非恒定流对浅沟侵蚀产沙及水动力参数的影响

浅沟侵蚀是黄土高原独特的侵蚀类型,在坡面侵蚀中占有重要的地位。关于浅沟侵蚀的研究,以往多采用恒定流量进行冲刷试验,而在实际中流量是变化的,有关非恒定流的浅沟侵蚀实验尚未见报道。采用野外放水冲刷试验,定量分析10～15、15～20、20～25 L/min 3个非恒定流的放水流量级和10、15、20 L/min 3个恒定流量的放水流量级对14°坡耕地坡面浅沟侵蚀产沙及其水动力参数的影响。结果表明:恒定流量级的流速、雷诺数、弗劳德数、剪切力、水流功率和径流含沙量分别较变流量后的非恒定流小6.64%～13.44%、2.73%～8.26%、6.15%～49.59%、0.27%～10.27%、4.27%～15.77%和2.02%～19.36%;恒定流的阻力系数则较与其相对应的非恒定流增大23.45%～43.41%。     

变流量对浅沟侵蚀产沙和水动力参数的影响

为了研究变流量对黄土丘陵区浅沟径流侵蚀产沙的影响,以延安燕儿沟流域26 °坡面浅沟为研究对象,在变流量5～10、10～15、15～20和20 ～ 25 L/min的条件下,采用野外放水试验测定产沙率、含沙量、流速和阻力参数等产沙和水动力参数的变化.结果 表明:变流量后较变流量前,浅沟径流平均产沙率、平均含沙量和平均流速...     

上方来水对浅沟侵蚀产沙的野外放水冲刷试验研究

浅沟通常发生在黄土高原地区陡坡农耕地上,是黄土高原丘陵沟壑区一种独特的微地貌现象,影响着坡面降雨产汇流过程和侵蚀产沙数量。以黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面浅沟为研究对象,通过野外典型浅沟径流小区放水冲刷试验,研究上方来水对浅沟侵蚀产沙及输沙规律的影响。结果表明:浅沟径流率随着上方来水流量的增大而不断增大;产沙率随着上方来水流量的增大而增大。含沙量大小顺序为上方来水流量15L/min,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>上方来水流量10L/min,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>无上方来水,下方水流量10L/min时含沙量>上方来水流量5L/min,下方水流量5L/min时含沙量>无上方来水,下方水流量5L/min时含沙量。有上方来水比无上方来水含沙量增大1.39～2.46倍。     

上方来水来沙对细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

利用双土槽系统径流小区 (供沙土槽和试验土槽 ),定量研究了不同上方来水含沙量和不同降雨强度下 15^°坡面上方来水来沙对坡下方细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明,坡上方来沙量不但被径流全部搬运,且坡上方来水在坡下方细沟侵蚀槽引起另外的侵蚀产沙量 S。坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主。上方来水对细沟侵蚀产沙的贡献受上方来水含沙量和降雨强度的影响。降雨强度的增加或上方来水含沙量的减少,使 S值的增加更为显著.     

上方来水来沙对细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响

利用双土槽系统径流小区 (供沙土槽和试验土槽 ) ,定量研究了不同上方来水含沙量和不同降雨强度下 15°坡面上方来水来沙对坡下方细沟侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明 ,坡上方来沙量不但被径流全部搬运 ,且坡上方来水在坡下方细沟侵蚀槽引起另外的侵蚀产沙量 S。坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主。上方来水对细沟侵蚀产沙的贡献受上方来水含沙量和降雨强度的影响。降雨强度的增加或上方来水含沙量的减少 ,使 S值的增加更为显著     

黄土丘陵沟壑区浅沟水流水动力学参数实验研究

浅沟侵蚀是黄土丘陵沟壑区重要的侵蚀类型,浅沟水流的水动力学参数研究是建立浅沟侵蚀物理模型或概念模型的基础。以黄土丘陵沟壑区延安市燕儿沟小流域的坡地为对象,通过野外放水冲刷实验,对浅沟水流的水动力学参数变化特征进行研究。结果表明：浅沟水流属于紊流范围,大多数情况下是急流;在坡度18°左右时,携沙水流的流速最小,阻力最大,此时水流的能量分配在侵蚀与携沙之间达到平衡;浅沟水流在坡度26°左右时流速达到最大,水流功率达到最大,最利于浅沟侵蚀的发生和发展。研究结果可为黄土区浅沟侵蚀物理模型的建立提供理论支撑。     

