Traits Related to Chilling-Induced Photoinhibition in Leaves of indica and japonica Rice (Oryza sativa)

Physiological indices related to PS Ⅱ photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light intensities for four days. No obvious changes in Fv/Fm and MDA were observed in both indica and japonica rice at moderate temperature and medium PFD,implying neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in these cases. In indica rice either at medium temperature with higher PFD or at lower temperature with medium PFD Fv/Fm dropped obviously with no changes in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared while photooxidation did not occur. However, D1 protein, Fv/Fm, (A Z)/(A Z V), and SOD activities dropped, and O2 -. production and MDA content increased accordingly, as well as both photoinhibition and photooxidation appeared in two rice varieties at lower temperature and higher PFD. Experiment with inhibitors at lower temperature and higher PFD showed that as compared with japonica rice the decrements appeared in D1 protein contents, SOD activities, and (A Z)/(A Z V) ratios, the xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quench (qN) were inhibited in a more degree, as well as increments of MDA content were greater, thus exhibiting more distinct photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice. It is suggested that Fv/Fm and membrane lipid peroxidation product-MDA were the key indices to predict and diagnose photooxidation.     

Correlation and Regressive Model Between Spikelet Fertilized Rate and Temperature in Inter-Subspecific Hybrid Rice

To study the sensitivity of inter-subspecific hybrid rice to climatic conditions, the spikelet fertilized rate (SFR) of four types of rice including indica-japonica hybrid, intermediate hybrid, indica and japonica were analyzed during 2000-2004. The inter-subspecific hybrids showed lower SFR, and much higher fluctuation under various climatic conditions than indica and japonica rice, showing the inter-subspecific hybrids were sensitive to ecological conditions. Among 12 climatic factors, the key factor affecting rice SFR was temperature, with the most significant factor being the average temperature of the seven days around panicle flowering (T7). A regressive equation of SFR-temperature by T7, and a comprehensive synthetic model by four important temperature indices were put forward. The optimum temperature for inter-subspecific hybrids was estimated to be 26.1-26.6℃, and lower limit of safe temperature to be 22.5-23.3℃ for panicle flowering, showing higher by averagely 0.5℃ and 1.7℃, respectively, to be compared with indica and japonica rice. This suggested that inter-subspecific hybrids require proper climatic conditions. During panicle flowering, the suitable daily average temperature was 23.3-29.0℃, with the fittest one at 26.1-26.6℃. For an application example, optimum heading season for inter-subspecific hybrids in key rice growing areas in China was as same as common pure lines, while inferior limit for safe date of heading was about a ten-day period earlier than those of common pure lines.     

Effect of Temperature on Pollen Fertility in Inter-Subspecific Rice Hybrids

Seventeen rice varieties and hybrids of different types (indica, japonica, javanica, indica hybrid, japonica hybrid and inter-subspecific hybrid) were evaluated to determine the effect of temperature on pollen fertility in inter-subspecfic hybrids. The pollen fertility of inter-subspecific hybrids was greatly reduced when average daily temperature dropped to 22.0 - 23.0℃at meiosis stage, and the extent of pollen fertility reduction varied greatly with respect to different hybrids. However, the pollen fertility reduction of indica and japonica hybrids and conventional varieties was not obvious under the same regime of temperature conditions. When the average daily temperature dropped to 20℃, the pollen development of conventional varieties and hybrids was also affected. Correlation analysis revealed that there existed a positive correlation between pollen fertility and average daily temperature. A significant difference (P<0.01) was also found between the two correlation coefficients i.e. inter-subspecific hybrids and conventional varieties. Temperature at meiosis stage of pollen mother cell was a key factor in pollen developing, and the pollen fertility of inter-subspecific hybrids was more sensitive to low temperature than that of traditional variety.     

Effect of Temperature on Pollen Fertility in Inter-Subspecific Rice Hybrids

Seventeen rice varieties and hybrids of different types (indica, japonica, javanica, indica hybrid, japonica hybrid and inter-subspecific hybrid) were evaluated to determine the effect of temperature on pollen fertility in inter-subspecfic hybrids. The pollen fertility of inter-subspecific hybrids was greatly reduced when average daily temperature dropped to 22.0 - 23.0℃ at meiosis stage, and the extent of pollen fertility reduction varied greatly with respect to different hybrids. However, the pollen fertility reduction of indica and japonica hybrids and conventional varieties was not obvious under the same regime of temperature conditions. When the average daily temperature dropped to 20℃, the pollen development of conventional varieties and hybrids was also affected. Correlation analysis revealed that there existed a positive correlation between pollen fertility and average daily temperature. A significant difference (P＜0.01) was also found between the two correlation coefficients i.e. inter-subspecific hybrids and conventional varieties. Temperature at meiosis stage of pollen mother cell was a key factor in pollen developing, and the pollen fertility of inter-subspecific hybrids was more sensitive to low temperature than that of traditional variety.     

