Cono- and seminiphagous insects of firAbies alba Mill. in the Babia Góra National Park and its surroundings in southern Poland

During 1991–1993 6300 specimens of cono-and seminiphagous insects and 10 specimens of parasitoid were obtained from 450 cones of firAbies alba Mill. This material originated from the Babia Góra National Park and its surroundings. The index of cone infestation by these insects is given for fir localities situated at different heights above the sea level. The seed losses caused by insects were estimated on the basis of analysis of 34,704 of fir seeds.Aus 450 Tannenzapfen (Abies alba Mill.), gesammelt 1991 und 1993 im Babia-Góra-National-Park und in der Forstverwaltung Sucha, Süd-Polen, wurden 6300 Individuen schädlicher Insekten gewonnen.Es handelte sich um die Seminiphagen:Resseliella piceae Seitn. (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) — 3461 Ex.,Megastigmus suspectus Borr. (Hym., Torymidaea) — 2698 Ex. sowie um die Konophagen:Earomyia impossible Morge (Dipt., Lonchaeidae) — 129 Ex.,Dioryctria abietella (Den. et Schiff.) (Lep., Phycitidae) — 11 Ex. undBarbara herrichiana Obr. (Lep., Tortricidae) — 1 Ex. Aus den Raupen vonD. abietella wurdenLissonota nigricoxis Hab. (Hym., Ichneumonidae) — 10 Ex. gezogen. Als Indikator der Besiedlung von Zapfen erreichteM. suspectus (13,33 in 1993) den höchsten Wert. Die Analyse von 34.704 Samen nach der Schnittmethode ergab, daß die Schäden in den Samen (65%) hauptsächlich vonR. piceae verusacht wurden.     

New quarantine glasshouse pests in Poland and coloured sticky traps for their monitoring1

Trapping methods are being evaluated in Poland in connection with the addition of the following pests to the new Polish Quarantine List: Liriomyza trifolii, L. sativae, L. huidobrensis, Amauromyza maculosa, Thrips palmi, Frankliniella occidentalis, Bemisia tabaci. Variations were observed in the response of F. occidentalis, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bradysia spp. to colour, size and method of hanging of the traps. The highest numbers of F. occidentalis were found on blue traps of different shades, of T. vaporuriorum on yellow traps, and of Bradysia on orange and yellow traps.     

New Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids of forest insect pests in Bulgaria

During the period 1989–1998 investigations were carried out on the parasitoids of some forest insect pests in Bulgaria. Twenty-one ichneumonid species are reported for the first time in Bulgaria as parasitoids of different coleopteran, lepidopteran, and hymenopteran hosts. From these, 6 parasitoids are new records for the parasitoid complexes of the hosts:Exochus decoratus Holmgr. onEudemis profundana (Den. & Schiff.) andGelechia turpella (Den. & Schiff.);Lissonota culiciformis Grav.—onParanthrene tabaniformis (Rott.);Lissonota unicincta Holmgr.—onG. turpella; Xorides gracilicornis (Grav.)—onXylotrechus sp.; andEriborus terebrator Aubert—onClostera anastomosis (L.). Most parasitoids developed as primary parasitoids in the hosts.Itoplectis alternans (Grav.) is a primary parasitoid ofNycteola asiatica (Krul.) and a hyperparasitoid ofE. terebrator: Acropimpla pictipes (Grav.) is secondary parasitoid onAnacampsis populella (Cl.). With the exception of two species ofOlesicampes genus, which destroyed over 50% ofStauronematus compressicornis (F.) andPristophora conjugata (Dahlm.) larvae, andE. terebrator which killed 15.4% ofC. anastomosis population, the rest of the parasitoids occurred in low densities, and did not play an important role in reducing the number of their hosts.     

Plant parasitic nematodes as pests of potatoes in Poland1

Only two plant parasitic nematode species have practical importance in potato crops in Poland. They are Ditylenchus destructor and Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1. Control of D. destructor is done permanently by the elimination of infested seed potatoes and sowing of cereals in the infested fields. Damage to potatoes is observed rather seldom. G. rostochiensis is widely distributed throughout Poland. It is controlled by non-host crops and by resistant potato cultivars. Chemical control of potato nematodes is not put into practice in Poland.     