坡度对浅沟侵蚀产沙的野外放水冲刷试验影响

为了研究坡度对坡面浅沟侵蚀产沙的影响,以黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面浅沟为研究对象,选取野外实地坡面14.0°,18.5°,26.0°,29.0°坡度和5,10,15,20,25L/min放水流量进行典型野外坡面浅沟径流小区放水冲刷试验,研究坡度对浅沟径流率、产沙率、含沙量、总径流量、总产沙量的影响。结果表明:5,10,15,20,25L/min不同放水流量下,坡度与径流率、总径流量成正相关,既随着坡度增大径流率、总径流量增大;5,10,15,20,25L/min不同放水流量和14.0°,18.5°,26.0°,29.0°坡度下产沙率、含沙量和总产沙量随时间变化的规律一致,表现为试验时间内,均出现先增大—到达最大—波动减小—稳定趋势;产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量与坡度的关系表现为产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量随着坡度的增大先增大,达到最大值后减小,最大值出现在26.0°,26.0°的产沙率、含沙量和总产沙量分别为14.0°的1.06~2.87,1.31~2.21,1.08~2.77倍,产沙率、含沙量、总产沙量均存在临界坡度,临界坡度范围为18.5°~29.0°。     

黄土坡面汇流汇沙对浅沟侵蚀影响的试验研究

采用供沙土槽与试验土槽双土槽径流小区的人工模拟降雨试验，研究了不同含沙水流、不同降雨条件下坡面汇水汇沙对浅沟侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明，坡面浅沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀一搬运过程为主，当雨强为64mm／h和116mm／h时，坡面汇水使坡下方浅沟侵蚀产沙量分别增大26．2％～82．5％和23．5％～58．7％，坡面汇水引起坡下方的净侵蚀产沙量随坡面汇水含沙量的减小和降雨强度的增加而增大。     

细沟侵蚀过程与细沟水流水力学参数的关系研究

利用供沙土槽和试验土槽的双土槽径流小区 ,定量研究了在不同降雨强度下上方来水来沙对陡坡地细沟侵蚀产沙过程和细沟水流水力学参数的影响及其细沟水流水力学特征参数与细沟侵蚀产沙量的关系。结果表明 :坡面细沟侵蚀过程以侵蚀—搬运过程为主 ,坡上方来沙不仅被径流全部搬运 ,且上方来水在坡下方引起了另外的侵蚀产沙量 ,其值随上方来水含沙量的减少和降雨强度的增加而增大。上方来水的汇入或降雨强度的增大可使细沟水流流态由层流转化为紊流。上方来水对细沟水流水力学参数 (流速、水力半径、雷诺数、弗劳德数和阻力系数 )有重要影响。定量分析了细沟水流水力学特征参数 (流速、雷诺数和阻力系数 )与上坡来水引起坡下方净侵蚀产沙量的关系 ,建立了净侵蚀产沙量与细沟水流流速、雷诺数和阻力系数统计模型。     

黄土高原侵蚀产沙的地貌临界

从地貌学的角度,较为深入地研究了黄土高原侵蚀产沙的几个临界问题:坡地系统的产沙临界、河道系统的产沙临界、以及地貌发育阶段的临界问题等,对地貌临界在黄土高原侵蚀产沙中应用作了进一步的探讨。结果表明,在黄土高原地貌发育阶段的不同临界范围内,其产沙量是不同的,因此,研究地貌临界不仅蕴涵着比较深刻的哲学和科学理论意义,而且具有一定的实践意义。     

冲刷条件下黄土丘陵区浅沟侵蚀形态及产流产沙特征

浅沟是农耕区特有的一种侵蚀沟类型,浅沟侵蚀是耕地土壤流失的主要方式之一。该文采用野外放水冲刷试验,研究黄土丘陵区典型坡耕地浅沟在不同坡度及放水流量条件下的产流产沙及侵蚀形态特征。结果表明:1)产流时间变化范围7.00~68.02 s,与坡度×放水流量交互项呈极显著负指数幂函数关系。稳定径流率变化范围3.06~23.71 L/min,与放水流量呈极显著线性函数关系,并随坡度的增大呈增大趋势。稳定流速变化范围27.35~55.59 cm/s,与坡度×放水流量交互项呈极显著幂函数关系;2)产沙率呈波动减小-稳定和增大-波动减小-稳定2种变化趋势,平均产沙率随放水流量的增加呈极显著指数函数增大,随坡度增加先增大后减小,并在26°条件下存在临界值;3)侵蚀沟槽平均宽、深变化范围分别为4.45~17.09、1.88~10.15 cm,平均宽深比变化范围1.45~2.39。平均横断面面积变化范围为11.40~197.91 cm2,是描述浅沟侵蚀产沙量的最优形态因子,二者呈极显著线性函数关系。结果可为黄土丘陵区浅沟防治及浅沟侵蚀产沙模型的建立和修正提供参考。     

