碳酸氢钠对大鳞鲃耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在水温(22±0.5)℃和密闭式流水条件下,测定体质量(104.68±2.20)g大鳞鲃Barbus capito在不同碳酸氢钠(NaHC03)浓度(10 mmol/L、20 mmol/L、30 mmol/L、40 mmol/L和50mmol/L)下的耗氧率、排氨率和血浆尿素氮浓度。结果表明:碱度10~30mmol/L组大鳞鲃的耗氧率显著高于对照组(P0.05),但组间无显著差异(P0.05);碱度40 mmol/L、50mmol/L组的耗氧率极显著高于其他实验组(P0.01),说明高碱度影响大鳞鲃的生理活动,提高新陈代谢水平抵御高碱度胁迫。随着碱度的上升大鳞鲃的排氨率逐渐降低,碱度30~50mmol/L组的排氨率依次显著低于对照组(P0.05)。大鳞鲃血浆尿素氮浓度随碱度的升高而逐渐显著上升(P0.05)。本试验表明,大鳞鲃为了应对碱度胁迫时的氨中毒,首先调节代谢降低氨的产生量,其次在体内将氨代谢合成尿素排出体外。     

大鳞鲃的人工繁殖、胚胎发育和耐盐碱测定

2008-2010年进行大鳞鲃的人工繁殖和胚胎发育观察,并测定了胚胎、仔鱼的耐盐碱能力。结果表明,大鳞鲃是产漂流性卵的鱼类,繁殖性周期为1年产卵1次类型。水温19～23℃时,催产药物的效应时间在21～26 h,1.4～2.3 kg的雌性亲鱼产卵量在8×105～1.4×106粒,人工繁殖的催产率、受精率和孵化率平均为63.9%、81.5%、86.6%。大鳞鲃的卵为灰白色,直径约1.5 mm,遇水后卵膜会迅速吸水膨胀,1 h后达到最大为4.5 mm。水温20～23℃时,从卵授精到仔鱼孵出需要的积温为49.82℃.d,到仔鱼平游摄食需要积温125.14℃.d,刚出膜的仔鱼全长(6.07±0.18)mm,当达到(8.30±0.47)mm开始平游摄食。在耐盐碱实验中,测得大鳞鲃的胚胎72 h在盐度3.2以下、碱度14.32 mmol/L以下的水体中对成活率无影响;仔鱼96 h在盐度5.1以下、碱度14.32 mmol/L以下的水体对成活率无影响。     

盐碱对大鳞鳃血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力的影响

通过室内毒理实验,研究了盐度、碱度以及盐碱交互作用对大鳞9E(Barbus capito)血清渗透压、血清离子(Na~+,K~+,CI~-、尿素氮)浓度和鳃丝Na~+/K~+ -ATP酶活力的影响.单因子实验中,随着含盐水平(8 g/L,10g/L、12g/L,14 g/L)的增大,大鳞鳃血清渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,K~+,Cl~-)浓度均显著升高(P<0.05),鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活力先升高后降低,受体内外渗透压差的影响最显著(P<0.05).碱度的增大(19.05 mmol/L,30.20 mmol/L,47.86mmol/L,75.86 mmol/L)能引起血清K~+和尿素氮浓度显著升高(P<0.05),但对血清渗透压和鳃丝ATP酶活力无显著影响.在双因子实验中,盐碱交互升高会引起渗透压和血清离子(Na~+,CI~-、尿素氮)显著升高(P<0.05).方差分析结果表明,盐度、碱度及交互作用均对渗透压有显著影响,影响作用最大的是盐度,其次是碱度,交互作用最小.鳃丝Na~+/K~+-ATP酶活性先升高后降低,最高值出现在盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20 mmol/L的正交试验组.从实验结果可得出,大鳞鳃在盐度12g/L以下的水体中能生存,在盐碱共存的环境下,能耐受的上限为盐度10 g/L、碱度30.20mmol.本研究旨在掌握大鳞鳃的生存盐碱度范围,以期为该物种的增养殖生产提供基础依据.     

