苹果果实大小早期预测

苹果果实生长期通过测量幼果纵径、横径可以预测成熟时的单果重。秦冠品种盛花后45天幼果纵径 横径(x,cm)与成熟时单果重((?),g)间呈幂函数(?)=3.58x~(2.51)相关关系,相关系数r=0.9653;此后一直到成熟时均可通过测量纵横径用相应的幂函数成功预测成熟时的单果重。     

矮化中间砧对红富士苹果果实内淀粉含量及其相关酶活性的影响

以‘红富士＇苹果为试材,研究了不同矮化中间砧对果实内淀粉含量及其相关酶活性的影响.结果表明：不同矮化中间砧红富士苹果果实发育期间淀粉含量变化均呈典型的单峰曲线,但不同矮化中间砧淀粉峰值出现时期及采收时果实内淀粉含量不同,以M26、SH5、SH38为中间砧的果实淀粉含量在盛花后117d达到高峰,而以B9为中间砧的在盛花后57d达到高峰;至采收时以M26、SH5、SH38和B9为中间砧的果实内淀粉含量分别为0.09%、0.39%、0.17%和0.10%;对果实内淀粉酶以及α-淀粉酶活性分析,中间砧影响了其活性大小及高峰出现的时期,因而影响了果实内淀粉含量变化.     

富士苹果果皮花青素发育的相关因素分析

富士苹果果皮色泽取决于花青素含量。果皮的花青素含量与果实纵、横径呈极显著的指数函数曲线(y=ae~(bx))相关;与果肉的还原糖、可溶性糖、果肉的花青素含量、光照强度均呈极显著的线性相关,与果皮的叶绿素含量呈显著的负相关。富士苹果是强光着色品种。江苏境内的富士苹果应在改善树冠通风透光的基础上,于10月底至11月初采收,才能充分着色。充分着色的果实,含糖量高,品质优,外观美,商品性高。     

秋富─苹果幼树新梢、果实生长动态研究

我们于１９９２、１９９３年连续两年在昌黎县对秋富一红富士苹果幼树的新梢、果实的生长动态进行了调查研究。结果表明：秋富一苹果果实纵、横径生长动态均呈＂Ｓ＂形曲线，纵横径之比在６月６日～１２日之间为１±０．０３；新梢的生长动态呈多＂Ｓ＂形曲线；春、秋梢生长高峰分别在５月下旬和６月下旬，两高峰错后１－２周为果实横径生长高峰。新梢生长动态与果实横径生长动态呈直线相关，符合直线方程ｙ＝１１．１２６ｘ＋４．９０４ｒ＝０．９９９６     

脐橙在常温下的保鲜效果

由于塑料薄膜的隔离作用,使霉烂的果实的病菌不易扩散,可减少损耗,提高经济价值。为了探讨脐橙单果包装的贮藏效果,进行了本试验。1　材料和方法11　试验材料　品种:纽荷尔、朋娜。试验品种采自华中农业大学园艺站,均以枳壳作砧木,九年生树,园内进行的是半粗放型的管理方式。在果实处于发育第一期时(子房膨大到豌豆大小)喷03%的磷酸二氢钾(ＫＨ2ＰＯ4)+50×10-6赤霉素(ＧＡ3)保花保果。12　采收和采后处理　1998年12月1日,果实完全转色时采收。采收时轻拿轻放,并及时用250×10-6多菌灵和200×10-6的2,4-Ｄ混合浸果,果蒂浸湿为准。分不同品种…     

柑橘不同器官内源游离多胺的年周期变化

对32年生特洛伊(Troyer)枳橙砧(Citrussinensis×Poncirustrifoliata)华盛顿脐橙犤Citrussinensis(L.)Osbeck犦及8年生枳砧犤Poncirustrifoliata(L.)Raf.犦宫川温州蜜柑(CitrusunshiuMarc.)进行了内源游离多胺年变化规律的研究。结果表明:柑橘不同器官在生长发育的重要时期均伴随着多胺含量的变化,春梢叶片内源多胺含量随叶龄增加而上升,在越冬期急剧增加达全年最高峰,尤以精胺含量增加显著;花期以腐胺含量变化最大,盛花期达高峰,谢花后迅速下降;果实多胺总量变化与横径增长呈平行关系。前期腐胺上升较快,后期主要以亚精胺和精胺增加为主。果皮内源多胺含量大于果肉部分,占果实含量2/3左右。     