Correlation of ethylene synthesis in Citrus fruits and their susceptibility to Alternaria alternata pv. citri

The susceptibility of Fortune (Citrus clementina × Citrus reticulata), Citrus paradisi and Citrus limon fruits to Alternaria alternata pv. citri was investigated using different artificial inoculation methods. The results obtained reveal that the C. paradisi and C. limon fruits are less susceptible to A. alternata pv. citri than Fortune fruits, although all showed symptoms of Alternaria brown spot when the cuticle was broken and the flavedo or flavedo + albedo was removed. Furthermore, it was seen that susceptibility to the fungus decreased as the age of the fruit increased. There was a positive correlation between the susceptibility of the different Citrus fruits to A. alternata pv. citri and their “in vivo” ethylene levels, the most susceptible fruit (Fortune) producing more ethylene during growth than the less susceptible C. limon and C. paradisi. This suggests that ethylene may well be considered as a possible marker of Citrus fruit susceptibility to A. alternata pv. citri. Disease development increased when the Fortune fruits were treated with 1 mM ACC (a precursor of ethylene biosynthesis) or 1 mM Ethephon (an ethylene-releasing compound) prior to inoculation with A. alternata pv. citri. The role of ethylene as a factor involved in disease development is discussed.     

New parasitoids of Paraphytomyza populi (Kltb.) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Bulgaria

The parasitoid complex of Paraphytomyza populi (Kltb.) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) was studied in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1997. Poplar leaves with P. populi larvae and pupae were collected from poplar stump shoots and examined in a laboratory. As a result, eleven parasitoid species were established: Chorebus albipes (Haliday) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Pediobius metallicus (Nees), Danuviella subplana Erdos, Chrysocharis nephereus (Walker), Chrysocharis pubicornis (Zetterstedt), Diglyphus crassinervis Erdos, Diglyphus isaea (Walker), Diglyphus albiscapus Erdos, Cirrospilus diallus Walker, Cirrospilus pictus (Nees) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and Elasmus sp. (Hymenoptera, Elasmidae). Six species (D. crassinervis, D. isaea, D. albiscapus, C. diallus, C. pictus and Elasmus sp.) have been recorded as new parasitoids of P. populi. The genus Danuviella was found for the first time in Bulgaria. Five species (C. albipes, P. metallicus, D. subplana, D. crassinervis and D. albiscapus) are new records for the fauna of the country. The total mortality of P. populi caused by parasitoids was 19.1% and 49.0% for the overwintering and the summer generations, respectively. P. metallicus was the most important in reducing the pest number.     

优秀园林绿化树种——八宝树虫害及防治

通过调查,共发现八宝树害虫23种,记述了其中13种害虫的危害情况、生活习性,提供了对应的防治方法,为八宝树虫害管理提供参考。     

Insect Pests of Soyabean in Japan and their Control

Abstract

From thirty species of economic importance, the biology, damage caused and control measures for three pod borers, one pod gallmidge and four stink bugs are reviewed. Some high correlations have been recognised between the percentage of injured seed at harvest time and the mean temperatures of January, July or August, and some equations have been obtained for forecasting the percentage of the damage to soyabean seeds. The late podding varieties are generally less damaged by major pests. Even in one variety, damage decreased when sowing was delayed. Hence consideration should be given to the choice of variety and sowing date in order to avoid the coincidence of the peak of pest occurrence with the podding period of the soyabean plants. In the central southern region of the Tohoku district where all species of economic importance occur, insecticidal applications should be carried out when indicated by the forecast, two or three times at intervals of one to two weeks, during early pod-setting and on to the middle seed-thickening stage, using such insecticides as: fenthion, cyanophos, fenitrothion, phenthoate, acephate, chlorpyrifos or EPN.     

