印度的农机购置补贴政策研究

印度是发展中农业大国,其农业补贴政策具有重要的参考价值.本文对其购机补贴政策的实施背景、主要内容和实施效果进行了梳理和分析,归纳总结印度购机补贴政策.印度将农机购置补贴政策纳入农业宏观管理计划,补贴对象侧重于小农和边际农;政策设计灵活制定了补贴率和补贴上限,尽可能地扩大补贴范围;由于财政能力限制,目前实施补贴的范围仍然十分有限.其政策设计有三个方面值得借鉴,一是重视补贴效率;二是明确补贴重点;三是补贴政策与金融支持相配合.     

北方设施园艺卷帘机械技术研究

根据北方设施园艺的特点,详细介绍现有保温被的种类及选用原则,总结卷帘机的种类、性能及特点,探讨卷帘机的安全技术要求及使用注意事项,为促进温室大棚的健康发展提供理论参考.     

The basis of tractor power selection on arable farms

Primary tillage largely dictates the power requirement on an arable farm. The effectiveness of the power and machinery system is, however, arbitrarily determined by the management skill in matching work output to the time available at an acceptable level of fixed and variable costs. The farmer tends to compensate for inadequacies of the machinery system and for vagaries of the weather by adjusting the definition of soil workability and amending the time available to suit the advanced or belated state of progress in the field.The identification of the effect of different soil moisture content levels on the work rate of various tractor-plough combinations provides a more objective assessment of soil workability and represents a major advance on existing machinery planning procedures. It has been achieved by relating traction and plough draught to cone index as a soil strength parameter which is soil moisture dependent.Incorporating a soil moisture simulation model, this study shows the feasibility of a comprehensive computer program for the selection of tractor-plough combinations for a given climate and soil type within a machinery, labour and timeliness penalty cost framework.     

中国和印度两国农机产品产业内贸易的比较

运用GL指数和GHM法分别测算了中国和印度两国农机产品产业内贸易的水平和类型特征.测算结果的比较分析表明,两国农机产品产业内贸易既有相同点也有差异.相同点在于两国的产业内贸易都以低质量垂直型为主,这是由两国劳动密集的要素禀赋条件决定的.差异表现在印度农机产品产业内贸易的水平高于中国;发展过程也有差异,这是因为两国农机产业的发展方式和对外贸易政策不同.印度农机产业的发展经验表明,采用优化的产业发展策略和对外贸易政策可以有效地促进产业内贸易的提高和农机产业的发展.     

绥化市北林区农机化发展经验探讨

绥化市北林区农机事业在黑龙江省起步比较早,与全省其他市县一道,通过近两代农机人的共同努力,积累了丰富的工作经验。为此,对改革开放以来北林区农机工作进行较系统的总结,旨在为今后优化农机化发展决策提供参考.     

Using the mixtures-of-distributions technique for the classification of farms into representative farms

The selection of ‘representative’ farms in farm level modelling where results are aggregated to the sector level is critically important if the effects of aggregation bias are to be reduced. The process of selecting representative farms normally involves the use of cluster analysis where the decision regarding the appropriate number of clusters (or representative farm types) is largely subjective. However, when the technique of fitting mixtures of distributions is employed as a clustering technique there is an objective test of the appropriate number of clusters. This paper demonstrates the mixture of distributions model (MDM) approach to cluster analysis by classifying dairy farms in Northern Ireland.     

A method for exploring sustainable development options at farm scale: a case study for vegetable farms in South Uruguay

The methodology presented in this paper aims at analysing whether there is room for improvement of vegetable farmers’ income in Canelón Grande (Uruguay), while reducing soil erosion and improving physical and biological soil fertility, and to gain insight in the influence of farmers’ resource availability on the opportunities for sustainable development. The (generic) approach we developed to support re-design of farming systems in this region is unique in dealing with complex temporal interactions in crop rotations and spatial heterogeneity on farms in one integrated method, while revealing trade-off between economic and environmental objectives. Rather than an arbitrary sub-set, all feasible crop rotations were generated, using a tool named ROTAT. The crop rotations were combined with a range of production techniques according to pre-defined design criteria to create a wide variety of alternative production activities at the field scale. We used process-based simulation models supplemented with empirical data and expert knowledge to quantify inputs and outputs of production activities. We developed a mixed integer linear programming model (MILP), named Farm Images, to allocate production activities to a farm with land units differing in soil quality, while maximising or minimising socio-economic and environmental objectives, subject to constraints at the farm level. Production activities comprised current practices as well as activities new to the area. We used Farm Images to design farm systems for seven existing farms in Canelón Grande with different resource availability. The farm systems designed by the model had higher family income than current systems for six of the seven farms studied. The estimated average soil erosion per ha decreased by a factor of 2–4 in the farm systems proposed compared to the current systems, while the rate of change of soil organic matter increased from negative in the current systems to +130 to +280 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the proposed farm systems. The degree to which the objectives could be achieved was strongly affected by farm resource endowment, i.e., particularly by the fraction of the area irrigated, soil quality and labour availability per ha. The study suggests that decreasing the area of vegetable crops by introducing long crop rotations with pastures and green manure during the inter-crop periods and integrating beef cattle production into the farm systems would often be a better strategy than the actual farmers’ practice.     

