Intrinsic UV reflection and fluorescence studies for water sorption in polycarbonate, polyurethane and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films

Intrinsic UV reflection and fluorescence behaviors of polycarbonate, polyurethane and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films were investigated in order to characterize the interaction of water in these films. During water sorption process, UV reflection spectra of polycarbonate and polyurethane films showed little peak position changes. Fluorescence emission spectra of polycarbonate films showed red spectral shifts from 332 nm with water immersion time. This red-shifted peak could be due to phenyl-2-phenoxybenzoate, which is one of the major thermal degradation products in polycarbonate. Fluorescence peaks of polyurethane films appeared at two different positions and the ratio of these peak intensities increased with increasing immersion time. In the case of PET films, the UV reflection spectrum showed the peak intensity around 340 nm to change in response to water sorption. The fluorescence near 388 nm probably due to ground state dimer exhibited sensitivity with water sorption, when excited at 340 nm.     

土壤水分胁迫对槟榔幼苗叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

以海南长蒂种槟榔幼苗为供试材料,通过控制土壤相对含水量,设置5个土壤水分胁迫水平的单因子盆栽试验,研究土壤水分胁迫程度对槟榔幼苗叶绿素荧光动力学特性的影响。结果表明,长期、持续处于土壤水分胁迫会抑制槟榔幼苗的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率,光合电子传递能力、PSⅡ的光化学活性,PSⅡ潜在活性和PSⅡ潜在光合作用活力。土壤相对含水量≤30％,槟榔幼苗不能持续进行有效的热耗散,但具有较高的热耗散能力。其PSⅡ反应中心会出现不易逆转的破坏。其伤害部位可能位于PSⅡ氧化传递链或PSⅡ反应中心或PSⅡ原初电子受体。     

Application of two-dimensional cross-correlation spectroscopy to analyse infrared (MIR and NIR) spectra recorded during bread dough mixing

During dough mixing chemical, biochemical and physical transformations occur that allow dough formation to be characterized by common chemical and biochemical methods. Recently, spectrometric methods were used to characterize the dough mixing. The Mid-infrared (MIR) and the Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy allow information concerning chemical content and composition of food products to be obtained. The aim of this study is to apply FT-NIR and FT-MIR spectroscopy to monitor dough chemical changes, and to correlate those signals by the 2D Cross-Correlation (2D CORR) method. The 2D CORR was used to emphasize chemical assignment of the NIR band modifications (particularly for protein) during dough mixing.The 2D CORR analysis of the raw NIR and MIR spectra demonstrated that five NIR regions are highly correlated to protein vibrations. The 2D CORR analysis of the NIR and MIR spectra after second derivative demonstrated that the amide bands present high R² for the NIR bands at (1189–1216), (1351–1474) and (1873) nm. A low R² is obtained between the amide I and amide II bands and the (2026–2123) and (2280–2325) nm regions. The amide III band presents a slightly higher R² for those NIR regions.The 2D CORR analysis of NIR and MIR spectra allow more specific NIR regions associated to chemical modifications of protein structure to be identified. The 2D CORR analysis of the second derivative spectra is more precise for the identification of the NIR regions implied in dough mixing compared to the 2D CORR analysis of raw NIR and MIR spectra.     

茶多酚绿色荧光特性研究

以茶多酚为材料,研究了茶多酚浓度、溶液pH、溶剂、金属离子（Ca²⁺、Al³⁺）和热处理对茶多酚绿色荧光特性的影响。结果表明：以上各因素对荧光强度的影响都极为显著,当溶液pH=7.4±0.2、茶多酚浓度为3βmg/ml或溶剂采用50%乙醇水溶液时,荧光强度达到最大值;金属离子（Ca²⁺、Al³⁺）的直接影响不明显,主要通过影响游离茶多酚浓度而降低其荧光强度;加热处理能显著增大荧光强度。当茶多酚浓度过高（>3βmg/ml）或pH>8时,能导致最大发射峰位置显著红移,其它因素对其影响较小;此外,溶剂极性显著地影响激发峰的形状和荧光强度,但对最大发射峰位置影响较小。     

叶绿素荧光分析技术在水稻研究中的应用

在分析叶绿素荧光技术原理的基础上,综述了叶绿素荧光技术在水稻逆境胁迫、光氧化和水稻突变体等研究中的应用进展,并对叶绿素荧光分析技术在水稻生产实践、抗性研究等方面的应用进行了展望。     

Effect of irrigation method and N-fertilizer management on rice yield, water productivity and nutrient-use efficiencies in typical lowland rice conditions in China

Alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) has been reported to save water compared with continuous flooding (CF) in rice cultivation. However, the reported effects on yield varied greatly and detailed agro-hydrological characterization is often lacking so that generalizations are difficult to make. Furthermore, it is not known how AWD modifies nutrient use efficiencies and if it requires different N-fertilizer management compared with CF. This study quantified the agro-hydrological conditions of the commonly practiced AWD and compared the impact of AWD and CF irrigations at different N-fertilizer management regimes on rice growth and yield, water productivity, and fertilizer-use efficiencies in five crop seasons in 1999 and 2000 at two typical lowland rice sites in China (Jinhua, Zheijang Province and Tuanlin, Hubei Province), with shallow groundwater tables.Grain yields varied from 3.2 to 4.5 t ha^–1 with 0 kg N ha^–1 to 5.3–8.9 t ha^–1 with farmers N-rates (150 kg N ha^–1 in Jinhua and 180 in Tuanlin). In both sites, no significant water by nitrogen interaction on grain yields, biomass, water productivity, nutrient uptakes and N-use efficiency were observed. Yield and biomass did not significantly differ (P >0.05) between AWD and CF and among N timings. The productivity of irrigation water in AWD was about 5–35% higher than in CF, but differences were significant (P <0.05) only when the rainfall was low and evaporation was high. Increasing the number of splits to 4–6 times increase the total N uptake, but not total P-uptake, and total K-uptake compared with farmers practices of two splits. Apparent Nitrogen recovery (ANR) increased as the number of splits increased, but there was no significant difference in ANR between AWD and CF. During the drying cycles of AWD irrigation, the perched water table depths seldom went deeper than – 20 cm and the soil in the root zone remained moist most of the time. The results suggest that in typical irrigated lowlands in China, AWD can reduce water input without affecting rice yields and does not require N-fertilizer management differently from continuous flooding. The results can be applied to many other irrigated lowland rice areas in Asia which have a shallow groundwater table.     

氰草津对小麦安全性及光合、荧光参数的影响

为给氰草津在麦田的安全利用提供理论依据,分别在冬前、起身、孕穗和抽穗4个时期喷施不同剂量的氰草津,通过目测小麦药害程度、测定光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数和产量等方法探讨氰草津在小麦田适用的时期和剂量.结果表明,冬前及次年小麦起身期喷施氰草津675～1 350 g·hm-2(有效成分),小麦表现0～1级药害,小麦产量与对照无显著差异.孕穗期及抽穗期使用氰草津,小麦表现2级以上药害,并减产40％以上.对光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数测定表明,起身期喷施中、低剂量氰草津,药后3d对小麦叶片净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO2浓度(C,)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔限制值(Ls)、PSⅡ最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)、光下实际量子产量(西PSⅡ)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)等参数有不同程度的影响,药后10 d恢复到与对照相当的水平,说明起身期喷施氰草津675～900 g·hm-2对小麦光合作用影响较小,安全性较高.孕穗期及抽穗期喷施不同剂量氰草津,造成小麦叶片Pn、Gs、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、ETR等参数显著下降,表明小麦叶片PSⅡ光反应中心受到损伤、电子传递受阻和光合量子捕获能力下降等非气孔因素导致光合能力和原初反应能力降低,最终造成小麦严重药害并减产.以上结果表明,氰草津安全使用期为冬前及小麦起身期,安全剂量为900 g·hm-2以下,非安全期使用及过高使用剂量会对小麦产生严重药害.     

野生大豆与栽培大豆荧光特性比较研究

为了探讨野生大豆与栽培大豆荧光特性的差异,应用调制式荧光仪PAM2000分别测定了野生大豆、栽培大豆叶片、荚皮的荧光参数,并作比较.结果表明:野生大豆叶片、荚皮的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo比栽培大豆小;光化学猝灭系数qP随着光强度的增加逐渐减小,野生大豆叶片、荚皮的qP比栽培大豆小;非光化学猝灭系数qN随光强的增强,逐渐升高,野生大豆叶片、荚皮的gN大于栽培大豆;实际光化学效率ΦPSⅡ随着光照强度的增加逐渐降低,野生大豆叶片、荚皮的ΦPS Ⅱ小于栽培大豆;表观光合电子传递效率ETR随着光照强度的增加逐渐增加,野生大豆叶片、荚皮的ETR小于栽培大豆.     

