改良式“V”形篱架对设施葡萄生长发育的影响

为提高葡萄设施栽培生产能力,根据大庆地区自然环境条件及生产实际情况提出改良式"V"形篱架栽培模式。调查了改良式"V"形篱架设施栽培模式和常规直立篱架栽培的葡萄生长发育的各项指标。结果表明:"V"形篱架栽培模式与直立篱架栽培模式比较,葡萄根系量和根系分布、葡萄枝蔓生长发育情况、葡萄叶面积、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量等均表现出生长优势。     

葡萄果粒生长及影响果粒含糖量因素的研究

葡萄的新梢有二次生长,果粒重量、体积、含糖量有二次增长的生物学特性。果粒第一次生长的营养物质主要由前期营养旺盛生长期中形成的叶片所提供;果粒第二次生长中,含糖量、重量及体积都同时增长。果粒的重量特别是含糖量受气候因子的影响,产量与含糖量呈负相关。栽培措施对提高含糖量的效果不超过2％。     

葡萄春季管理技术

目前我国葡萄主要有保护地设施栽培和露地栽培两种模式,其中设施栽培又有促成早熟栽培和延后栽培两种.春季是葡萄管理的关键时期,促成栽培正处于萌芽开花期,由于葡萄为蔓性果树,植株管理较独特,按葡萄特性进行抹芽、除副梢、抹梢定梢、引缚、摘心,采取相应措施提高坐果率,创造适宜的环境条件,合理补充肥水,以提高促成栽培效益;延迟栽培...     

九个葡萄品种在石河子垦区的生长特性

调查9个不同的葡萄品种在石河子垦区栽培的生长特性.结果表明:所选品种分早熟、中熟和晚熟3类,表现为开花期和果实成熟期有差异.植株叶面积、茎节长度和新梢生长动态为单S型曲线,即5月30日之前为缓慢生长, 6月5日开始进入快速生长.通过LSD多重比较,克伦森的新梢生长量和节间较长,为高植株大叶品种;京早晶、高墨次之;无核紫的新梢生长量极显著小于其他品种,节间较短,为低植株中等叶品种;黑大粒为小叶品种.其余为中低植株品种.     

补光处理对设施栽培巨峰葡萄冬季果生长的影响

为研究补充光源对设施反季节栽培巨峰葡萄冬季果生长发育的影响,以6年生的巨峰葡萄为试材,在花前期至果实膨大期分别进行每天夜间4、6和8h的光照处理。结果表明,补光处理能明显促进新梢的营养生长,对新梢的增粗生长促进作用明显,补光处理能有效增加果实的有核果率、单粒质量和果穗质量,对于设施栽培葡萄的产量和品质有着积极作用。     

设施葡萄缺素症的发生与防治

<正>1缺锌症1.1症状缺锌主要影响设施葡萄坐果和果粒的正常生长,致使果穗散乱不整齐,果粒少且大小不一。较小的果粒,种子数量少甚至没有。有些不发育的果粒始终保持坚硬、色绿、不成熟。叶上常在新梢旺盛生     

欧李的开花生物学

正对不同株型和株高的枝条生长、不同枝位的枝条生长、枝条的萌芽率和成枝力、新梢的生长动态、叶片的生长规律、叶幕形成的规律及果实生长动态的研究表明,欧李基生枝生长势显著于一级枝,45cm以下株高有利于保持植株的旺盛生长,枝位越低新梢生长量越大,枝位高枝条密度较大,枝条具有较高的萌芽率和成枝力。新梢生长呈连续状态,8月上中旬基本停止生长。单叶面积增长呈一次高峰,并持续15d左右。总叶面积增长呈"单S"型曲线。果实生长呈"双S"型曲线,果实生育期一般在80～100d。欧李枝条上部在冬春有抽条现象。     

电照可促进早期加温葡萄果粒肥大

电照可促进早期加温葡萄果粒肥大葡萄进行早期加温栽培，可促使其提早成熟，从而取得效益，但不足点是果粒变小，产量减少，树体易衰弱。原因是在葡萄休眠还不充分时就开始加温，从而新梢、果实的生长都是在初春短日照条件下进行的，其生长受到抑制。为此，该研究针对早期...     