应用CPPU增大辽伏苹果果实的效应研究

在盛花后２周和３周，以不同浓度的ＣＰＰＵ［Ｎ－（２－ｃｈｌｏｒｏ－４－ｐｙｒｉｄｙ）－Ｎ＇－ｐｈｅｎｙｌｕｒｅａ，通用名称Ｆｏｒｃｈｌｏｒｏｆｅｎｕｒｏｎ］对辽伏苹果果实进行表面喷雾处理，结果表明：２０、４０ｍｇ·１￣（－１）ＣＰＰＵ能促进果实纵径和横径增长，并明显提高单果重、果形指数和可食率。对果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的影响则因处理时期和使用浓度而异。盛花后２周使用降低可溶性固形物含量，４０ｍｇ·１￣（－１）ＣＰＰＵ处理增大果点和提高果实畸形率。而盛花后３周果面喷布２０ｍｇ·１—（－１）ＣＰＰＵ可以增大辽伏苹果果实２０％左右，对果实品质和花芽分化无不良影响。     

徐香猕猴桃果实性状的相关性分析

经对徐香猕猴桃果实单果重与果实其他多项性状指标的相关性分析表明,随着猕猴桃果实的增大,果实纵径、横径、果形指数,后熟果实的失重重量、下沉种子数、总种子数等指标均呈增加趋势,具有良好的乘幂函数关系,拟合方程分别为y=7.978x0.4884、y=15.412x0.242、y=0.5176x0.2464、y=75.792x-0.5933、y=0.0344x2.3764和y=0.0456x2.3364,决定系数R2分别为0.9337、0.9342、0.6572、0.3778、0.8078、0.8115;后熟果的失重率随单果重的增大呈减小趋势,具有较好的乘幂回归方程y=75.792x-0.5933,决定系数为0.5637;后熟果的可溶性固形物含量随果实的增大无明显增减趋势,经线性、对数、乘幂、指数函数的拟合,也均无显著相关性。由此建议在徐香猕猴桃生产过程中,采取疏花疏果、加强肥水管理等措施,以生产大的果实,利于贮藏和销售。     

几种植物生长调节剂对葡萄果实大小和品质的效应

对ＣＰＰＵ、ＧＡ＿３、ＰＤＪ和Ｓ－ＡＢＡ等几种植物生长调节剂组合对葡萄果实大小和品质的影响进行了研究。结果表明：在盛花期前１０天ＧＡ＿３５０×１０￣（－６）配合盛花后１０天ＣＰＰＵ１０×１０（－６）和ＧＡ＿３１０×１０￣（－６）混合处理，增大白香蕉葡萄果穗和果粒重量的效果明显，同时增加了果实可溶性固形物含量和着色度。在盛花后１５天ＣＰＰＵ５×１０￣（－６）配合果实着色始期ＰＤＪ２５０×１０（－６）的处理，可明显增大藤稔葡萄果穗、单粒重及可溶性固形物含量，并促进果面着色。     

苹果新品种“阿普索”

<正> 阿普索(Applethorpe Earlidel)是用元帅×早旭杂交育成的。树体外观似元帅,树势强,开始结果较早,果实比元帅早熟4～6周,高抗苹果白粉病和苹果黑星病。果实中等大(果实横径65～75mm),扁圆锥形到近圆形,果面樱桃红色占90％～100％,果肉硬度大,汁多,甜而微酸,风味     

外源多胺对富士苹果花和幼果内源多胺与激素的影响

 红富士苹果花和幼果内均含有腐胺(Put) 、亚精胺(Spd) 和精胺(Spm) , 其中以Spd 含量最高。盛花期喷施1 ×10^-5mol·L^-1的Spd , 可提高花和幼果内GA₃ 、ZR 的含量, 但IAA、ABA 含量下降; 喷施多胺合成抑制剂MGBG降低了喷后10 d 幼果内GA₃ 含量, 却提高了花和幼果内IAA 含量; 对内源多胺的测定结果表明, 盛花期喷施Spd 提高了喷后20 d 幼果内源Put 、Spd 及Spm含量, 降低了花内的含量; 喷施MGBG提高花和幼果内Put 含量, 降低Spd及Spm含量。田间试验结果表明, 盛花期喷施1 ×10^-5mol ·L^-1的Spd , 坐果率为对照的144. 1 % , 而喷施1 ×10^-5mol ·L^-1的MGBG, 坐果率为对照的86. 2 %。     