低温胁迫对玉米幼苗电导率和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以3个玉米品种为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究低温胁迫下电导率和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明,3个品种的抗低温性为金玉5>兴垦3>吉单198,随着低温处理时间的延长,3个品种叶片电导率和初始荧光(F0)上升,Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、NPQ整体上均呈下降趋势。说明低温胁迫使叶绿素所吸收的光能被用于光合作用的部分减少,玉米叶光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)活性中心受损。     

Long-term trends in intersectoral water allocation and crop water productivity in Zhanghe and Kaifeng,China

This paper examines the trends in water allocation among sectors, water use by source, cropped area, crop production and water productivity. The study was undertaken at two sites in China: the Zhanghe Irrigation District in the Yangtze River Basin approximately 200 km west of Wuhan and Kaifeng City Prefecture located just south of the Yellow River in Henan Province. In both areas, water demand for purposes other than irrigation has grown. In the Zhanghe Irrigation District this resulted in a sharp reduction of water availability for irrigation. The decline of water availability for irrigation resulted in adoption of water saving practices and policies that led to a significant gain in water productivity per unit of irrigation water. In the Kaifeng City Prefecture the increased demand from other uses was met by an increase in groundwater extraction without the dramatic cuts in supplies for agriculture as in the Zhanghe Irrigation District. Gains in water productivity were due almost exclusively to higher crop yields. There will be continuing pressure to further reduce diversions to agriculture from the Zhanghe main reservoir in the Zhanghe Irrigation District and from the Yellow River in Kaifeng. Research continues on testing practices that have the potential for further increasing water productivity, some of the results of which are reported in other papers in this volume.     

氮素形态对油麦菜幼苗光合作用及其荧光特性的影响

采用水培技术,以两叶一心的油麦菜幼苗为材料,研究铵态氮和硝态氮不同配比对油麦菜幼苗叶片光合色素含量、光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:(1)不同氮素处理对油麦菜幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝素的含量均产生显著影响,当NO_3~-∶NH_4~+=7∶3时叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝素的含量明显增加,显著高于其他处理。(2)各处理下油麦菜幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随处理时间的增长呈上升趋势,而胞间CO_2浓度则呈下降趋势,当NO_3~-∶NH_4~+=7∶3时净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著高于其他处理,而胞间CO_2浓度则显著低于其他处理。(3)油麦菜幼苗叶片荧光特性呈现出较大差异,当硝态氮与铵态氮的配比为7∶3时,油麦菜幼苗叶片PSⅡ的Fv/Fm和Fv/F0最高;由相关性分析可知,Fv/Fm、Fv/F0与叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素的相关性高于叶绿素b;Fv/Fm和Fv/F0三元回归模型的决定系数均在0.9以上,准确反映出油麦菜幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数与光合色素之间的关系。     

Transferring water from irrigation to higher valued uses: a case study of the Zhanghe irrigation system in China

The Zhanghe irrigation system (ZIS) is located in the Yangtze River Basin approximately 200 km west of Wuhan in Hubei Province. The reservoir was designed for multiple uses—irrigation, flood control, domestic water supply, industrial use, aquaculture, and hydropower. Over a period of more than 30 years a steadily increasing amount of water has been transferred from irrigation to other uses. Activities on the part of government, irrigation system managers, and farmers made this transfer possible with only modest decline in rice production. Most important factor was the steady increase in rice yields. The water pricing system provided an incentive for ZIS to reduce irrigation releases. With the steady decline in releases, farmers were forced to find ways to save water. Farmers improved existing ponds and built new ones to store water (improved infrastructure). Access to pond water on demand facilitated the adoption of alternate wetting and drying (technology) particularly in dry years. The establishment of volumetric pricing (price policy) and water user associations (institutions) may also have provided incentives for adoption of AWD, but more research is needed to establish their impact. These activities taken together can be seen as potentially complementary measures. Farmers received no direct compensation for the transfer of water, but recently farm taxes have been reduced or altogether abolished. Further reduction in water releases from the ZIS reservoir could adversely affect rice production in normal or dry years.     

Assessment of irrigation efficiencies and water productivity in paddy fields in the lower Mekong River Basin

Improving irrigation performance is a crucial issue for agriculture and irrigation development in the Lower Mekong River Basin to secure food production for people’s livelihoods. Irrigation efficiency is the most important indicator to determine the performance of an irrigation scheme. This study looks at water management practices and irrigation efficiency in three pilot sites in the Lower Mekong River Basin: the Numhoum scheme in Laos, the Huay Luang scheme in Thailand, and the Komping Pouy scheme in Cambodia. Irrigation efficiency and water productivity were analyzed using a water balance approach at the irrigation scheme level and results in the pilot areas show efficiencies that are definitely higher using this approach than by using the classical concept. Lower water productivity was observed at pilot schemes in areas of single cropping and higher productivity in areas where multiple agricultural activities were practiced. Strict and active water management is required to control and save water to meet agricultural demand and have sufficient water to expand cultivation areas while avoiding shortages. Promoting multiple uses of water for various agricultural activities in command area will increase water productivity.