不同栽培条件对油桃生理特性的影响

通过温室、露地田间试验,观察并测定了油桃在盛花后新枝萌发累积长度、不同生育期新枝萌发的速度、枝条生长发育的特性等生理指标。结果表明:不同条件下油桃生理特性有很大差异,设施栽培油桃新梢年累积长度和每个生长季节的新梢长度都要高于在露地条件下的新梢长度;设施栽培的油桃新梢在整个生育期有1个明显的生育高峰,而露地栽培的油桃在整个生育期有2～3个生育高峰;油桃的顶端优势比其它果树要表现得更为明显,光照是影响花芽、叶芽分化最主要的环境因子。     

设施红地球葡萄穗轴褐枯病综合防治技术

正甘肃省高台县自2007年开始在地处祁连山冷凉山区的新坝镇暖泉村、小泉村、东大村进行了设施红地球葡萄延后栽培,已栽培面积147 hm~2。近年来,葡萄穗轴褐枯病已成为我县设施红地球葡萄延后栽培中的主要病害,发生率达25%左右,减产15%~30%。1症状穗轴褐枯病主要发生在葡萄幼穗的穗轴上,果粒发病较少,穗轴老化后一般不易发病。发病初期,幼果穗的分枝穗轴上产生褐色的水渍状小斑点,并迅速     

Interactions between root-zone temperature and light levels on growth,development and photosynthesis of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cultivar ‘Vendor’

Six-week-old tomato plants were subjected to 5 root-zone temperatures, ranging from 12 to 36°C, and 4 light levels in a factorial design. Large increases in shoot dry weight, leaf area and fruit development resulted from soil warming to 24°C when plants were grown under high light conditions. Shoot growth and fruit weight were reduced at 24°C root temperature under low light conditions. Total plant photosynthesis, leaf area index, net assimilation rates and leaf chlorophyll content were related to plant growth and flower development for the various treatments. Our experiments have shown an interaction between root-zone temperature and light levels for greenhouse tomatoes. Soil warming caused large increases in shoot dry weight and fruit development when light was not limiting plant growth, but had deleterious effects on flowering and fruit set under shaded conditions.     

Seasonal Changes of Shoot Carbohydrates and Growth Characteristics of ‘Trakya İlkeren’ Grape Variety (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

This research was conducted to determine the changes in the seasonal carbohydrates of annual shoots and growth characteristics of 10 years old ‘Trakya ?lkeren’ grape variety. Grapevines are grafted on 5BB and 5C rootstocks and they were grown in heavy clay soil conditions. In the study, changes of sugar, starch and total carbohydrates were determined from bud burst to dormancy. While sugar, starch and total carbohydrates showed significant differences (P < 0.01) there were no differences between rootstocks. Although sugar, starch and total carbohydrates of shoots decreased from bud burst to blooming, they increased thereafter until vegetative growth stopped. Total carbohydrates of annual shoots have been found to accumulate in period from blooming to harvest. Total and mean leaf area, shoot length and diameter, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio showed significantly variation among rootstocks and phenological stages (P < 0.01). Whereas the highest chlorophyll contents were found in the blooming, it was found at the lowest through to harvest. Overall mean and total leaf area, shoot length and shoot diameter, total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio were significantly higher on 5BB grafted vines. In the study, 5BB rootstocks are found suitable in terms of shoot carbohydrate accumulation and growth characteristics for ‘Trakya ?lkeren’ grape variety.     

设施栽培对油桃营养生长及果实生长发育的影响

设施内油桃的树体生物量(未含果实)较露地增加66.2%。单株全年新梢总长度增加1.0倍,总叶面积增加87.1%,比叶重(SLW)减小,根冠比下降。设施栽培加剧了新梢生长和果实生长对光合产物的竞争。果实生长对设施栽培的反应主要表现在Ⅰ期、Ⅲ期延长,Ⅱ期缩短,果实整个发育期延长10～15d,各期平均长度(天数)与夜间温度呈显著负相关(r=-0.9150)。设施栽培使果实普遍增大,主要原因是果实生长Ⅰ期设施内夜温较低,促进果肉细胞分裂。     

