模拟自然条件下黄土区坡地的大气、土表及土壤水交互作用的动力学模型及其应用

The mechanism of atmospheric,surface and soil water interactions( water transformation) in hillslope under natural conditions was analyzed,and a dynamic model was developed to simulate infiltration,overland flow and soil water movement during natural rainfall in hillslope,by bringing froward concepts such as rainfall intensity on slope and a correction coefficient of saturated soil water content for soil surface seal.Some factors,including slope angle,slope orientation and raindrop inclination,which affect the rainfall amount on slope, were taken into account while developing the dynamic model.The effect of surface seal on infiltration and water balance under a boundary condition of the second kind was aslo considered. Application of the model in a field experiment showed that the model simulated precisely the infiltration,overland flow and sol water monvement in hillsope under natural rainfall conditions.     

不同土壤管理措施下基于水蚀过程的含沙量变异及其驱动

In order to prevent soil erosion in southern China, a study was performed to determine the drivers of sediment concentration variation using simulated rainfall and four soil management systems under field condition. Four soil management systems, i. e., forest and grass coverage (FG), forest coverage with disturbed soil surface (FD), contour tillage (CT) and downslope tillage (DT), were exposed to two rainfall intensities (40 and 54 mm h^-1) using a portable rainfall simulator. The drivers of sediment concentration variation were determined by the variations of runoff rate and sediment concentration as well as their relationships. The effects of the four soil management systems in preventing water and soil losses were compared using runoff rates and sediment concentrations at steady state. At runoff initial stage, sediment concentration variation was mainly driven by rainfall and management. The degree of sediment concentration variation driven by flow varied with different soil management systems. Three best relationships between runoff rate and sediment concentration were identified, i. e., reciprocal (CT), quadratic (FG and FD) and exponential (DT). At steady state, runoff rates of the four soil management systems varied slightly, whereas their sediment concentrations varied greatly. FG and CT were recommended as the best soil management systems for preventing water and soil losses.     

黑麦草对土壤径流与产沙的调控效应

Living plants and plant roots can reduce runoff and soil erosion. Using a rain simulator, a series of soil erosion experiments were conducted to study the influence of living roots and canopies of ryegrasses （Lolium perenne L.） during the growing season on sediment yields and runoff of a silt loam soil. The results indicated that during the growing season, decrements in runoff and sediment yields increased with time. Sediment yields （τ^2 = 0.999） and decrements in runoff （τ2 = 0.946） were closely related to the root surface area density. The contributions of roots and canopies of ryegrasses to the reductions in runoff and sediment yields were different. Canopies usually contributed more to the runoff decrement than the roots, whereas roots contributed up to 96% of the decrease in sediment yields in the late stage of the growing season.     

黄土高原土壤养分的损失

The soil nutrient losses due to excessive soil loss on Loess Plateau were studied by means of runoff plots and systematical determination of soil nutrients both in sediments and runoff.The results show that the amounts of nutrient losses depended on the amounts of ersoion sediments.Along with sediment,11-197kg nitrogen/hectare and 9-174kg phosphorus/hectare were lost,accounting for 92.46-99.47 percent of the total amount of nitrogen loss and 99.85-99.99 percent of the total amount of phosphorus loss respectively.The nutrient losses,very small in runoff,were mainly attributed to erosion of a few rainstorms during a year.The nutrient level in sediment was mostly higher than that in the original soil.Planting grass evidently redued the losses of soil nutrients.The N level was lower in runoff than in rainfall so that the N loss from runoff could be made up by rainfall.Fertilizer application to crops raised the nutrient level in runoff.     

植被覆盖和雨强对附着在沉积物上的养分流失, 泥沙颗粒组成及体积分形维数的影响

Vegetation and rainfall are two important factors affecting soil erosion and thus resulting in nutrient loss in the Chinese Loess Plateau.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensities(60,100 and 140 mm h-1) and vegetation(Caragana korshinskii) coverages(0%,30% and 80%) on soil loss,nutrient loss,and the composition and volume fractal dimension of eroded sediment particles under simulated rainfall conditions.The results showed that vegetation cover,rainfall intensity and their interaction all had significant effects on sediment transport and the sedimentbound nutrient loss.Higher rainfall intensity and lower coverage led to higher sediment and nutrient losses.Positive linear relationships were observed between soil loss and nutrient loss.The treatments showed more significant effects on the enrichment ratio(ER) of nitrogen(ERN) than organic matter(EROM) and phosphorus(ERP).Compared with the original surface soil,the eroded sediment contained more fine particles.Under the same coverage,the clay content significantly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity.The ER of sediment-bound nutrients was positively correlated with that of clay,suggesting that the clay fraction was preferentially eroded and soil nutrients were mainly adsorbed onto or contained within this fraction.There were increments in the fractal dimension of the sediment particles compared to that of the original surface soil.Moreover,the fractal dimension was positively correlated with clay,silt,and sediment-bound OM,N,and P contents,whereas it was negatively correlated with sand content.This study demonstrated that fractal dimension analysis can be used to characterize differences in particle-size distribution and nutrient loss associated with soil erosion.     