基于RS和GIS的黄土丘陵沟壑区浅沟侵蚀地形特征研究

为了解黄土高原浅沟侵蚀地形特征,基于Qucickbird高分辨率遥感影像和数字高程模型,提取了坡面浅沟及其地形参数,并对浅沟侵蚀的地形特征参数和分布规律进行了统计分析,结果表明：黄土丘陵沟壑区,坡面坡度、长度、坡向以及上坡长度是影响坡面浅沟数量的主要地形要素,而浅沟侵蚀地形特征主要由坡面坡度、坡面长度、上坡长度和汇流面积共同决定;坡面长度与浅沟平均长度呈显著线性关系,坡面坡度与浅沟频度、浅沟坡度与其上坡长度间则均满足二次曲线;发生浅沟侵蚀的上限与下限临界坡度分别介于26～27°和15～20°,临界坡长介于50～80 m;由浅沟坡度的正弦值与汇流面积确定出浅沟分布的临界曲线;阳向坡面的平均浅沟长度小于阴向坡面。基于RS和GIS技术能有效确定浅沟侵蚀地形特征,为黄土区坡面水土流失治理提供了技术支撑。     

黄土区坡耕地耕作对浅沟径流产沙及其形态发育特征的影响

为研究耕作对浅沟径流产沙及形态发育特征的影响,在野外调查的基础上,设计坡度(15°、20°、25°)、雨强(1.0、1.5、2.0 mm/min)及放水流量(7.53~23.45 L/min)3个处理,采用室内模拟降雨和放水冲刷的方法,测定了不同处理下浅沟径流量、产沙量。结果表明:1)2种浅沟水流均为紊流,耕作使浅沟水流雷诺数和弗劳德数分别减小0.95%~30.77%、2.64%~39.14%,阻力系数和糙率系数分别增加4.01%~58.82%、0.88%~27.87%;2)试验条件下,耕作使浅沟土壤剥蚀率增大9.48%~37.87%,未耕作与耕作浅沟土壤剥蚀率分别与坡度—流量交互作用、雨强—坡度交互作用呈极显著线性关系,土壤剥蚀率与径流剪切力、径流功率及单位径流功率均呈显著的线性关系,未耕作浅沟发生剥蚀的临界剪切力、临界功率及临界单位径流功率分别为17.576 N/m2、5.036 W/(m2·s)、0.0381 m/s,耕作浅沟为10.585 N/m2、3.544 W/(m2·s)、0.0277 m/s;3)耕作使浅沟宽度增加1.98%~31.79%,浅沟面积增大0.84%~32.03%,下切深度降低2.82%~26.67%;4)耕作使浅沟土壤侵蚀量增加0.91%~22.80%,未耕作和耕作浅沟土壤侵蚀量分别占坡面土壤侵蚀总量的44.09%~74.16%和42.44%~56.44%,与雨强—流量交互作用均呈极显著的线性函数关系。结果可为该区浅沟侵蚀预测模型的建立及农业生态环境安全与保护提供科学依据。     

Upslope inflow,hillslope gradient and rainfall intensity impacts on ephemeral gully erosion