遮阴对日光温室柑橘生长及生理特性的影响

以4年生枳砧砂糖橘为试材,研究不同遮阴处理对温室柑橘树冠微环境、柑橘生长及叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明:未遮阴的日光温室条件下,中午光合有效辐射强、温度高、相对湿度低,柑橘叶片净光合速率日变化呈"双峰型",有明显的光合"午休"。遮阴可显著降低光合有效辐射,降低柑橘树冠温度,增加树冠相对湿度,柑橘叶片净光合速率日变化表现为"单峰型"。遮阴处理对新萌发夏梢生长表现出抑制作用,随着透光率的降低,柑橘枝长、枝粗、枝条数降低。遮阴处理使柑橘叶片单叶面积增大,叶片变薄。遮阴使叶绿素b含量增加,随着透光率的降低,叶绿素a/b值变小。一层遮阴柑橘幼果坐果率比对照提高了16.44%,二层遮阴处理坐果率为0。     

磁化水灌溉对冬枣生长及品质的影响

以‘沾化冬枣1号’和‘沾化冬枣2号’为试材,利用磁化处理的淡水和地下浅表层微咸水灌溉,通过对枣吊、叶片及果实的生长和养分含量测定分析,探究磁化水灌溉对枣生长及品质的影响。结果表明：（1）磁化水灌溉处理能显著提高叶片叶绿素含量和鲜质量,果实有机酸、维生素C、花青素含量,并且大幅度提高果实的耐贮性。（2）沾化冬枣1号经磁化（进口磁化器A400p）淡水灌溉处理,相比淡水对照枣吊长度与直径提高了11.375%和15.810%,单叶面积提高了12.418%,单果质量、含水量、果实横径和纵径分别提高了23.779%、2.377%、3.650%和5.071%;沾化冬枣2号经磁化（进口磁化器A400p）淡水灌溉处理,枣吊长度与直径提高了23.602%和13.710%,单叶面积与叶片厚度提高了23.622%和13.825%,单果质量和还原糖含量提高了12.526%和12.110%。（3）利用磁化（自主研发磁化器DS-948-1）地下浅表层微咸水灌溉处理沾化冬枣2号,与微咸水对照相比,果实含水量和还原糖含量分别提高了4.386%和9.158%。（4）灌溉水经磁化处理后,冬枣叶片矿质元素N、P、Cu含量提高（P < 0.05）。磁化水灌溉处理有效促进了沾化冬枣的枝叶和果实生长发育,提高了果实的品质和耐贮性。     

不同土壤条件对酿酒葡萄生理及果实品质的影响

【目的】为了探索不同土壤条件对酿酒葡萄生理及果实品质的影响,【方法】以‘蛇龙珠’酿酒葡萄为试材,研究了宁夏贺兰山东麓地区,黄河淤土、含石的沙壤土和风沙土3种土壤对葡萄糖分卸载的影响,测定了不同土壤栽培条件下葡萄果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性总糖、色素、单宁及葡萄叶片的光合速率。【结果】结果表明,在葡萄开始着色至葡萄完全成熟期间,在含石的沙壤土栽培条件下葡萄可溶性总糖含量(22.4%)比黄河淤土栽培条件下和风沙土栽培条件下分别高7%、9%;葡萄色素(5.14 mg.g-1)和叶片光合速率也最高,黄河淤土栽培条件下葡萄的含酸量(8.28 g.L-1)和单粒质量(2.32 g)较高,然而,风沙土条件下,单宁(籽单宁1.15 mg.g-1,皮单宁0.30 mg.g-1)的含量最高。【结论】土壤条件对酿酒葡萄果实品质影响较为显著,含石的沙壤土条件下葡萄品质最佳。     