The development and management policy of water resources in Taiwan

Taiwan is a small island located in monsoon Asia with an annual precipitation exceeding 2,500 mm, which is 2.6 times the world average. However, water available for each person in Taiwan is less than one seventh of the world average due to Taiwan's crowded population and river basin characteristics. Steep land slope and uneven time and space distribution of rainfall have caused water resources problems. Providing a pure and plentiful supply of water for the people challenges the Water Resources Agency in Taiwan. History is a powerful tool for portraying the future. This paper discusses major themes in the review of water resources development over the last centuries. The changes in social-economic development, water resources infrastructure and demands of water are central to the discussion, with an eye to the plentiful and sustainable implications of water resources management in Taiwan. The water policy in the twenty-first century is also outlined.Dr. Hwang is the Advice of the Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA), Taiwan, Chairman of the Water Resources Committee, Chinese Institute of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, a board member of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) Chinese Taipei Committee, former chairman of the Chinese Society of Agriculture Engineering (CSAE), former director of Water Resources Agency (WRA), former director of the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Agency (TPWCA), and former director of the Taiwan Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau (TPWCB).     

种植密度对不同筋力型小麦品种荧光动力学参数及产量的影响

2003～2004年度在大田条件下,采用2种不同筋力型小麦品种,研究了不同种植密度对小麦生育后期荧光动力学参数及产量的影响。结果表明,种植密度对不同筋力型小麦品种叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响存在差异,强筋型小麦品种豫麦34在每公顷基本苗225×104株条件下,其叶绿素含量、PS 潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PS 的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)等叶绿素荧光动力学参数较优,最终产量最高;而弱筋型小麦品种豫麦50在每公顷基本苗75×104株条件下,上述各性状最优,产量较高,随种植密度增大,Fv/Fo及Fv/Fm下降,qN增大,植株倒伏性亦增加。     

Modeling of water and nitrogen balance in the ponded water of rice fields

A water and nitrogen balance model for the surface ponded water compartment of rice fields was developed. The model estimates the daily ponded water depth and the daily losses and the uses of NH₄–N and NO₃–N in their transformation processes. The model was applied with data obtained from two rice fields during 2005 at Thessaloniki plain in northern Greece. Significant amounts of applied irrigation water were lost with the surface runoff and deep percolation to groundwater. The gaseous losses of nitrogen (volatilization and denitrification) and nitrogen uptake by algae were the main processes of nitrogen reduction in the ponded water of rice fields. The study showed that the system of a rice field is a natural system where an important amount of influent nitrogen applied by irrigation water can be reduced. These processes decrease the possibilities of water resources contamination.     

土壤肥力对高产小麦品种烟农1212旗叶叶绿素荧光特性和产量的影响

为了解土壤肥力对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性和籽粒产量的影响,以高产小麦品种烟农1212为材料,比较分析了常年小麦产量水平为12 000和9 000kg·hm-2的高低两种土壤肥力条件下麦田土壤贮水消耗量、小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、叶面积指数和籽粒灌浆速率的差异。结果表明:(1)高肥力下小麦全生育期60～100cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著高于低肥力。(2)相对于低土壤肥力,高土壤肥力显著增加了小麦旗叶开花后21～35d的叶绿素相对含量和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、开花后28d和35d的最大潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qp)以及开花后14～35d相对电子传递速率(ETR)。高土壤肥力下小麦在孕穗期、开花期、开花后21～35d具有较高的叶面积指数。(3)高土壤肥力可显著提高灌浆中后期的籽粒灌浆速率,显著增加籽粒产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力。由此可见,高土壤肥力能够改善小麦光合能力,有利于产量形成,进而提高产量和促进水肥高效利用。     