鲜食玉米有害生物发生特点及其防治

鲜食玉米是指不经加工就可生熟直接食用玉米籽粒的超甜、甜糯、糯三大类玉米的通称。随着人民群众生活水平、生活质量的不断提高和保健意识的增强,要求食用营养、保健、可口、安全的食品愿望也日趋强烈。鲜食玉米富含维生素A、E,多种氨基酸,蛋白质和钙、硒、镁等矿物质,经常食用具有延缓人体衰老、防癌抗癌、防止血管硬化的多种保健功能而受到群众青睐。     

Distribution and relative importance of lepidopteran cereal stemborers and their parasitoids in Uganda

Infestation levels and parasitism of lepidopteran stemborers on maize were assessed in four agroecological zones (AEZ) in Uganda. The indigenous noctuidBusseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae) and the invasiveChilo partellus Swinhoe (Crambidae) were the most important stemborers recorded.C. partellus represented 77% of the stemborers in the Eastern AEZ whileB. fusca was dominant in the other AEZs, accounting for 60–79%. The proportion of infested plants was between 16% and 45% and borer density between 0.2 and 1.0 borers per plant. There was no clear relationship between damage and stem tunneling, which is often used to estimate yield loss.Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Scelionidae), the only egg parasitoid recovered, caused parasitism of up to 46% onB. fusca eggs. Several larval and pupal parasitoid species were recorded. The most common were the indigenous braconidCotesia sesamiae and the introducedCotesia flavipes, which are larval parasitoids ofB. fusca andC. partellus, respectively. Mean parasitism by the indigenousC. sesamiae ranged between 2.0% and 29.4% onB. fusca and from 0 to 13% onC. partellus. C. flavipes was recovered at most locations with parasitism of 0–30.5% onC. partellus and 0–12% onB. fusca; the latter was probably the result of multiparasitism as laboratory studies have shown that it was not a suitable host forC. partellus. Results indicated further that the parasitoid has not attained equilibrium 5 years after its introduction. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 20, 2006. Teddy Matama-Kauma died suddenly in an accident on Dec. 10, 2006, while this paper was in press.     

Some arthropod pests and a semi-parasitic plant attacking neem (Azadirachta indica) in Kenya

In 1996 and 1997, several pests and a semi-parasitic plant species were identified as pests of the neem tree in Kenya, East Africa. Some damage was caused by a gall mite (Phyllocoptes sp.) at Mbita Point in western Kenya in a nursery and on older plants. The potentially dangerous scale insectAonidiella orientalis was widespread in western Kenya but not harmful for the time being. In coastal areas the semi-parasiteCassytha filiformis was very common. This plant is able to kill mature trees growing under unfavourable conditions. As in West Africa, fruit bats likeEpomophorus wahlbergi were useful due to their feeding activity on the pulp of ripe neem fruit, making consequently depulping (by man) was unnecessary.     

Molecular cloning of two chitinase genes from Serratia marcescens and their expression in Pseudomonas species

Two chitinase encoding EcoRI fragments from the enteric soil bacterium Serratia marcescens were cloned. From a genomic library of 5686 transductants, 21 expressed chitinase activity as indicated by clearing of a chitin-containing medium. The chitinase encoding clones could be divided into two groups. Four had an 18kb EcoRI fragment and 17 had a 9·4 kb EcoRI fragment. In Southern hybridization experiments the 18kb fragment showed no homology to the 9·4 kb fragment and restriction enzyme maps indicated no similarity. Triparental mating with fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. yielded transconjugants that expressed chitinase activity, inhibited growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. redolens germ tubes and reduced disease of radish caused by the same fungus.     

Phenology, damage and parasitoids of the apple leaf cutter Coenorhinus pauxillus (Germ.) (Col.: Attelabidae)

An outbreak on apple permitted a closer look at Coenorhinus pauxillus (Germar) (Col.: Attelabidae). The adult weevils emerge from mid-March onwards and attack the first unfolding leaves. Infested leaves drop when the larvae are in the 1^st or 2^nd instar, and it takes a further 4 weeks before the larvae are ready to pupate. Rearing of field-collected eggs and larvae is described. Leaf decomposition is an essential condition for pupation, as the fully-grown larvae do not leave their mine actively. Part of the population pupates more or less immediately and produces adult weevils in autumn. However, up to 70% of the weevils remain in prolonged diapause; their pupation does not take place before the summer of the following year. Damage by the weevil involves not only the loss of leaves of flower clusters and shoots, but also feeding damage to young fruits. Two parasitoids were found. Observations indicate that 3–4 subsequently more abundant generations of Anaphes brachygaster Debauche (Hym.: Mymaridae) develop in eggs of C. pauxillus. Probles brevicornisHorstmann (Hym.: Ichneumonidae, Tersilochinae) emerges in May and oviposits in young weevil larvae on the tree. The parasitoid does not develop into a pupa until its host starts pupating. The outbreak of apple leaf cutter did not decline over three years, but did not spread into adjacent plantings.     