不同施肥深度对酿酒葡萄叶片养分和产量及品质的影响

以贺兰山东麓典型区御马酿酒葡萄基地6年生赤霞珠为供试材料,研究了酿酒葡萄叶片、产量及品质对3种施肥深度(20、40、60cm)下N、P、K配方施肥方式的响应。结果表明,酿酒葡萄叶片中氮含量远高于叶柄,叶片中氮素含量随着生育期的延长逐渐降低,而叶柄中氮含量随施肥深度增加和生育期延长而产生的变化很小,40cm的施肥深度能显著增加叶片中氮素含量;叶柄磷素平均含量高于叶片,全生育期叶片磷含量变化很小,而施肥60cm深度显著促进了叶片和叶柄中磷含量的提高;叶柄中钾含量远高于叶片,施肥深度对叶柄和叶片中钾含量未产生明显影响,但生育后期追施钾肥显著提高叶片钾含量;施肥深度达到40cm时酿酒葡萄的产量最高,而60cm的施肥深度产量显著下降。化肥适度深施到40cm有改善酿酒葡萄糖分的积累且增加糖酸比的趋势;而60cm的施肥深度总糖和糖酸比显著下降。由此说明,适度深施化肥到40cm左右的深度有利于提高肥料的利用率,从而促进葡萄的营养生长,提高产量且改善品质。     

日光温室温光条件对番茄营养生长与果实膨大的影响

通过对早春日光温室番茄营养生长期和果实膨大期的光照和温度条件以及番茄生长状况的动态观测,研究了日光温室温光条件对番茄生长和果实膨大的影响。结果表明：在日光温室栽培的番茄营养生长期（3 月中旬）,日均气温、夜间平均温度和浅层地温能有效反映番茄叶面积、茎粗和株高增长的动态变化,光辐射量和昼夜平均温差对叶面积、茎粗和株高的增长影响不大。在番茄果实膨大期（4 月中旬）,日均气温、见光时段小时积温和光辐射量与果实膨大均呈极显著正相关;茎粗、叶面积与果实膨大呈极显著正相关,印证了果实膨大期源-库关系的建立。     

The influence of growing season on fruit yield and quality of greenhouse melon (Cucumis melo L.) grown in nutrient film technique in a Mediterranean climate

Summary

The influence of growing season on some physiological and biochemical variates related to fruit yield and quality was investigated in melon (Cucumis melo L.) plants cultivated in nutrient film technique in a greenhouse located at Pisa, Central Italy, from mid-March to mid-June, or from mid-July to mid-September. Compared with spring, the plants grown in summer exhibited faster growth and development, but produced fewer fruits of larger size and poorer quality due to reduced sucrose content. Growing season did not affect total leaf area, but dry-matter production and partitioning to the fruits was significantly lower in summer than in spring. Summer fruit ripened within 30–35 d after anthesis, about 14 d fewer than in spring. Higher average temperature was presumably responsible for earlier fruit maturation in summer, as in both seasons all melons were harvested after 450–500 degree-days (base temperature of 12°C) from anthesis. Fruit swelling did not account for the reduction of sucrose content in summer-grown fruits, which instead was due to shortage of photoassimilate supply and inadequate sucrose synthesis, as suggested by the rate of leaf gas exchange and the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase in the fruit flesh, as determined during the final stages of fruit development. Lower solar radiation was presumably responsible for the reduced leaf carbon assimilation in summer, as growing season did not affect leaf turgor, stomatal conductance, mineral status and chlorophyll content.     

Terroir aspects of grape quality in a cool climate wine region: Relationship between water deficit,vegetative growth and berry sugar concentration

Gas-exchange, water relations, vegetative growth and berry sugar concentration of the Kékfrankos grapevine were studied at two growing sites in Eger Wine district, Hungary (Eger-K?lyuktet? – non-stressed, flat vineyard and Eger-Nagyeged hill – water stressed, steep slope vineyard). At the hilly site predawn water potentials and stomatal conductance indicated mild to moderate water stress. As a result, stomatal regulation caused restricted carbon assimilation per unit leaf area. Interestingly, comparing the two sites, lower assimilation rate was accompanied by higher fruit sugar concentration. Water deficit also reduced the yield and the relative proportion of larger berries within bunches. However, in each berry weight category (I: <1 g, II: 1.01–1.25 g, III: 1.26–1.5 g, IV: 1.51–1.75 g, V: 1.76–2 g, VI: >2.01 g) there was a higher sugar concentration at the water stressed vineyard irrespective of berry size. Therefore, berry size was not the only factor that could influence berry sugar concentration. Water deficit also resulted in decreased leaf area per shoot and thus, modification in canopy architecture. Although, there was a higher leaf area for 1 kg fruit at the flat vineyard compared to the hilly site, differences in “sink-source” relations and light interception of the canopy between the sites resulted in different yield sugar concentration.