Farm level practices and water productivity in Zhanghe Irrigation System

China, the biggest rice-producing country in the world, has put considerable effort into finding ways to conserve water in rice cultivation. One very promising practice, intermittent submerged irrigation (ISI) was reported to be applied on farmers fields over a large area in the Zhanghe irrigation system (ZIS), which serves about 160,000 ha of irrigated land, which is intensively cultivated with rice. To better understand the actual farmer practices, the degree to which farmers adopt ISI, the resulting water productivity, and implications for farm and system water management, a water accounting methodology developed by IWMI was applied at farm and a larger meso scale. Two areas were observed: Tuanlin, where ISI was reported to be widespread (with ISI), and Wenjiaxiang, where farmers were reportedly not adopting ISI (without ISI). The field water level measurements demonstrate that farmers at the with ISI site follow a practice similar to the theoretical ISI techniques by letting ponding levels drop to the soil surface several times during the cropping season. At the without site, farmers keep higher water levels ponded, and do not let water levels drop to the soil surface as often as the with site. A major determinant of practice is ease of access to water. At the with site, farmers have access to a variety of sources such as ponds and drains. At the without site, access to water was primarily from canal water, without the degree of flexibility as areas that had a water source near the field. The process fraction of gross inflow at field scale (rice evapotranspiration divided by irrigation plus rain) ranged between 0.66 and 0.93, remarkably high values showing how effective farmers are in converting water sources to productive evapotranspiration. The on-farm water accounting results show that with ISI, the average values of irrigation water applied over two years 1999–2000 are 22% less than without ISI, and the yields approximately the same. The resulting water productivity values per unit of irrigation water (WP_irrigation) are 20% higher under ISI practices, but per unit of evapotranspiration water productivity results are similar. The meso site study yielded surprising insights into overall water management in the area. In the years 1999 and 2000, at the meso sites, the irrigation duty in Tuanlin (with ISI) was 29% and 21% less than in Wenjiaxiang (without ISI), respectively, resulting in WP_irrigation values of 24% and 26% higher at Tuanlin than Wenjiaxiang. But values of process fraction of gross inflow were considerably reduced at the meso scale ranging between 0.12 and 0.29, with considerable drainage outflow observed. Different land uses, trees, roads, villages, and ponds, begin to play an important role in overall water resource management at this scale. Drainage water from fields plus runoff served as supplies to ponds within the meso area as well as downstream reservoirs. Ponds play a very important role as an additional source of water, and in fact facilitate the uptake of ISI practices. This demonstrates that there are multiple strategies at play influencing water savings and productivity beyond ISI in the management of water within the area.     

Prediction of total phenols,condensed tannins,and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in sorghum grain using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy

The reported high phenolic levels in sorghum have led an interest from sorghum breeding programs in developing and identifying germplasms with high phenolic levels, which require screening a large number of samples to find those with the highest levels. Since wet chemistry screening methods are slow, expensive, and destructive, the use of NIR calibration curves could be an alternative. The objectives of this project were to determine the variation range in total phenols, condensed tannins, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidin levels in a diverse set of sorghum genotypes and to assess the predictive value of NIR curves to estimate these compounds in sorghum. A calibration curve to estimate each compound was developed and validated with an independent validation set. Calibration curve correlations for total phenols, condensed tannins, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins were r = 0.98, 0.97, and 0.99, respectively. Correlations between NIR-predicted values and reference values in the validation set were significant for total phenols (r = 0.93), condensed tannins (r = 0.81) and 3-deoxyanthocyanidin (r = 0.82). These indicated that sufficient variation for these compounds existed within sorghum and that NIR calibration curves could be used to rapidly and non-destructively predict total phenols, condensed tannins, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins concentrations in whole grain sorghum.     

Trxs基因对啤酒大麦籽粒灌浆后期抗氧化能力和荧光参数的影响

为了深入探索Trxs基因的功能,给转基因大麦育种提供理论依据,以啤酒大麦品种Harrington及其过量表达硫氧还蛋白S基因(Trxs)的转基因大麦株系为试验材料,对籽粒灌浆后期旗叶中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、叶绿素荧光特性以及不同发育阶段籽粒中GSH含量和产量性状进行研究.结果显示:(1)籽粒灌浆后期转基因大麦旗叶GSH含量与APX活性显著高于非转基因对照;(2)花后15 d时各测定时间点和籽粒灌浆后期不同测定时间转基因大麦旗叶叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm与Fv/Fo值普遍高于对照;(3)转基因大麦的产量性状优于对照,其千粒重、单株穗数和单株产量平均分别比对照提高了12.29%、34.34%与41.01%.这些结果表明,Trxs通过影响旗叶和籽粒中GSH含量和旗叶中APX活性,提高了籽粒灌浆后期转基因啤酒大麦抗逆境胁迫的能力,改善了啤酒大麦转基因株系在籽粒灌浆后期的光合性能,有利于提高了单株产量.