盐度对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长性能、肌肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响

为探讨盐度对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)幼鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化能力的影响，分别在淡水、3、6、9、12的盐度梯度下养殖体长为(6.24±0.39) cm、体质量为(5.42±0.58) g的大口黑鲈幼鱼49 d,统计其存活、生长及摄食情况，测定各盐度下大口黑鲈幼鱼肌肉组织的营养成分和大口黑鲈幼鱼肝脏、肾脏、鳃组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力。结果显示：(1)各盐度组大口黑鲈幼鱼成活率均为100%;体长、体质量、增长率、特定生长率和摄食率随盐度的升高均表现出逐渐降低的趋势，饵料系数则表现出逐渐升高的趋势。(2)盐度对大口黑鲈幼鱼水分、粗蛋白和灰分的影响不显著；粗脂肪含量差异明显，且盐度越高粗脂肪含量越低。随着盐度的升高，肌肉中各必需氨基酸质量分数、总量、鲜味氨基酸含量及必需氨基酸指数均呈现先增高后降低的趋势。(3)肝脏中SOD活性随盐度的增加先降低后升高，肾脏中SOD活性随盐度的增加先升高后降低；盐度12组幼鱼肝脏中的CAT显著高于其他盐度组，肾脏和鳃组织中CAT活性很低。大口黑鲈在盐度12以下的水环境中可以存活生长，在盐度6以...     

碱度驯化对大鳞鲃幼鱼血液生理生化及肝脏抗氧化系统的影响

为了从血液生理生化、肝脏抗氧化应激等方面研究大鳞鲃(Luciobarbus capito)对碱度驯化的生理适应性变化,选择体重为(13.66±1.26) g的大鳞鲃幼鱼开展NaHCO3碱度适应性驯化实验,空白组一直处于淡水中养殖,驯化组经20 mmol/L的碱度适应性驯养7 d后再放入40 mmol/L的碱度水体中,未驯化组直接放入40 mmol/L的碱度水体中,测定并比较了鱼体放入40 mmol/L碱度水体中第0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、96 h、7 d幼鱼血液生理生化指标和肝组织抗氧化系统相关指标变化。结果显示,驯化组和未驯化组鱼体的血液渗透压、白细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、血红蛋白、红细胞、血小板、尿素、白蛋白含量和血小板压积等生理生化指标以及肝组织抗氧化系统中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)在0 h~7 d的碱度胁迫过程中,均表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势(P<0.05),且驯化组峰值大小均显著性低于未驯化组(P<0.05),空白组在此期间均未表现出显著性变化(P>0.05)。驯化组鱼的血常规指标参数和肝脏组织的SOD、CAT出现峰值的时间均晚于未驯化组。驯化组鱼体在高碱度胁迫第7天时,其血液中的尿素浓度、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、血红蛋白、红细胞、血小板、白蛋白含量、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)以及肝组织中的SOD、CAT、GSH-Px、MDA参数均显著性低于未驯化组(P<0.05)。研究表明,大鳞鲃幼鱼经过一定程度的碱度驯化后,在遭受更高碱度的水环境胁迫时,从生理层面反映出机体具有更强的适应性。     