Differences of characteristics related to xanthophyll cycle and chlorophyll fluorescence between indica and japonica rice(Oryza sativa L.)

To explore the protective mechanisms of pho- tosynthetic apparatus of rice against photo- damage,xanthophyll cycle components,vio-laxanthin(V),antheraxarithin(A),zeaxan- thin(Z),Dl-protein content,PSⅡ photo-chemical efficiency(Fv/Fm),and non-photo- chemical quenching(qN)in leaves were mea- sured,and some photochemical and photo- physical characteristics in photosynthetic appa- ratus were further studied.Varieties usedwere indica 3037 and Palghar,and japonica02428 and 029,and their reciprocal cross F_1hybrids(a total of 10 experimental materials).Photoinhibitiory treatment was carried out in21％O_2 and CO_2-free gasses under a PFD of1000μmol photons/(m~2·s~(-1))for 3h. Results showed that the xanthophyll pool(A Z V)was relatively stable,while A and     

Identification of a QTL for cold tolerance at early seedling stage via RFLP markers in rice （O. Sativa L. ）

Recently,beneficial genes in japonica and indica varieties were widely used from each other to promote the yield and insect and disease resistance,etc.in rice.Most indica varieties are susceptible to low temperature,and cold injury will affect the rice yield at various growth stages.     

Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rice Mutants Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure

Three mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Mutant 1, Mutant 2 and Mutant 3, which were selected by high hydrostatic pressure (75 MPa), and their parent Yuexiangzhan were used to study the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence during different growth stages. In all the three mutants, the function of PSⅡ was improved, Fv/Fm ratio of mutants increased compared to their parent at tillering and heading stage, and ΦPSⅡ also improved except for Mutant 2 at heading stage. Similar to their parent, the mutants exhibited slight photoinhibition at noon and almost complete recovery to initial levels of 6:00 after 18:00 at heading stage. At milking stage, the photoinhibition in the mutants was obvious, and recovered rapidly compared to the parent. Yields of individual plant and grain/straw ratio were also higher in three mutants than the parent. Results indicated that characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of mutants and their photoinhibition in the field had changed. It is suggested that high hydrostatic pressure induction could be applied as a new effective approach in high yield rice breeding in the future.     

Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Rice Mutants Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure

Three mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L. ), Mutant 1, Mutant 2 and Mutant 3, which were selected by high hydrostatic pressure (75 MPa), and their parent Yuexiangzhan were used to study the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence during different growth stages. In all the three mutants, the function of PS Ⅱ was improved, Fv/ Fm ratio of mutants increased compared to their parent at tillering and heading stage, and ФPS Ⅱ also improved except for Mutant 2 at heading stage. Similar to their parent, the mutants exhibited slight photoinhibition at noon and almost complete recovery to initial levels of 6:00 after 18:00 at heading stage. At milking stage, the photoinhibition in the mutants was obvious, and recovered rapidly compared to the parent. Yields of individual plant and grain/straw ratio were also higher in three mutants than the parent. Results indicated that characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of mutants and their photoinhibition in the field had changed. It is suggested that high hydrostatic pressure induction could be applied as a new effective approach in high-yield rice breeding in the future.     

Factors Affecting Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Efficiency in Rice

Several important factors affecting the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated rice transformation were studied with several predominant commercial indica and japonica rice cultivars. As far as indica rice callus was concerned, CC medium was the best and the quality of callus was improved with the addition of 1.0 to 2.0 mg/L ABA. It decreased the percentage of browning calli and improved the callus growing state by addition of a certain amount of sorbitol to the subculture medium. NB medium was the best for callus initiation of japonica rice, but the improvement in the quality of callus of japonica subspecies was not obvious by adding ABA. During the period of subculture, to a certain degree, increasing the sucrose concentration could improve the proportion of hygromycin resistant calli. Furthermore, the transformation efficiency would be higher by applying selection pressure in the selection stage, removing selection pressure during the plantlet differentiation period and applying selection pressure again during seedling hardening period. Besides, suitable combination of plant hormones was beneficial for callus differentiation. An efficient /Agrobacterium-mediated rice transformation system had been established for several rice cultivars and a lot of transgenic rice plants had been obtained.     