Field-scale spatial variability of soil calcium in a semi-arid region: Implications for soil erosion and site-specific management

Excess calcium(Ca) in soils of semi-arid and arid regions has negative effects on soil structure and chemical properties, which limits the crop root growth as well as the availability of soil water and nutrients. Quantifying the spatial variability of soil Ca contents may reveal factors influencing soil erosion and provide a basis for site-specific soil and crop management in semi-arid regions. This study sought to assess the spatial variability of soil Ca in relation to topography, hydraulic attributes, and soil types for precision soil and crop management in a 194-ha production field in the Southern High Plains of Texas,USA. Soils at four depth increments(0–2, 0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm) were sampled at 232 points in the spring of 2017. The Ca content of each sample was determined with a DP-6000 Delta Premium portable X-ray fluorescence(PXRF) spectrometer. Elevation data was obtained using a real-time kinematic GPS receiver with centimeter-level accuracy. A digital elevation model(DEM) was derived from the elevation data, and topographic and hydraulic attributes were generated from this DEM. A generalized least-squares model was then developed to assess the relationship between soil Ca contents of the four layers and the topographic and hydraulic attributes. Results showed that topographic attributes, especially slope and elevation, had a significant effect on soil Ca content at different depths(P 0.01). In addition, hydraulic attributes, especially flow length and sediment transport index(STI), had a significant effect on the spatial distribution of soil Ca. Spatial variability of soil Ca and its relationships with topographic and hydraulic attributes and soil types indicated that surface soil loss may occur due to water or wind erosion, especially on susceptible soils with high slopes. Therefore, this study suggests that the application of PXRF in assessing soil Ca content can potentially facilitate a new method for soil erosion evaluation in semi-arid lands. The results of this study provide valuable information for site-specific soil conservation and crop management.     

坡地开垦的径流泥沙响应

Land use and land cover change is a key driver of environmental change. To investigate the runoff and erosion responses to frequent land use change on the steep lands in the Three Gorges area, China, a rainfall simulation experiment was conducted in plots randomly selected at a Sloping Land Conversion Program site with three soil surface conditions: existing vegetation cover, vegetation removal, and freshly hoed. Simulated rainfall was applied at intensities of 60 (low), 90 (medium), and 120 mm h 1 (high) in each plot. The results indicated that vegetation removal and hoeing significantly changed runoff generation. The proportion of subsurface runoff in the total runoff decreased from 30.3% to 6.2% after vegetation removal. In the hoed plots, the subsurface runoff comprised 29.1% of the total runoff under low-intensity rainfall simulation and the proportion rapidly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. Vegetation removal and tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates from the vegetation removal and hoed plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that in the existing vegetation cover plots, respectively. These identified that both the runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion changed as a consequence of altering land use on steep lands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be used to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion on steep lands.     

中国黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然降雨下不同土地利用方式的水土流失效应（英文）

The Loess Plateau,which is located in the arid and semi-arid areas of China,experiences significant soil erosion due to intense human activities and soil erodibility.It is necessary to explore and identify the land-use types or land-use patterns that can control soil erosion and achieve certain agricultural production capabilities.This study established runoff plots with two slope gradients(5°and 15°) in north of Yan'an,one area of the Loess Plateau,with 3 single land-use types(cultivated land,CL;switchgrass,SG;and abandoned land,AL) and 2 composite land-use types(CL-SG and CL-AL).Prom 2006 to 2012,we continuously monitored the rainfall characteristics,runoff depth,soil loss,vegetation coverage,and soil physical properties.The results indicated a general trend in the number of runoff and soil loss events for the 5 land-use types:CL = CL-SG CL-AL SG AL.The general trend for runoff depth,soil loss,their magnitudes of variation,and the slopes of rainfall-runoff regression equation was CL CL-SG CL-AL SG AL,whereas the rainfall threshold for runoff generation exhibited the opposite trend.Results of nonparametric test regarding runoff depth/EI_(30) and soil loss/EI_(30),where EI_(30) is the product of rainfall kinetic energy and the maximum rainfall intensity over 30 min,and the runoff depth-soil loss relationship regression indicated that the effect of CL-AL was similar to that of SG;SG was similar to AL;and CL-AL,SG,and AL were superior to CL with regard to soil and water conservation.Runoff depth and soil loss significantly increased as the slope gradient increased.Runoff depth and soil loss were significantly correlated with the soil particle size composition and bulk density,respectively.The strongest significant correlations were found between runoff depth and vegetation coverage as well as between soil loss and vegetation coverage,which showed that vegetation coverage was the primary factor controlling soil erosion.Therefore,the composite land-use type CL-AL and the artificial grassland(SG) are appropriate options because both soil conservation and a certain degree of agricultural production are necessary in the study area.     