柑桔病毒类有害生物及其检疫重要性

本文针对柑桔上发生的数十种病毒类有害生物，列举了具有明确分类地位的６种病毒、５种类病毒、１种类菌原体及１种类细菌，初步分析了其所引起的柑桔病害的危险性及其检疫重要性     

Winter mortality in sub-corticolous populations of Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) and its parasitoids in the south-eastern Alps

A study concerning the winter mortality of a sub-corticolous population of Ips typographus and its parasitoids has been carried out in the south-eastern Alps (Italy) during the winter 1997/98. Three attacked spruce trees were sampled three times (November, February and April) by collecting infested bark disks (1dm² each). All insects that emerged from the bark or died in the samples before emergence were counted. The mean number of living Ips typographus occurring under the bark decreases by 49% from November to April. Winter mortality mainly affects larval stages and young adults. The same trend was observed for the parasitoids Coeloides bostrychorum (48.5%) and Roptrocerus xylophagorum (47.5%).     

Review: Date palm arthropod pests and their management in Israel

This review summarizes the current knowledge on the distribution, natural history, economic importance and management of 16 major species of date palm pests in Israel. Another 15, rarely occurring, pest species are also identified. Research on the date palm pests in Israel was initiated against a background of severe outbreaks of scale insects in the late 1950s. These outbreaks were caused mainly by unrestrained use of organophosphates. This situation led to the gradual development of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program, which was implemented first against scale insects and later against fruit pests. The IMP approach resulted in successful control of the scale insects, up to the present, whereas agrotechnical and crop management procedures, including covering the fruit bunches with plastic nets and early harvesting of several date cultivars, were successfully applied to achieve efficient control of the fruit moths. In addition, the use of chemical compounds in date plantations was drastically reduced and restricted to heavy foci of pest infestation. In time, microbial control, mainly application ofBacillus thuringiensis products against the lesser date moth, and the use of pheromone traps for monitoring and controlling red palm weevil, enabled further reductions in the use of synthetic insecticides. The overall change in pest management also significantly improved the preservation of natural enemies of the pests in the plantations. Whereas in the 1950s the major problems were caused by the parlatoria date scale and the green scale, in the early 2000s the key pests in date plantations in Israel are the lesser date moth and sap beetles in most of the date-growing areas, and spider mites which are restricted to the Arava Valley. Future management of the first two of these pests should rely on an improved monitoring system and integration of pheromone application for reduction of the population and damage. Efforst should be made to prevent the red palm weevil, which currently is a potential pest, from becoming an actual key pest in date plantations.     

Quarantine pests of potato in Ukraine and requirements for their control1

Three principal quarantine pests (Phthorimaea operculella, Globodera rostochiensis and Synchytrium endobioticum) attack potato in restricted areas within Ukraine. Their biology is briefly presented. A complex of phytosanitary and plant protection measures is in place to prevent movement, multiplication and further spread of these quarantine pests.     

Studies on insects and mites causing galls on the leaves of elm Ulmus laevis Pall. in the Mogilski Forest in southern Poland

Species composition of galls on the leaves of Ulmus laevis Pall. was analysed in 2001–02 in the Mogilski Forest – near an urban agglomeration of Kraków. A total of 5830 galls were found. The galls were caused by 5 insect or mite species. Aceria ulmicola brevipunctata (Nalepa) was the most abundant species in both years.The index of occurrence frequency and Agrell's index of species co-occurrence have been calculated. The index of occurrence frequency (F) reached the highest value in the case of A. ulmicola brevipunctata, namely 1.740, in 2001, and the lowest value, i.e. 0.00005 for Schizoneura ulmi (Linné), in 2001. Agrell's index of species co-occurrence reached the highest values, i.e. 0.500, in the case of A. ulmicola brevipunctata and Physemocecis ulmi (Kieffer), in 2002, and the lowest one, namely 0.050 for A. ulmicola brevipunctata and Schizoneura ulmi, in 2001.