大鳞鲃幼鱼对脂肪的适宜需要量研究

为了解大鳞鲃(Barbus capito)幼鱼脂肪的需求量。试验分为5组,分别饲喂脂肪水平为3.92%(L1)、6.25%(L2)、8.36%(L 3)、10.75%(L4)、和12.91%(L5)的等氮等能饲料,养殖56 d后采样。结果显示:当饲料中脂肪水平从3.92%到8.36%逐渐增多时,鱼体增重率(WG)和特定生长(SGR)显著升高,饵料系数(FCR)明显降低;当饲料中脂肪含量继续增加时,鱼体WG和SGR呈下降趋势,FCR数则相反,且当饲料中脂肪水平为12.91%时,鱼体WG和FCR与饲料脂肪水平为8.36%时差异显著。大鳞鲃形体指标受饲料脂肪水平显著影响,其中,脏体比(VSI)随着饲料脂肪含量的升高而上升,而肝体比(HSI)却呈降低趋势,且当饲料中脂肪水平分别为10.75%和12.91%时,大鳞鲃幼鱼HSI显著低于对照组。饲料脂肪水平对全鱼、胴体和内脏的水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分显著影响较小,但仍能看出当饲料脂肪水平为6.25%时,全鱼的粗蛋白显著低于其他四组;全鱼、胴体和内脏的粗脂肪含量随饲料中脂肪水平的增加而上升,而肝脏中粗脂肪含量的变化趋势则相反,呈下降趋势。此外,以饲料中脂肪含量为自变量,分别以WG和FCR为因变量进行二次回归方程分析可得,大鳞鲃幼鱼WG最大时对脂肪的最适需求量为7.99%,而大鳞鲃幼鱼FCR最小时对脂肪的最适需求量为8.76%。综上可知,大鳞鲃幼鱼对饲料中脂肪的适宜需求量为7.99%~8.76%。     

盐度胁迫对大鳞鲃抗氧化酶和血清皮质醇的影响

为阐明盐度胁迫对大鳞鲃(Luciobarbus capito)肝、肾和鳃组织抗氧化系统及血清皮质醇的影响,本研究设置4个NaCl盐度组(3、6、9和12 g/L)和1个淡水对照组,检测分析了不同盐度胁迫下曝露3、6、12、24、48、96 h和7 d大鳞鲃肝、肾和鳃组织中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,以及血清中皮质醇浓度的变化。结果显示,在相同盐度胁迫下,大鳞鲃的肝、肾和鳃组织中ACP、AKP、GSH-Px抗氧化酶的活力、MDA含量以及血清皮质醇含量随胁迫时间的延长均呈先上升后下降、随后趋于稳定的变化趋势,在胁迫开始24 h内各指标达到峰值,并在48 h开始逐渐趋于平稳;胁迫初期,相同曝露时间,大鳞鲃的肝、肾和鳃组织中3种抗氧化酶活力、MDA含量及血清皮质醇含量均与盐度呈显著正相关性。大鳞鲃在盐度胁迫过程中,ACP、AKP活力和MDA含量在肾组织的范围分别为1.42~2.15 U/g prot、1.01~1.87金氏单位/g prot和13.05~57.27 nmol/mg prot;肝组织中分别为1.27~1.96 U/g prot、0.31~0.86金氏单位/g prot和17.02~55.98 nmol/mg prot;鳃组织则为0.98~1.96 U/g prot、0.13~0.84金氏单位/g prot和8.33~53.93 nmol/mg prot,肾组织中ACP、AKP活力和MDA含量均高于肝、鳃组织;而GSH-Px的活力在肝、肾和鳃组织的范围分别为44.41~114.77、16.52~67.59和9.07~48.00活力单位,肝组织中GSH-Px活力显著高于肾和鳃组织。此外,血清皮质醇在盐度胁迫过程中的含量变化范围为197.00~355.50 ng/L。综上所述,在12 g/L的高盐胁迫下大鳞鲃通过自身调节,各项指标仍可恢复正常,表明其对盐度环境有较强的适应能力。     

盐度胁迫对大鳞鲤抗氧化酶和血清皮质醇的影响

为阐明盐度胁迫对大鳞鲃(Luciobarbus capito)肝、肾和鳃组织抗氧化系统及血清皮质醇的影响,本研究设置4个NaC1盐度组(3、6、9和12 g/L)和1个淡水对照组,检测分析了不同盐度胁迫下曝露3、6、12、24、48、96 h和7d大鳞鲃肝、肾和鳃组织中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷胱甘...     