Ephemeral gullies (EGs) are major contributors to sediment loss and land degradation on cultivated lands. However, the topography and rainfall impacts on EG development processes are still unclear, especially on steep loessial hillslopes such as the Loess Plateau. A series of laboratory rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of topographic characteristics (3 typical slope gradients (S ): 26.8%, 36.4%, and 46.6%; and 5 upslope drainage areas (A ): 16, 32, 64, 96, and 128 m²) and rainfall intensities (3 representative erosive rainfall intensities 50, 75, and 100 mm hr⁻¹) on EG erosion on a steep loessial hillslope. A large slope adjustable soil pan (8 m‐long, 2 m‐wide, and 0.6 m‐deep) and a side‐sprinkler rainfall simulation system were used in this study. The results showed that soil loss increased when rainfall intensity, slope, and upslope drainage area increased. Upslope topography and inflow had great impacts on downslope EG erosion, and the contribution percentages ranged from 52.2% to 74.1%, from 48.3% to 71.4%, and from 29.5% to 66.7% for the 50, 75, and 100 mm hr⁻¹ rainfall treatments, respectively. Runoff velocities with upslope inflow were 22.7% to 79.4% larger than those without inflow, and the upslope inflow was more effective than rainfall intensity in increasing runoff velocities in EG channels, thus caused more soil erosion. Soil loss equation based on rainfall intensity and AS ² (product of the upslope drainage area and the square of the local slope gradient) was established and validated. The determination coefficient (R ² ) and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (E _NS ) were 0.80 and 0.87, which showed satisfactory accuracy. This equation can be used to predict the EG erosion in various topographic and rainfall conditions on steep loessial hillslopes.     

Study of ephemeral gully erosion in a small upland catchment on the Inner-Mongolian Plateau

Ephemeral gully erosion is an important soil erosion process on the Inner-Mongolia Plateau in North China, and although its damage is very intense, little research on the area has been published. In this paper, a global positioning system (GPS) is used to measure the morphology of ephemeral gullies in a small catchment, the Inner-Mongolia Autonomous Region. First, this paper presents the characteristics of ephemeral gullies and soil loss due to ephemeral gully erosion. The network of ephemeral gullies takes on the shapes of tree branches, and there are 16 hole-ephemeral gullies in the middle of the ephemeral gullies. An average gully length of about 19.6 m ha⁻¹ and an average soil loss of 8.8 m³ ha⁻¹ due to ephemeral gully erosion were measured. Second, soil erosion influences crop production in cropland and combinations of vegetation in fallow. The difference between vegetation in the middle of ephemeral gullies and in other places is very obvious. Third, this paper discusses hole-ephemeral gullies that are holes locating in the middle of ephemeral gullies whose widths and depths are more than 0.5 m (Fig. 6) for the first time. The relationship between local hill slope gradient S (m m⁻¹) and upslope contributing area A (ha) can be expressed as S = 0.064A^−0.375 and may be a key indicator for determining the position of existing hole-ephemeral gully heads and for predicting where hole-ephemeral gullies could form in the small watershed on the Inner-Mongolian Plateau.     

Method to predict cropland ephemeral gully erosion

Erosion of farmland due to concentrated flow is very severe on many unprotected fields across the United States. Small channels can turn into large gullies if not controlled. These small channels are routinely obliterated by tillage of the field and other routine farm operations only to be reformed again. Opposing slopes adjacent to an ephemeral gully allow runoff to reestablish a channel in approximately the same location. Since the 1960s, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been used to estimate rill and sheet erosion. This paper describes the Ephemeral Gully Erosion Model (EGEM). EGEM is a modification of the Agricultural Research Service Ephemeral Gully Erosion Estimate (EGEE) computer model to meet the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) needs. Limited field data obtained by NRCS were used to validate the single event component of EGEM. This paper presents a summary of these studies. There were no data available at the time of the model development to validate the average annual concept of the model. ARS conducted validation studies for the EGEE model.     

覆沙坡面水动力学参数与径流产沙的关系

坡面流水动学特征对阐明土壤侵蚀和坡面产沙机理均有重要意义,通过模拟降雨试验,定量研究了1.5 mm/min雨强下,不同覆沙厚度(0.5、1.0、1.5 cm)下坡面水动力学参数的时空分布特征及其与产流产沙的关系,以期揭示坡面水动力学参数的内在规律性。结果表明,坡面流的水动力学参数的时空分布呈波动趋势,与黄土坡面相比,雷诺数增加了0.39~1.03倍,佛罗德数增加了0.05~0.29倍,阻力系数增加了0.05~1.55倍;覆沙坡面在整个降雨过程中主要以层流—急流为主,细沟形成主要发生在产流后第10 min后,主要集中在1~10断面处(从坡底依次向上每1 m划分为一个断面);坡面产流和产沙速率与各水动力学参数均可用y=ax+b来描述,雷诺数Re和相对水深曼宁糙率n/h可以较好地表征覆沙坡面侵蚀产沙过程。此研究可为坡面侵蚀预报模型的构建提供科学依据。