2004山东暨华东、华北地区农机、汽车、工程机械产品春季展销订货会掠影

由山东省经贸委、山东省机械工业办公室、山东农机工业协会、寿光市人民政府主办的本届展销会,经过精心组织和周密策划,于2004年4月24日与著名的“寿光蔬菜博览会”同期开幕。多年来,山东农业机械工业协会把握行业走势,积极寻求市场切入点,为购销双方架设桥梁付出了艰苦努力,所承办的各届展会在业界的影响力不断提升。2004山东暨华东、华北地区农机、汽车、工程机械产品春季展销订货会掠影     

农业机械设计中的可拆卸性设计

绿色设计以节约能源和保护环境为设计理念,因此,农机企业开展产品的绿色设计是企业适应可持续发展社会的必然,而可拆卸性设计是产品绿色设计的主要内容之一。本文介绍了可拆卸性设计的内涵、特点和方法,阐述了农业机械产品可拆卸性设计的关键技术和实施途径,并指出今后要注重农业机械的可拆卸性设计。     

农业机械的绿色设计

本文提出了农业机械进行绿色设计的观点,阐述和分析了农业机械绿色设计的综合评价体系的评价准则和评价指标的构成与内容,讨论了农业机械绿色设计的内容。     

夏季农机安全使用措施

夏季是农机使用繁忙时节,在高温酷暑下作业易导致农机事故高发。针对高温条件下农机作业易发生的几个主要问题,提出安全使用及维护保养措施,以期为提高农机作业效率、实现安全生产、延长农机使用寿命提供参考。     

农机大户话农机补贴

农机补贴政策是一项“农民得实惠、企业得效益、政府得民心”的惠民工程。从2004至2009年的6年时间里,山东莱州农民享受到国家农机补贴资金2415．5万元。农民购置补贴机具4887台,受益农户2900户。农机补贴政策的实施,究竟给农村和农民带来哪些实惠和深刻变化？笔者访问了山东省莱州市几位农机大户,见证了他们对农机补贴政策的切身感受。     

张会的农机情结

张会,1978年毕业于营口农学院,1990年调任辽宁省盘山县农机技术推广站站长。他17年如一日,孜孜以求,致力于盘山的农机推广和应用,人们都亲切地称他为“我们的农机专家”。自担任站长以来,张会带领全站干部职工,先后推广了园田管理机、水稻插秧机、水稻联合收割机等多种     

松软地面机械仿生理论与技术

生物经过长期与自然环境进行物质、能量及信息交换,造就了适应生态环境的生物系统和生存本领许多科学技术难题在生物界已经获得圆满解决。现代侧试技术和测试仪器的出现使得对生物结构、生物功能和生命过程的认识得到了惊人的进展,这为其他学科的研究及发展注入了新的活力,提供了全新的科学原理和技术方法。在工程科学领域中融入生物科学原理和方法进行生物科学与工程科学渗透交融的工程仿生学研究获得了长足的发展,生物科学、机     

国外农机发展新动向

1.重视开发适应农业可持续发展 保护农业生态环境与实现农业资源高效利用的技术装备 　　农业可持续发展是国民经济可持续发展的基础。进入 20世纪 90年代后，发达国家高度重视开发农业可持续发展所需的技术装备，如生态农业，保护性耕作的少耕、免耕联合作业机械，有机肥、复合肥、缓释肥的生产与施撒机械，少污染高效低毒农药的生产与施用机械，农业生产过程中的废弃物 (如作物秸秆、根茬 )以及畜禽集约化饲养中畜禽粪便与废水处理设备，农产品加工过程中的废渣、废液等综合利用与无害化处理设备等。各国还高度重视农业资源（水、种、肥…     

农田作业机械路径优化方法

提出了一种面向农田作业机械的地块全区域覆盖路径优化方法。基于农田地块几何形状、作业机具参数、地头转弯模式等先验信息,将田间作业划分为不同区域,根据选择不同的路径优化目标:转弯数最少、作业消耗最小、总作业路径最短或有效作业路径比最大,计算出最优作业方向,生成最优作业路径。基于地块全区域覆盖路径优化算法,设计开发了农田作业机械的路径规划软件,并选取了4块典型的凸四边形农田地块进行作业路径规划测试。测试结果表明,最优作业方向上的路径优化目标量比其他作业方向上有显著减少;对于上述4个地块,按照不同优化目标计算所得的最优作业方向均与地块某个边的方向角相同,对于长宽比较大的地块,最长边方向通常为最优作业方向。     

浅析农机产品的绿色设计

由于农机产品产量大、使用面广,又与水、空气、地表及土壤有着密不可分的关系,所以在其设计过程中必须考虑资源问题及环境属性.绿色设计以节约能源和保护环境为设计理念,农机企业开展产品的绿色设计是企业适应可持续发展社会的必然要求.为此,论述了绿色设计的概念、内容和方法;分析了农机产品绿色设计的内涵;指出了绿色设计是农机产品可持续发展的根本保障,是一项社会化的系统工程.     

第二讲 现代地面灌溉机械设备(一)

1 地面灌溉技术概述 地面灌溉是世袭的古老灌溉技术.就世界范围看,无论在什么情况下,地面灌溉都占灌溉面积的绝对优势.全世界地面灌溉的面积约占世界灌溉总面积的90%;我国现有地面灌溉面积约0.467亿hm2(2000年),占全国总灌溉面积0.547亿hm2的85%以上,因此,对于地面灌溉技术的改进及其机械设备的研究始终未停止过.近10余年来,用现代高科技完善地面灌溉技术,改造沿袭的落后技术,在提高水的利用效率和劳动生产率上更是取得很大进展.