太阳鱼人工繁殖及养殖技术研究

蓝绿鳞鳃太阳鱼（Ｌｅｐｏｍｉｓｍａｃｒｏｃｈｉｒｕｓ）为鲈形目、太阳鱼科的淡水鱼类 ,又名蓝鳃太阳鱼 ,原产于北美洲淡水水域。蓝绿鳞鳃太阳鱼属温水性小体型鱼类。生长适温范围大 ,可在１～３８℃水温状态下生活。在水温８℃以下或３８℃以上时才停止摄食 ,水温２℃仍能在自然环境下安全越冬。蓝绿鳞鳃太阳鱼是一种攻击性摄食鱼类 ,以动物性饵料为主要食物 ,幼鱼以枝角类、桡足类、摇蚊幼虫等水生生物为食物。小鱼摄食植物茎叶、鞘藻、小杂鱼、小虾、软体动物和轮虫等。人工养殖可大量投喂冰鲜鱼等动物饲料和人工配合饲料。我国于１９…     

水温、光周期和光照强度对塔里木裂腹鱼幼鱼存活、摄食和生长的影响及其盐碱耐受能力研究

文章采用实验生态学方法探究了水温、光周期和光照强度对塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizothorax biddulphi)幼鱼存活、摄食和生长的影响,使用Box-Benhnken实验设计法预测幼鱼最佳生长环境条件,并通过单因子静态毒性急性实验法对其盐碱耐受能力进行了研究。结果显示,水温5～25℃时幼鱼成活率均在85%以上;水温20℃时摄食率、体长增长率和特定生长率达到最高;光周期16 L∶8 D或光照强度500 lx时,各水平均达到最高;水温12.98℃、每天光照15.07 h、光照强度670.27 lx时,幼鱼达到理论最佳存活、摄食、生长条件;幼鱼24、48、72和96 h的氯化钠(NaCl)盐度半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为4.01、3.62、3.29和2.92 g·L~(-1),安全浓度(SC)为0.89 g·L~(-1);24、48、72和96 h碳酸氢钠(NaHCO_3)碱度LC_(50)分别为97.14、86.75、80.26和74.52 mmol·L~(-1),SC为20.75 mmol·L~(-1)。     

盐度、碱度对尼罗罗非鱼生长和肌肉品质的影响

在水温(24±1)℃下,将初始体质量(50.00±4.12)g的尼罗罗非鱼放入150 cm×60 cm×40 cm循环可控水族缸内,每箱15尾,每组设置3个平行。将尼罗罗非鱼在盐度(12 g/L)、碱度(23.8 mmol/L NaHCO3)、盐碱(12 g/L和23.8 mmol/L NaHCO3)以及淡水(对照组)水体中分别饲养56 d,比较和测量各组鱼体生长性能指标、肌肉常规营养成分、结合氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量,研究盐度、碱度对罗非鱼生长性能和肌肉品质的影响。试验结果显示,与淡水组相比,改变水体盐度、碱度对鱼体质量增加率、特定生长率和饲料系数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。盐碱组鱼肌肉灰分含量升高,粗蛋白含量下降;粗蛋白含量显著低于其他组(P<0.05);各组水分和粗脂肪含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组必需氨基酸量与氨基酸总量比值和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值分别为40%~41%和66%~69%,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);处理组中必需氨基酸指数为47.06~59.66,盐碱组>碱度组>盐度组,盐碱组显著高于盐度组和碱度组(P<0.05)。碱度组、盐碱组和盐度组鲜味氨基酸总量分别为淡水组的1.78倍、1.74倍和1.63倍,且碱度组和盐碱组显著高于盐度组(P<0.05);盐碱组甜味氨基酸和游离氨基酸总量显著高于盐度和碱度组(P<0.05)。水体盐度、碱度均可有效改善罗非鱼肌肉营养价值和呈味特征,而碱度对肌肉呈味的影响效果更加明显。     

Growth, food conversion, maintenance and long-term survival of gilthead sea bream, Sparus auratus L., juveniles after abrupt transfer to low salinity

