of anthropogenic effects of HMs.

Results

The CFs for Zn and Cu revealed a broad enrichment of these HMs in all pollution sources. Scrap recycling sites (SRS) had the highest likelihood of pollutant distribution in soil surfaces. NIPI and PLI varied with the extent of anthropogenic activities or land use, especially in SRS, waste disposal sites (WDS), transport maintenance sites (TMS), and industrial sites (INS), and anthropogenic sources were divided into three discrete clusters: INS-TMS-LDS (land development sites), SRS-WDS, and vicinities of industrial sites (VIS).

Conclusion

Our results confirmed that soil pollution indices combined with cluster analysis were useful to identify sources of anthropogenic HMs in urban soil, as well as to assess the levels of HM contamination.

     

Hydrocarbon contamination of the soil cover under the impact of technogenic loads

Hydrocarbon contamination of soils under the impact of several pollution sources is discussed. The contribution of particular pollutants to the total contamination has been estimated with the help of different analytical methods. The distribution and migration of hydrocarbons in the soil profiles is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the genesis of particular pollutants is of special importance in the case of the low levels of soil pollution.     

Transformation of Petroleum Saturated Hydrocarbons during Soil Bioremediation Experiments

This paper presents transformations of saturated hydrocarbons of petroleum type pollutants during ex situ bioremediation of soil on the pilot heap (halde), during a period of 6 months, within the grounds of Petroleum Refinery Pan?evo (Serbia). Samples for analysis were taken in time intervals of 2 weeks (P₁–P₁₂ samples). Organic substance was extracted by Soxhlet’s method and quantified. Isoprenoid aliphatics, in particular pristane and phytane, and polycyclic aliphatics of sterane and triterpane types in saturated hydrocarbon fractions were analysed by GC-MS (SIM method). Significant amounts of n-alkanes have not been detected. The MS-chromatogram revealed only marginal amounts of pristane and phytane in sample P₁. Pristane and phytane occurred in sample P₈, and in even higher quantities in the final sample P_12. The proceeding bioremediation process was accompanied by the decrease of the relative amounts of pentacyclic terpanes of hopane type, compared to tri- and tetracyclic terpanes. In the initial sample P₁ the distribution of steranes and hopanes follows a pattern, which is characteristic for crude oils. However, their identification by SIM method was not possible in samples P₈ and P₁₂ because of the reduced concentration. The observed changes in the alkane fractions’ compositions may be considered as atypical, referring to the fact that during oil biodegradation under natural conditions, decomposition of isoprenoids occurs much easier and faster than decomposition of polycyclic alkanes of tri-, tetra- and pentacyclic terpane, sterane and diasterane types, after the decomposition of n-alkanes has been almost completed.