苦瓜果色遗传的初步研究

用苦瓜两个绿色自交系G9680 3 1、S961598和两个白色自交系ZH96112 3、G9612 11作亲本 ,对其两个杂交组合 (ZH96112 3×G9680 3 1和S961598×G9612 11)的各世代进行果色遗传统计分析的结果表明 :苦瓜果实绿色与白色受一对核基因控制 ,绿色对白色为显性。     

The relationship between fruit size and cell division and enlargement in cultivated and wild persimmons

Summary

To determine the anatomical basis for differences in fruit size in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), the number and sizes of parenchymal cells were measured in four astringent cultivars and in wild D. lotus over a single season in Japan. Fruit weight at harvest correlated with the final number of parenchymal cells (r = 0.95*) and their size (r = 0.92*). There was also a correlation between fruit diameter and the number of cell layers at full bloom (r = 0.93*), which increased 1.7 – 1.9-fold during fruit development.The duration of cell division and the sizes of the cells at full bloom were similar among the cultivars, whereas mean parenchymal cell lengths increased by 7.7-, 6.7-, 5.4-, 5.0- and 3.8-fold from full bloom to harvest in ‘Otanenashi’ (average fruit diameter = 96 mm), ‘Hiratanenashi’ (77 mm), ‘Saijo’ (54 mm), ‘Tsurunoko’ (44 mm), and D. lotus (20 mm), respectively. The final size of tannin cells was larger in ‘Otanenashi’ and ‘Hiratanenashi’ than in the other cultivars, including the wild species.These results indicate that the size of fruit at harvest was determined by the number of cells at full bloom, and their expansion during fruit development.     

Cropping effects on the loss of apple fruit firmness during storage: The relationship between texture retention and fruit dry matter concentration

Firmness is a primary measure of apple fruit texture, the key determinant of eating quality of apples. Despite the well developed understanding of the process of firmness loss in storage, there is very limited information concerning pre-harvest and at-harvest causes of the variation in fruit quality in the marketplace. The objective of the present study was to investigate the respective roles that the factors of time and intensity of crop thinning, fruit size and fruit dry matter concentration (DMC) each may have in determining fruit firmness of ‘Royal Gala’ apple at harvest and during storage. Loss of firmness during storage of all thinning treatments and of fruit size and DMC categories was described by a bilinear equation. Time of thinning did not influence any aspect of fruit softening during air storage at 0.5 °C. Comparing the crop loads, a lower crop load (100 fruit per tree) resulted in firmer fruit at harvest. The loss of firmness during storage associated with crop load occurred because fruit from the lowest crop load softened more rapidly during the second slow phase of softening. Fruit firmness was positively correlated with fruit size where larger fruit were slightly firmer than smaller fruit at harvest but not after storage. The softening profiles of different sized fruit were similar except for a class of extremely small fruit, which appeared to soften more rapidly during the second slow softening phase of storage. Both at-harvest and post-harvest fruit firmness were influenced by fruit DMC. Fruit firmness at harvest increased significantly as fruit DMC increased from 13% to above 16%. Despite having significantly different initial firmness, all fruit classes with DMC higher than 13% softened at a similar rate during both the initial rapid and second slow softening phases and the transition between the two phases occurred after the same time in storage. In contrast, fruit with very low DMC, less than 13%, had a greater rate of softening in the second phase. These results indicate that variation in fruit firmness at harvest and after storage is influenced by processes that affect and alter fruit DMC during fruit development. In this respect crop load control, which is used to improve fruit size, was also an important factor in altering fruit DMC, thereby affecting firmness at harvest and after storage. Furthermore, the effects of DMC on fruit firmness were independent of fruit size.     

几种因素对富士苹果钙组分的影响

研究了富士苹果(Malusdomesticacv.Fuji)几种栽培管理技术与果实钙组分的关系,结果发现,小型果的总钙浓度、HCl-Ca和NaCl-Ca显著高于中型和大型果;位于树冠下部的果实钙浓度最高;长果枝上的果实钙浓度高于短果枝。套袋使果实总钙浓度、HCl-Ca、HOAC-Ca和NaCl-Ca3种钙组分降低。不同土壤类型栽培的富士苹果总钙浓度与水溶性钙含量呈正相关(r=0.9878),其中,棕壤土果实的HOAC-Ca、HCl-Ca极显著低于其他土类。每株施10kg有机肥+0.5kgCa(NO3)2的果树采收时果实的NaCl-Ca和HCl-Ca含量分别比对照增加了65.9%、99.3%,而HOAC-Ca和Res-Ca含量分别增加了84.6%、123.4%。贮藏前果实钙组分从高到低依次是H2O-Ca>NaCl-Ca>Res-Ca>HOAC-Ca>HCl-Ca;经过3个月贮藏后钙组分发生了明显变化,NaCl-Ca、Res-Ca大幅度提高,其他组分降低。     