Genetic Structure and Indica/Japonica Component Changes in Major Inbred Rice Varieties in China

We used 39 SSR markers to analyze the genetic structure of 304 major Chinese inbred rice varieties, and to compare changes in the indica or japonica components in these varieties that have been widely cultivated from the 1950s to the 1990s in China. The genetic structure analysis showed that these rice varieties were distinctly divided into two populations, indica and japonica. The sub-structure of indica varieties was more complex than that of japonica ones. Among the various lines, late-season indica and early season japonica varieties had simpler genetic backgrounds. The seasonal ecotypes were not quite consistent with the subtypes of genetic structure. Twelve SSR loci with specific differentiation between indica and japonica were used to calculate the indica/japonica components. The differences in indica/japonica components among the five decades were not significant, except for late-season indica varieties in the 1990s, which had a significantly higher japonica component. These results will help to understand the genetic structure of the major Chinese inbred rice varieties and will be useful for indica-japonica hybrid breeding in China.     

Traits Related to Chilling-Induced Photoinhibition in Leaves of

Physiological indices related to PSⅡ photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light intensities for four days. No obvious changes in F_v/F_m and MDA were observed in both indica and japonica rice at moderate temperature and medium PFD, implying neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in these cases. In indica rice either at medium temperature with higher PFD or at lower temperature with medium PFD F_v/F_m dropped obviously with no changes in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared while photooxidation did not occur. However, D₁ protein, F_v/F_m, (A+Z)/(A+Z+V), and SOD activities dropped, and O₂ production and MDA content increased accordingly, as well as both photoinhibition and photooxidation appeared in two rice varieties at lower temperature and higher PFD. Experiment with inhibitors at lower temperature and higher PFD showed that as compared with japonica rice the decrements appeared in D₁ protein contents, SOD activities, and (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratios, the xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quench (q_N) were inhibited in a more degree, as well as increments of MDA content were greater, thus exhibiting more distinct photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice. It is suggested that F_v/F_m and membrane lipid peroxidation product－MDA were the key indices to predict and diagnose photooxidation.     

Relationship between PSII-D1-protein, xanthophyll cycle and the differences in capacities related to photodamage-resistance of indica and japonica subspecies of rice (O. sativa L.)

To explore the mechanisms of the differences in capacities related to photodamage-resistance of indica and japonica subspecies, the xanthophyll cycle components, violaxanthin (V), antheraxanthin (A), zeaxanthin (Z), PSⅡ-D1-protein contents, and PSⅡ photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were measured in rice leaves pretreated by streptomycin(SM, a PSⅡ-D1-protein inhibitor) and dithiothreitol (DTT, an xanthophyll cycle inhibitor), respectively.     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本剑叶77K荧光的影响

 以大田栽培的三套杂交水稻组合汕优63、青优早和秀优57为材料， 研究了低温(5℃)与光照(210 μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD)对杂交水稻F₁及其亲本剑叶77K荧光的影响。结果表明：低温引起77K荧光参数F0、Fm、Fv下降，可变荧光Fv的变化能反映三套杂交水稻组合间的抗冷性的差异。F₁的抗冷性居父母本之间。同时发现，在低光照下低温处理引起Fo，Fm，Fv上升，但未改变Fv／Fm，Fv／Fo的比值。证明在低温下，低于水稻生长光强210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD的光照对PSⅡ的最初光能转化效率和光能传递速率影响不大， 即对光合作用的光化学过程未产生光抑制现象。由此可见，取样于田间强光照下的水稻剑叶，在5℃和210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD 处理下，210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD可能有利于水稻对低温的适应， 从而减轻叶片的光化学过程的伤害程度。     

不同水稻品种的光氧化差异及活性氧清除剂的效应

水稻群体上层叶片常处于光饱和点以上,易受光氧化伤害。而生育期间由于外界环境不断变化,常遭受诸如低温、高温、干旱、营养不足、连续阴雨后放晴、SO_2和NO_2污染等逆境协迫,加重光氧化伤害。近来的研究表明,水稻对光氧化的敏感性品种间存在显著差异。对一些敏感的品种使用活性氧清除剂,可不同程度地减轻光氧化伤害。本试验在对产量形成关键的生育后期,鉴定不同品种在不同环境下的光氧化表现。并对光氧化敏感的品种使用不同的活性氧清除剂,以探索防止和缓解光氧化伤害的育种和栽培途径。1 材料与方法选用亚优2号、汕优63等6个水稻品种进行盆栽,常规管理。在孕穗期取相同叶龄的功能叶按焦德茂等的方法进行光氧化鉴定。施氮水平设高氮和低     