Juveniles of gilthead sea bream, Sparus auratus L., with individual weight 1.92 g, were reared under salinities of 8, 18, 28 and 38%o. The transfer to lower salinities (8-28%o) was abrupt. The results showed that better daily growth rates and food conversion efficiencies (FCE) when growing at 28%o gave the best performance. Statistically, salinity values above 28%o do not significantly affect daily growth rates and daily voluntary food intake. Maintenance requirement decreases linearly with increasing salinity. In particular, a l%o decrease of salinity is associated with a 0.014 (% body weight day^-1) increase of daily maintenance requirement. Mortality rates are high at salinities of 8 and 38%o (65% and 20% respectively) and minimal (1-3%) for fish reared under intermediate salinities (18-28%o). Finally, scope for growth, expressed as the minimum difference between food amount eaten and food attributed to growth, is better when the fish are kept at a salinity of 28%o. This means that most of the food amount eaten is attributed to growth and food wastage is minimal. These results confirm that gilthead sea bream fry show best performance when reared at a salinity of 28%o.     

Interactive effects of salinity and complete fishmeal replacement on growth,food consumption,and gene expression of hepatic IGF‐I,IGF‐II and growth hormone receptors in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted using Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) to evaluate the interactive effects of fishmeal replacement and salinity on growth, feed utilization efficiencies and relative expression of growth related genes. Two iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐energetic diets were prepared (32% protein). The control diet included 15% fishmeal (FM diet) and fishmeal component in non‐fishmeal diet (NFM) was eliminated by a mixture of poultry by‐product meal, high protein distillers dried grains and distillers dried grains with soluble. The NFM diet was supplemented with DL‐methionine and L‐lysine. Duplicated group of fish with initial mean weight of 6 g, reared in four salinity levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 g/L) were fed one of the two diets twice a day to near satiety. At the end of the experiment, growth, feed utilization efficiency and expression of growth related genes were compared. The specific growth rate (SGR), mean feed intake (MFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected by the diets while salinity effects were significant. The fish in the 4 g/L salinity showed the highest SGR and MFI while fish in the 0 g/L treatment showed the lowest FCR. Relative expression of hepatic IGF‐I and IGF‐II was regulated by salinity but not by the diet. Expression of growth hormone receptor gene was not affected by either diet or salinity. The present findings provide evidence for the possibility of total fishmeal replacement in saline waters (0–12 g/L) without compromising growth, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia.     

Digestive protease activities and free amino acids in white muscle as indicators for feed conversion efficiency and growth rate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The aim of the present experiment was to screen several biochemical indices in fish and their interrelations in order to select variables for future studies of growth rate and feed conversion. Several parameters [trypsin activity, chymotrypsin activity, free amino acids (FAA) in plasma and white muscle, and RNA and RNA/protein ratio in the white muscle] were measured together with specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in four groups of diploid or triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared under different light regimes. SGR was measured on individually tagged fish, whereas feed intake and feed conversion was estimated on tank basis. A principal component analysis (PCA) explained 80.6% of the variance in the data, using all measured parameters, regardless of ploidy and light regime. Muscle free hydroxyproline showed the highest correlation, alone explaining 55% of SGR variability. The SGR also significantly correlated with trypsin activity (r=0.34), the activity ratio of trypsin to chymotrypsin (T/C) (r=0.39), plasma essential FAA (EAA) (r=0.39), plasma total FAA (TFAA) (r=0.37), the ratio of essential to non-essential FAA (EAA/NEAA) in the white muscle (r=–0.45), muscle RNA (r=–0.45) and RNA/protein ratio (r=–0.41). Tank FCE correlated positively (r=0.97) with SGR, T/C ratio and muscle free hydroxyproline, and negatively (r=–0.90) with muscle EAA/NEAA. The groups reared under continuous light (LL) regime showed significantly higher SGR than simulated natural photoperiod (SNP) groups, and with an apparently higher FCE. A higher growth rate was associated with either a higher consumption rate and/or a higher feed utilization. A negative correlation between muscle RNA concentration and SGR may indicate that increased growth rate under LL regime was not caused by an increased protein deposition rate.     