重金属迁移与土壤性质的关系

Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of < 0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1~0.02 mm in size.     

伊朗西北部半干旱农田径流模型的建立

Transformation of rainfall into runoff over an area is a very complex process which exhibits both temporal and spatial variability;runoff in a defined area can be affected by factors such as topography, vegetation, rainfall characteristics and soil properties. This study was conducted to develop an empirical model using the rainfall characteristics and soil properties for predicting runoff from dry-farming lands in a semi-arid agricultural area in Hashtroud, Northwest Iran. Runoff plots(1.83 m × 22.1 m) in triplicate were installed in thirty-six sloped dry-farming lands in the study area. Runoff under natural rainfalls was measured in each plot during a2-year period. The results showed that runoff for 41 runoff-producing rainstorm events with duration longer than 30 min was largely associated with a rainfall index obtained by multiplying the positive square root of rainfall depth(h0.5) by the logarithm of the maximum 30-minute intensity(LogI30)(R2= 0.81). Runoff significantly varied among the plots(P 0.001), which was considerably related to the effective soil properties(R2= 0.74), i.e., soil permeability(Per) and aggregate stability(AS). A multiple linear regression model was developed between runoff and the rainfall index(h0.5logI30) and the effective soil properties(AS and Per). Evaluation of the model using 34 runoff-producing rainstorm events that occurred during the next two years resulted in high values of the efficiency coefficient and R2(0.88 and 0.91, respectively), which revealed that the model developed in this study could be used in predicting runoff from the dry-farming lands in the semi-arid regions.     

土壤结皮对黑土区坡面产流产沙的影响

土壤结皮对坡面产流形成和侵蚀过程有重要的影响。基于室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了土壤结皮对黑土区坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:土壤结皮促使坡面产流提前发生,但对坡面产流量的影响不甚明显;对坡面侵蚀产沙量却有明显的作用。试验条件下,5°坡面有土壤结皮处理的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理减少了54%。有土壤结皮处理的10°坡面,在降雨过程中结皮尚未破坏前,其坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理的对照减少了40%;一旦土壤结皮被破坏,之后的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理的对照增加了46%;在整个降雨过程中,10°有土壤结皮处理的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理增加了16%。表明土壤结皮对坡面侵蚀的影响与地面坡度有密切关系。     

连续降雨作用下褐土坡面侵蚀及其水动力学特征

为研究在长时间降雨侵蚀过程中北京褐土坡面侵蚀特征及其水动力学机制,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,分别在60,90 mm/h雨强下对褐土坡面进行连续10场次降雨试验,探讨了坡面侵蚀过程中的产流产沙特征及其与水动力学参数间的关系。结果表明:(1)在雨强及次降雨量较一致的条件下,随降雨场次增加坡面次降雨产流量变动较小,而次降雨产沙量变化较大,60,90 mm/h雨强下次降雨产沙量的变异系数为23.94%和59.88%,且第10场降雨的产沙量仅为第1场降雨的59.74%和22.28%;(2)连续降雨条件下,平均次降雨产沙速率随雨强增大而增大,径流含沙量随降雨时间呈幂函数下降趋势;(3)受褐土坡面细沟形态变化和土壤粗化的影响,60,90 mm/h雨强下坡面径流平均流速分别随降雨时间呈指数函数和幂函数下降趋势,弗劳德数亦表现出相同趋势;坡面径流阻力系数随降雨历时均呈对数函数增加;(4)长时间降雨侵蚀条件下径流含沙量与平均流速、弗劳德数、阻力系数、径流功率相关关系极显著,其中平均流速是径流含沙量变化过程中与其关系最为密切的水动力学参数,径流含沙量的变化深刻受到坡面径流平均流速的动力作用过程影响。     