低温强光下水稻类囊体膜脂不饱和度和叶黄素循环组分的变化

为了阐明籼稻、粳稻对低温强光敏感性的差异,着重研究了低温强光下水稻类囊体膜脂不饱和度与紫黄质脱环氧化酶（VDE）活性的变化。随着低温强光处理时间的延长,类囊体膜脂不饱和脂肪酸含量降低、饱和脂肪酸含量增加,因而膜脂不饱和指数(IUFA)下降。同时,叶黄素循环的关键酶——VDE活性降低,叶黄素循环组分中紫黄质（V）含量增加,而单环氧玉米黄质（A）和玉米黄质（Z）的含量减少,表现为(A+Z)/(A+Z+V)比值下降。Arrhenius分析证明,VDE对低温和膜脂不饱和度都敏感。相关分析表明,类囊体IUFA分别与VDE活性、(A+Z)/(A+Z+V)和D1蛋白量呈显著的正相关。与粳稻9516相比,籼稻汕优63类囊体膜的IUFA较低,低温下类囊体膜脂流动性和稳定性较差, VDE活性和(A+Z)/(A+Z+V)比值较低。     

低温和UV-B复合胁迫对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响

为揭示UV-B辐射与早春低温复合环境对小麦生理生化的影响,以小麦品种龙麦26为材料,分析了低温、UV-B及二者复合胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量。结果表明,与对照(正常生长条件)相比,低温下小麦丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著升高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著降低,原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)、脯氨酸含量未发生显著性变化;UV-B处理诱导MDA和脯氨酸含量及POD、PAL活性显著增加,但显著降低F_v/F_m和可溶性糖含量,CAT和SOD活性没有发生显著的变化;低温和UV-B复合处理后SOD和PAL活性显著增加,而F_v/F_m、CAT和POD活性及可溶性糖含量显著下降,MDA和脯氨酸含量却没有显著变化。以上结果说明,小麦幼苗不同代谢生理指标对低温、UV-B及二者复合胁迫响应程度和方式不同。     

水稻适应广幅光强的光合特性及品种间差异

在自然条件下,水稻总是生活在一个开放变动的环境系统中,而强光和弱光都会使其光合受到抑制。近年来的研究指出,水稻品种间对光强的适应性存在明显差异。有关耐光氧化、耐荫特性及其鉴定技术也有大量报道。另外,还初步研究了水稻品种适应广幅光强的光合特性。在上述基础上,本文比较了籼粳杂交稻和籼型杂交稻的耐光氧化和耐荫特性,探讨了杂种F_1和亲本的关系及适应广幅光强品种的筛选技术和鉴定指标,为杂交稻抗逆稳产育种提供生理依据。     

茉莉酸甲酯对武运粳24和宁粳3号灌浆早期高温胁迫生理特性的影响

以武运粳24和宁粳3号两个常规粳稻品种为材料,采用桶栽方式,研究高温条件下外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)在灌浆早期对水稻生理特性及产量的影响。结果显示,喷施外源MeJA可以提高植株体内可溶性糖的积累量,维持膜的渗透平衡;外源MeJA通过增加叶片的气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r),降低水稻的叶温及穗温;MeJA通过减轻高温对光合系统的损害,进而提高PSⅡ的最大光量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))、光合电子传递速率(ETR)及分配给光化学反应的光能(P_r)比例,并最终提高净光合速率(P_n)。高温条件下,武运粳24中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性降低,而宁粳3号中的SOD、POD酶活性在高温后期则高于常温处理,而喷施MeJA能提高两品种SOD和POD两种酶在高温处理后期的活性,并降低丙二醛(MDA)的后期积累量,维持膜稳定性。综上所述,在高温条件下,MeJA可以有效降低水稻植株温度,有效缓解高温胁迫对植株生理生化过程的伤害,并通过提高千粒重和结实率减轻高温导致的产量损失。     

低温与光照对茶树叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了揭示低温与光照对茶树叶片发生光抑制的影响,本文采用人工控制温度及光照的方法,以茶苗适宜生长温度(25℃)为对照,研究了茶苗在低温(0、5、10、15℃)、光照(3、4、6、10、15.5klx)条件下叶绿素荧光参数的变化,结果表明:在25℃和光照3～15.5klx条件下,茶苗叶片的叶绿素荧光参数值均保持稳定水平,无...     

水稻对光抑制和除草剂DCMU的耐性及其生理遗传特点（英文）

 以籼稻3037、Palghar和粳稻029、02428及其正反交F₁为材料，探讨水稻籼粳亚种对光抑制和DCMU的耐性及其在杂种F₁中的生理遗传特点。结果表明，亲本及正反交F₁的PSⅡ活性对光抑制和除草剂的耐性基本上是一致的。粳稻大于籼稻，籼粳杂种F₁分别与其母本相似。在育种上选用耐光抑制和DCMU（I₅₀较高）的品种作母本是水稻生理育种中选亲配组的重要着眼点之一。