Fin damage and growth parameters relative to stocking density and feeding method in intensively cultured European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.)

We evaluated the relationship of stocking density to survival, growth performance and fin condition of European perch Perca fluviatilis with hand feeding and self-feeders. Hand-fed perch (body weight 19.1 ± 5.1 g and total length 107 ± 9 mm) were reared at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 fish/L. Self-feeding perch (body weight 25.4 ± 3.9 g and total length 128 ± 7 mm) were reared at stocking densities of 0.6, 1.0 and 1.4 fish/L. Pond-reared perch served as a comparison group for fin damage assessment. We found no differences in survival rate among stocking densities with either feeding method. Hand-fed fish displayed the highest weight gain and SGR at stocking density of 0.5 fish/L. The self-feeding fish showed a non-linear association of weight gain with stocking density with the highest growth at 1.0 fish/L. Fin length was noticeably greater in pond-reared fish compared with RAS-reared fish regardless of feeding method. In both experiments, fin length relative to standard length showed a negative relationship with stocking density, with pectoral fins showing the greatest effect. Fin condition deteriorated with increasing stocking density, and growth was highest at 0.5 and 1.0 fish/L in hand-fed and self-feeding fish, respectively.     

A novel konjac glucomannan–xanthan gum binder for aquaculture feeds: the effect of binder configuration on formulated feed stability,feed palatability and growth performance of the Japanese abalone,Haliotis discus hannai

As part of a programme to develop sustainable diets for macroalgivores, a 3‐month experiment was conducted to determine the effects of konjac glucomannan–xanthan gum (KX) binder configuration on formulated feed stability, feed palatability and growth performance of juvenile, hatchery‐reared, Haliotis discus hannai. This study was conducted in a recirculation facility in which four KX binder configurations were evaluated in a series of isonitrogenous experimental feeds and freshly harvested Laminaria digitata was included as a natural feed type. Dry matter leaching of the experimental feed treatments was assessed with no significant difference in the dry matter leaching between treatments observed. No differences (P > 0.05) were found in percentage survival, daily food consumption (DFC) and linear growth rate (LGR) between treatments. Food conversion efficiency (FCE), specific growth rate (SGR) and body weight/shell length (BW/SL) ratio were significantly higher when offered L. digitata. Trends showed that the best performing KX feed in terms of FCE, LGR, SGR and BW/SL ratio was produced with the 2% KX; 1 : 1 binder.     

Effects of salinity and temperature on the growth and survival of New Zealand shortfin,Anguilla australis,and longfin,A. dieffenbachii,glass eels

The ideal water conditions for maximizing the performance of the nursery culture of glass eels harvested from the wild for aquaculture need to be determined for the New Zealand shortfin (Anguilla australis) and longfin (Anguilla dieffenbachii) eels. This study determined the survival and growth of glass eels reared under different temperature and salinity conditions in the laboratory. The growth and survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels reared in salt water (35‰) maintained at 25 °C was examined over 84 days from capture. The mean specific growth rate (SGR) was higher in shortfin [2.30±0.29% body weight (b.w.) day^?1] than longfin glass eels (1.52±0.06% b.w. day^?1), and survival was also higher in shortfin (76.0±4.16%) than for longfin glass eels (28.7±6.36%). A second experiment identified the effect of salinity (0, 17.5‰ and 35‰) and temperature (17.5 and 26.5 °C) on the acclimation, growth performance and survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels over a period of 84 days from capture. There was no incidence of mortality for either shortfin or longfin glass eels reared across all salinity treatments (0‰, 17.5‰ and 35‰) at 26.5 °C, while survival of shortfin and longfin glass eels reared at 17.5 °C was the highest in 17.5‰, followed by 35‰ and 0‰ treatments. Both temperature and salinity affected the SGR of shortfin glass eels, with the highest SGR observed for shortfin glass eels reared in 0‰ water maintained at 26.5 °C. In longfin glass eels, salinity alone had an effect on the SGR, with the highest SGR observed in glass eels reared in 0‰ water regardless of the water temperature (17.5 and 26.5 °C). In addition, the adaptability of glass eels to salinity was evaluated from the development and the physiological responses of gill chloride cell (CC) morphology. The number and size of CCs increased significantly with increasing salinity in both shortfin and longfin eels.     