基于水蚀预测模型的红壤坡面侵蚀主要影响因素研究

利用229场侵蚀性自然降雨的小区观测数据,率定并验证了典型红壤坡面水蚀预测(WEPP)模型,并对模型的敏感性检验和弹性系数进行了分析。结果表明,红壤坡面土壤侵蚀对降雨量、雨强、细沟可蚀性、临界剪切力、坡长、坡度等6个输入参数的变化具有强敏感性;地表径流量对降雨量具有强敏感性,对雨强、初始饱和导水率、有效水力传导系数等参数存在弱敏感性。这些参数是影响红壤坡面侵蚀产沙产流的主要因素。     

桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征

由于缺乏长期定位观测资料,西南喀斯特山区坡地水土流失规律一直不明确,严重影响了该区石漠化综合治理和水土流失防治工作的成效和进程。该文基于13个大型径流小区(宽20m、投影面积>1000m2)5a(2006-2010年)的定位观测资料,分析了桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地不同利用方式坡面降雨产流规律和地表侵蚀产沙特征。结果表明:观测期内年降雨量为1300～2000mm,无论平水年还是丰水年,不同利用方式坡面次降雨径流系数<5%,地表产流很少,降雨几乎全部入渗。不同利用方式地表侵蚀产沙模数虽有较大差异,但土壤侵蚀以微度(<30t/(km2a))为主,部分甚至只有0～5t/(km2a)。植被类型、土地利用方式对坡面降雨产流的影响较小,但人为干扰会增加地表侵蚀产沙量。该文为喀斯特坡地植被恢复重建和水土流失防治提供参考。     

黄土坡面下坡位土壤侵蚀过程的模拟试验

在中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,采用2个不同坡长小区室内模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面下坡位侵蚀过程进行研究。结果表明：1）坡面下坡位侵蚀模数随降雨过程、降雨强度及坡度的变化均具有大小交错,上下波动的特征,侵蚀模数随降雨过程的变化总体呈先上升后趋于稳定的态势,随降雨强度的增大而增加,随坡度的增大而先增大后减小,再增大再减小;2）坡面上、下坡位侵蚀模数随降雨过程、坡度及降雨强度的变化均具有明显差异,下坡位明显不如上坡位;3）坡面上坡位汇流和下坡位产流与坡面上坡位输沙对坡面下坡位侵蚀模数的影响可用二元线性方程很好地描述,前者的贡献率为47．8％,后者为20．4％;只通过观测分析小区平均侵蚀特征得出的坡面侵蚀过程,掩盖了坡面下坡位的真实侵蚀过程,采取水土保持措施减少坡面上坡位汇流及增加降雨就地入渗,可以有效地治理坡面下坡位的水土流失。     

黄土区野外模拟降雨条件下坡面径流—产沙试验研究

降雨及径流所引起的水力侵蚀产沙问题,是当今世界上最大的环境问题之一。通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究不同雨强下不同下垫面降雨侵蚀产流、产沙、入渗等的相关规律。研究结果表明:雨强90mm/h时,原生地径流量最大,达到28.4L/min,林草地径流量最小,在4.1～7.6L/min之间波动,雨强120mm/h时规律保持一致,原生地达到36.05L/min,林草地为6.85～10.88L/min;产沙量规律为荒地最大,林草地最小,荒地在两种雨强下产沙量分别为45.77～252.94g和52.76～162.48g,林草地分别为2.82～6.99g和7.33～40.24g;入渗规律为林草地最大,原生地最小,其中小雨强时林草地入渗率为1.18mm/min左右,原生地为0.09mm/min左右,大雨强时林草地为1.42mm/min左右,原生地为0.12mm/min左右。这些规律之间均有很好的相关性,产沙量与径流量大时其入渗率就小。说明地表有植被覆盖时可以增大入渗率,减小径流,产沙量。雨强不同时其规律保持一致。该研究对于深入理解流域产流产沙过程具有十分重要意义,可为相关的模型研究提供可靠的试验支持,也可为今后水土保持与生态建设提供重要科学依据。     

