影响奶牛产奶性能的微效多基因研究进展

近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高,牛奶作为一种高营养的滋补品逐渐被人们所接受,随之亦带动我国养牛业的发展。目前,饲养奶牛已成为农户改善自身经济条件的主要手段之一。而对于奶牛来说,产乳性状是奶牛生产的重要经济性状。而影响奶牛产奶的6个主要经济性状(泌乳量、乳脂量、乳脂率、乳蛋白量、乳蛋白率、产奶寿命)是由微效多基因决定的,是典型的由多基因控制的数量性状。控制数量性状的多基因或微效基因在染色体上的位置称为数量性状基因座(quantitative trait locus,QTL)。近二十年兴起的分子遗传学和DNA分析技术,使DNA分子遗传标记被…     

奶牛产奶性状候选基因研究进展

产奶性状是奶牛的主要经济性状，主要包括产奶量、乳脂量、乳蛋白量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率5个方面。产奶性状改良是当今遗传育种界的研究热点之一。利用候选基因策略寻找影响产奶性状的主效基因，从而应用于奶牛产奶性状的改良，从分子遗传学角度来说是可行的。本文综述了与奶牛产奶性状有关的基因：乳蛋白基因、Weaver基因、催乳素基因、生长素和生长素受体基因、淀粉酶基因、核外基因和其他基因（DGAT1和DGAT2基因、垂体特异性转录因子）以及主效QTL的研究进展。     

奶牛产奶性状候选基因的研究进展

产奶性状主要包括产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳糖率和干物质率等方面,是奶牛的重要数量经济性状,由微效多基因所决定。通过改良产奶性状来提高奶牛产奶性能,具有重要的经济应用价值。本文综述了与奶牛产奶性状有关的候选基因:DGAT1、SCD1、OPN、PPARGC1A、OLR1和ABCG2基因,以期为今后提高奶牛生产性能的研究提供帮助。     

影响奶山羊产奶性状的主要因素

产奶性状是奶山羊的主要经济性状,包括产奶量、乳脂量、乳蛋白量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率五个方面.影响产奶性状的因素包括遗传、环境、生理三个方面.     

中国荷斯坦奶牛RPL23A、ACACB基因3个SNPs检测及其与产奶性状的关联分析

旨在开展奶牛群体高乳成分功能基因的验证与筛选,利用微流控芯片自主选育技术分析北京地区母牛群体高乳蛋白、高乳脂基因频率,同时分析基因多态性及其与产奶性状的相关性。本研究对北京地区8个大型奶牛场1 596头中国荷斯坦奶牛RPL23A、ACACB基因的多态性进行了检测,所有个体均为3胎以内的泌乳牛,收集每头牛所有测定日的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率等数据,同时对3个多态位点不同基因型与产奶性状进行了关联分析。RPL23A基因的SNP位点g.20146771G>A,在第一泌乳期,与产奶量、乳脂量、乳脂率和乳蛋白量均达到极显著关联（P<0.01）,第二泌乳期,g.20146771G>A与5个产奶性状均呈极显著关联（P<0.01）。ACACB基因的SNP位点g.63962768C>T,在第一泌乳期,与产奶量、乳脂量、乳脂率和乳蛋白量均呈极显著关联（P<0.01）,在第二泌乳期,与产奶量、乳脂量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率呈极显著关联（P<0.01）。结果表明,RPL23A、ACACB基因可以作为影响中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶性状的候选基因用于标记辅助选择,以上基因位点可能通过直接或间接的途径影响奶牛的乳脂或乳蛋白性状,对产奶性状起到重要调控作用。本研究为荷斯坦奶牛后续的标记辅助选择奠定了良好基础。     

全基因组选择技术在牧场的应用

奶牛育种是牧场管理工作中的基础工作,全基因组选择技术为牧场奶牛育种提供了新的育种工具,是目前奶牛选种育种已成熟使用的最前沿技术,该技术主要通过检测覆盖全基因组的分子标记,利用基因组水平的遗传信息对个体进行遗传评估,可以大幅提高育种值估计准确度、缩短世代间隔、降低群体的近交水平,快速提升个体遗传进展和生产水平。本文对全基因组选择技术的发展、遗传进展进行了论述并对牧场检测的头胎母牛305d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率等表型值与基因组检测的产奶量、乳脂率、乳脂量、乳蛋白率、乳蛋白量5个生产性能单性状育种值进行分析,为基因组选择在牧场的应用提供参考。     

奶牛酪蛋白和β-乳球蛋白基因多态及其对泌乳性状的影响

牛乳蛋白主要包括酪蛋白和乳清蛋白,其中酪蛋白基因和β-乳球蛋白基因是对奶牛产奶性能有较大影响的两种基因。牛乳蛋白基因多态性与泌乳性状,如泌乳量、乳脂率、乳蛋白量及乳蛋白率有很强的相关性。本文主要对酪蛋白和β-乳球蛋白基     

奶牛乳质性状相关基因及其单核苷酸多态性的研究进展

乳质性状为奶牛重要的经济性状,主要包括乳蛋白量、乳蛋白率、乳脂量和乳脂率等。乳质性状改良是当今遗传育种界的研究热点之一,利用候选基因策略寻找影响乳质性状的功能基因或功能性单核苷酸多态,并将其应用于奶牛乳质性状的分子育种实践已经成为后基因组时代的发展趋势。目前针对乳质性状的功能基因或功能性单核苷酸多态已经开展了大量的研究工作,作者就参与泌乳调控的乳质相关基因、脂肪合成与次生物质代谢通路,以及其他一些与乳质性状相关基因及功能性单核苷酸的研究现状进行简要综述。     

陇州奶牛开放核心群育种性状遗传分析

本研究通过采用陕西省宝鸡市陇县陇州奶牛繁育中心及7个陇州奶牛开放核心群20年来育种资料的数据,对陇州奶牛的主要性状(305d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、18月龄体重、18月龄日增重以及体型评分)进行分析,并运用动物模型及MT-DFEML(多性状非求导REML)软件,计算了这些性状的遗传参数。结果主要性状遗传力分别为0.32、0.28、0.27、0.32、0.25和0.19。产奶量与乳脂率、乳蛋白率均呈负相关,与体重、日增重呈正相关,乳脂率与乳蛋白率呈正相关,乳成分与体重没有遗传相关。体重、日增重与体型评分呈正相关。     

奶山羊种质资源及产奶性状相关分子生物学研究进展

产奶性状作为奶山羊的首要经济性状,所包含的产奶量、乳蛋白率、乳蛋白量、乳脂率和乳脂量是衡量奶山羊经济性能的主要指标。根据目前的研究,许多学者认为奶畜产奶性状在受微效多基因或数量性状基因座(QTL)控制的同时,也会受到主效基因的调控。因此,筛选和挖掘影响奶山羊这些产奶性状的功能基因或主效突变位点,对奶山羊的分子育种工作非常重要。文章主要对近年来产奶性状相关的分子生物学研究及主要候选基因的研究进展进行初步的探讨。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.