枇杷种质资源果径性状研究

对213份枇杷种质果实的纵径、横径、侧径、纵径／横径、纵径／侧径及横径／侧径等6个果径性状进行了鉴定评价,结果表明：枇杷果实的纵径、横径和侧径分布均符合正态分布,横径和侧径的频数分布相似,在4．00cm以上的频数分布均显著低于果实纵径;来源于云南和贵州的枇杷种质果实纵径、横径和侧径与其他地区差异极显著,不同来源地种质的横径／侧径差异不显著;果实纵径／侧径、横径／侧径不能完全反映果实形状。     

早熟辣椒新品种黔椒3号的选育

黔椒3号是以y38为母本,y15为父本配制的早熟菜椒一代杂种.果长11～15 cm,横径2.5～4.0 cm,肉厚0.28～0.35 cm,平均单果质量25～35 g,果面微皱,味辣,抗逆性强.鲜椒蛋白质含量3.47%,干物质含量29.00%,VC含量303 mg/100 g.早熟,从定植至始收55 d,平均产量45 000～52 500 kg/km2.     

Pre-harvest growth and development,measured as accumulated degree days,determine the post-harvest green life of banana fruit

Summary

We aimed to define a more robust indicator for banana harvest date that ensures an optimal fruit green life (GL). Our hypothesis was that development rather than growth would account for GL more accurately. To this end, five indicators were compared: one related to fruit size (i.e., growth, expressed as the diameter of fruit); two related to fruit age [i.e., development, expressed as the age of fruit measured in the number of days or in degree days (°Cd) from inflorescence emergence]; and two related to metabolism during maturation (i.e., the concentrations of malate and citrate in the pulp). Different treatments (e.g., fruit removal, leaf shading, bunch bagging, defoliation, water deficit, and flooding) were applied to modify the fruit growth rate. On different dates between the emergence of the inflorescence and harvest, fruit GL and the five indicators were measured. The results showed that there was a decreasing exponential relationship between GL and accumulated °Cd from inflorescence emergence (r² = 0.77). This was more reliable than the relationships between GL and fruit diameter (r² = 0.39), or between GL and fruit age, expressed in days (r² = 0.39). Relationships were also established between GL and malate or citrate concentrations, but they were not sufficiently reliable to estimate GL. The results illustrate that GL is related to fruit development, and that °Cd is a more reliable criterion for harvest date than the number of days, or fruit diameter, because it is less sensitive to different fruit growth rates. Banana growers in the French West Indies usually use fruit diameter and age in days to determine harvest date. However, they face problems of fruit ripening during transportation. The use of °Cd as an indicator may help to determine the optimum harvest date more accurately.     

The inhibition of flower bud differentiation in ‘Crimson Gold’ nectarine with GA3 as an alternative to hand thinning

The reduction of flower bud density by gibberellin sprays, to adjust the cropping level, is a novel approach to fruit thinning of peach and nectarine. A linear reduction in the number of flowers developed per unit of shoot length was found following the spray application of increasing concentrations of GA₃, in the nectarine cultivar ‘Crimson Gold’. These reductions in flower number led to reductions in yield at harvest, and increases in mean fruit weight. Flowering was slightly delayed by the GA₃ treatments, but no differences in ripening were detected at harvest, this depending rather on fruit size. The yield obtained by the application of 200 mg l⁻¹ GA₃ corresponded to that obtained with a very good thinning level, as established by hand thinning. No secondary effects on vegetative growth followed either the application of GA₃ or the reductions in crop load by means of hand thinning. Decreasing crop-loads have resulted in an increase in fruit size and an advance of fruit ripening, measured by greater levels of soluble solids and lower flesh firmness. A good commercial quality fruit size was obtained for crop-loads of 300 fruits per tree or less.     

苹果杂交后代经济性状的遗传变异分析

以富士、新红星等苹果品种为亲本组配11个杂交组合,获得482棵杂交单株.对杂交后代的开花株率、花量、果形、果实色泽、风味和果实综合品质等遗传变异进行了分析探讨.