黄河源区退化草地水土流失规律

为了阐明高寒草甸退化草地水土流失的规律,以黄河源区河南县退化草地为研究对象,采用野外现场原位人工模拟降雨试验方法,对不同降雨条件下土壤径流量、冲刷量随坡度、退化程度、降雨历时和降雨强度的变化规律进行了试验和分析。结果表明:天然退化草甸的含水量及密度均随坡度和退化程度呈递减趋势(P0.05);同等条件下径流量与植被覆盖度呈幂函数负相关关系(y=140.69x~(-0.4667),R~2=0.988 2),与降雨强度呈指数函数正相关关系(y=40.35e~(0.0252x),R~2=0.970 8);泥沙量与植被覆盖度呈指数函数的负相关关系(y=4294.3e~(-0.0418x),R~2=0.990 7),与降雨强度呈指数函数正相关关系(y=62.657e~(0.0201x),R~2=0.968 8);坡度为30°的小区径流量较10°和20°的坡度小区分别增加了3.6倍和1.7倍,泥沙量分别增加了16倍和1.4倍,表明径流量、泥沙量随坡度的增加而急剧增大;植被覆盖度40%以下的区域其径流和泥沙含量变化幅度较大;降雨开始30min内的地表径流量相对稳定,降雨时间30min后地表径流量开始缓慢上升,坡面泥沙流失量主要集中在降雨后的5~15min内,而降雨55~60min后泥沙量急剧降低,因此试验认为降雨历时1h为土壤颗粒流失的敏感期;天然边坡径流产生后坡面出现汇流冲蚀现象,是退化草地水土流失加剧的重要原因。     

降雨条件下晋西黄绵土坡面室内外径流侵蚀试验差异分析

目前多利用室内模型试验所得土壤侵蚀模数乘以面积预测野外实地水土流失,为了探讨晋西黄绵土坡面室内外径流侵蚀差异,该研究采用室内模型模拟与野外原位模拟试验方法,分析了不同降雨与坡面面积条件下,室内与野外坡面径流模数、侵蚀模数、单宽输沙率及细沟发育差异性,结果显示:室内模型试验结果均大于野外原位模拟试验,当野外坡面面积为室内的4倍时,径流量与侵蚀产沙量不呈4倍关系,且面积越大野外与室内侵蚀量比值越小,说明简单地用室内试验结果乘以面积预测野外实地水土流失是不合理的,且雨强对径流侵蚀的影响较面积大;相同降雨条件下室内坡面较野外坡面更易产生细沟,且发育程度大,更倾向于沟底下切,增强了室内坡面径流侵蚀力;一定雨强、坡长条件下,野外单宽输沙率在10～14 min首次出现峰值,之后趋于稳定,而室内多在4 min即出现峰值,且峰值为野外的1.58～10.40倍,说明室内模型试验单宽输沙率及其波动性大于野外,且响应时间更短。     

模拟降雨条件下地表糙度动态变化特征研究

地表糙度是影响土壤侵蚀的因素之一。为进一步明确地表糙度的侵蚀效应,通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究了地表糙度在降雨前后、不同坡度、不同植被覆盖度、不同空间坡段的动态变化特征,探讨了地表糙度变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:在降雨过程中,土地利用类型、雨强、降雨顺序、坡度和植被覆盖度都会对糙度产生影响。随着降雨场次的增加,地表糙度逐渐增大;在试验范围内,坡度越大,地表糙度增加幅度越大,增加趋势越明显;植被覆盖度越大,地表糙度变化越小。坡面的各个坡段变化情况整体遵循上述规律,但在某些坡段内出现空间变异性,导致有些坡段可以拦蓄径流泥沙,消减侵蚀,而有些坡段可以增加潜在的冲刷,加剧侵蚀;多个因子以及因子间的交互效应成为影响糙度变化的主要因素。研究结果为揭示地表糙度的侵蚀特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也为黄土高原水土流失治理奠定理论基础。     

黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作措施防治土壤侵蚀的土槽试验

为了研究黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作防治坡面土壤侵蚀的效应,该文利用8 m×1.5 m的试验土槽,设计3个降雨强度(50、75和100 mm/h)、1个典型坡度(5°)以及横坡垄作和无垄作(平坡裸地对照试验)的试验处理进行模拟降雨试验,研究东北黑土区横坡垄作坡面在不同降雨强度下的防治坡面侵蚀效应。结果表明:横坡垄作在50 mm/h降雨强度下坡面基本不发生土壤侵蚀,但在75和100 mm/h降雨强度下会发生断垄,造成防蚀效应急剧降低。横坡垄作坡面的径流和侵蚀过程均明显存在以断垄时间为界的突变,在3个降雨强度下,横坡垄作断垄前可使坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别减少97.7%和99.1%以上,坡面蓄渗率达到97.2%以上;而断垄后坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别增加23.3~25.9倍和136.8~171.5倍,蓄渗率下降至50%以下。试验研究表明横坡垄作在≤50 mm/h的降雨强度下具有很好的坡面防治侵蚀效应,但当遇到强降雨时易发生断垄,防蚀效应急剧降低。