温度和盐度对中华原钩虾幼体孵化、存活及生长的影响

采用室内受控实验方法测定了不同温度(15,20,25和30℃)和盐度(盐度5,10,15,20,25,30和35)以及温度和盐度交互作用对中华原钩虾幼体孵化、存活及生长的影响。结果表明,中华原钩虾幼体孵化的数量受水温影响显著(P<0.05),20℃幼体孵化率最高,平均每只亲体孵化幼体30.67个。水温对幼体生长的影响差异十分显著(P<0.01),15~25℃范围内,幼体的日增长和特定生长率随水温升高而增加,水温25℃时达到最大值,平均日增长体长为0.23 mm/d、体质量平均日增长体质量为0.20 mg/d,特定生长率体长为6.40%/d、体质量特定生长率为15.79%/d;当水温高于25℃,钩虾的日增长和特定生长率降低。根据相关性方程式推算其最适孵化温度为21.50℃,最适生长温度为20~25℃。中华原钩虾幼体的存活率受温度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),20℃钩虾幼体存活率最高,为98%,30℃存活率最低,为87.67%。盐度对中华原钩虾孵化幼体数量、存活率及幼体生长的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。温度和盐度交互作用结果表明,中华原钩虾对盐度有较好的适应能力,温度对中华原钩虾种群发展的影响要大于盐度的影响。     

Comparative growth performances of diploid and triploid Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) under different salinities

This study aimed at evaluating the ploidy effects on growth performances of Chinese shrimp ( Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck, 1765) reared in different salinities under laboratory conditions. In the acute salinity experiment, there was no difference ( P >0.05) in tolerance observed in triploid and diploid shrimp due to abrupt salinity changes. The lethal salinity for 50% of the individuals in 96 h at 23–25 °C was about 2 g L⁻¹ in both triploids and diploids. While for the chronic salinity experiment, statistical analyses confirmed that the differences in growth performances including the specific growth rate (SGR), the feeding rate (FR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and intermoult period (IP) between triploid and diploid were related to salinity. Diploid shrimp reared in 20 g L⁻¹ exhibited highest SGR ( P <0.05), while triploids performed well in 20 and 30 g L⁻¹ salinities ( P <0.05). Based on the survival and growth data, the optimal salinity for the culture of diploid F. chinensis should be 20 g L⁻¹ and for triploids it should be between 20 and 30 g L⁻¹.     

碳酸盐碱度对脊尾白虾生存、生长、繁殖及免疫酶活性的影响

采用静态毒理学方法研究了不同碳酸盐碱度(3.5,5,6.5,8 mmol/L)胁迫对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)生存、生长、繁殖及免疫酶活性的影响。结果表明,碳酸盐碱度对脊尾白虾的96 h LC_(50)值为8.73 mmol/L(p H约为9.15);脊尾白虾的死亡率、特定生长率、抱卵率、孵化率、性腺发育及变态幼体成活率随碱度的上升而降低,3.5 mmol/L的低碳酸盐碱度对脊尾白虾生长繁殖影响不显著(P≥0.05),高于该碱度则会显著降低其生长及繁殖能力(P0.05);随着碳酸盐碱度胁迫时间的增加,各碱度胁迫组脊尾白虾鳃和肝胰腺中的免疫酶活性均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。研究结果表明,脊尾白虾具有较高的碳酸盐碱度耐受性,碳酸盐碱度为3.5 mmol/L时对生长和繁殖影响不显著,高于5 mmol/L时影响显著;高碳酸盐碱度胁迫下脊尾白虾可以通过调节免疫酶的活性更好地适应高碱环境。