Self-Assembly of n-Alkyl Thiols as Disulfides on Au(111)

A grazing incidence x-ray diffraction study of CH(3)(CH(2))(9)SH self-assembled on the (111) surface of gold revealed a disulfide head group structure, which provides a context in which to understand the structure and self-assembly process of this widely studied system. The structure consists of a nearly hexagonal two-dimensional arrangement of the hydrocarbon chains with a dimerization of the sulfur head groups (accommodated through a gauche bond), resulting in a S-S spacing of 2.2 angstroms. These results demonstrate the importance of internal molecular degrees of freedom in the templating of "soft" organic materials on inorganic substrates.     

Disulfide-dependent multimeric assembly of resistin family hormones

Resistin, founding member of the resistin-like molecule (RELM) hormone family, is secreted selectively from adipocytes and induces liver-specific antagonism of insulin action, thus providing a potential molecular link between obesity and diabetes. Crystal structures of resistin and RELMbeta reveal an unusual multimeric structure. Each protomer comprises a carboxy-terminal disulfide-rich beta-sandwich "head" domain and an amino-terminal alpha-helical "tail" segment. The alpha-helical segments associate to form three-stranded coiled coils, and surface-exposed interchain disulfide linkages mediate the formation of tail-to-tail hexamers. Analysis of serum samples shows that resistin circulates in two distinct assembly states, likely corresponding to hexamers and trimers. Infusion of a resistin mutant, lacking the intertrimer disulfide bonds, in pancreatic-insulin clamp studies reveals substantially more potent effects on hepatic insulin sensitivity than those observed with wild-type resistin. This result suggests that processing of the intertrimer disulfide bonds may reflect an obligatory step toward activation.     

Self-assembly of subnanometer-diameter single-wall MoS2 nanotubes

We report on the synthesis, structure, and self-assembly of single-wall subnanometer-diameter molybdenum disulfide tubes. The nanotubes are up to hundreds of micrometers long and display diverse self-assembly properties on different length scales, ranging from twisted bundles to regularly shaped "furry" forms. The bundles, which contain interstitial iodine, can be readily disassembled into individual molybdenum disulfide nanotubes. The synthesis was performed using a novel type of catalyzed transport reaction including C(60) as a growth promoter.     

Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to a variety of different external stimuli and activate G proteins. GPCRs share many structural features, including a bundle of seven transmembrane alpha helices connected by six loops of varying lengths. We determined the structure of rhodopsin from diffraction data extending to 2.8 angstroms resolution. The highly organized structure in the extracellular region, including a conserved disulfide bridge, forms a basis for the arrangement of the seven-helix transmembrane motif. The ground-state chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, holds the transmembrane region of the protein in the inactive conformation. Interactions of the chromophore with a cluster of key residues determine the wavelength of the maximum absorption. Changes in these interactions among rhodopsins facilitate color discrimination. Identification of a set of residues that mediate interactions between the transmembrane helices and the cytoplasmic surface, where G-protein activation occurs, also suggests a possible structural change upon photoactivation.     

安徽碳排放特征及"十三五"碳排放对策

"十二五"时期,安徽碳排放呈现总量逐年上升,行业高度集中,区域差异明显,强度不断下降,人均水平较低等趋势和特征。"十三五"安徽正处在工业化和城市化加快发展的关键时期,经济结构高碳特征显著,碳减排工作面临较大挑战。实现碳减排目标,关键是要加快建设以低能源消耗和低碳排放为特征的产业体系和消费方式,逐步构建创新型绿色发展模式。     

优化型茶树的形成特点和定向调控

本文以中小叶种茶树为材料,从茶树的自身条件出发,提出了“优化型”茶树应具备的5个条件：1.群体有足够和必要的可采芽叶数;2.树冠有适量而均衡的绿色面;3.茶树排列有序,分枝层次分明;4.树体矿质营养丰富,氮、磷、钾比例适当;5.芽叶有适量而协调的生化成分。进而,针对“优化型”茶树的形成条件,将茶树划分为树体扩展、树体定型和树体更新三个时期,按其生长特点,提出了栽培主攻目标和定向调控技术。     

Electrical energy storage and intercalation chemistry

The electrochemical reaction of layered titanium disulfide with lithium giving the intercalation compound lithium titanium disulfide is the basis of a new battery system. This reaction occurs very rapidly and in a highly reversible manner at ambient temperatures as a result of structural retention. Titanium disulfide is one of a new generation of solid cathode materials.     

Solution structure of kistrin, a potent platelet aggregation inhibitor and GP IIb-IIIa antagonist.

The structure of kistrin, which is a member of a homologous family of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GP IIb-IIIa) antagonists and potent protein inhibitors of platelet aggregation, has been determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 68-residue protein consists of a series of tightly packed loops held together by six disulfide bonds and has almost no regular secondary structure. Kistrin has an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) adhesion site recognition sequence important for binding to GP IIb-IIIa that is located at the apex of a long loop across the surface of the protein.     

Structure of "polywater"

A structure for "polywater" is proposed. It consists of hydrogen-bonded clusters of water molecules lying at the vertices of rhombic dodecahedra. This structure contains features which are less unattractive than those which are part of several earlier models.     

Edge surfaces in lithographically textured molybdenum disulfide

Lithographic techniques were used to expose edge surfaces in layered molybdenum disulfide single crystals. This microstructuring produced ideal samples for the study of the surface morphology and electronic structure of this catalytically important material. The optical absorption that was measured at mid-gap increased by two orders of magnitude after texturing. This increase resulted from reduced molybdenum at surface defects that are located on edge planes, as shown by photoemission spectroscopy. This information cannot easily be obtained on conventional crystals with predominantly basal plane surfaces.     

Loops in globular proteins: a novel category of secondary structure

The protein loop, a novel category of nonregular secondary structure, is a segment of contiguous polypeptide chain that traces a "loop-shaped" path in three-dimensional space; the main chain of an idealized loop resembles a Greek omega (omega). A systematic study was made of 67 proteins of known structure revealing 270 omega loops. Although such loops are typically regarded as "random coil," they are, in fact, highly compact substructures and may also be independent folding units. Loops are almost invariably situated at the protein surface where they are poised to assume important roles in molecular function and biological recognition. They are often observed to be modules of evolutionary exchange and are also natural candidates for bioengineering studies.     

Changing the acceptor identity of a transfer RNA by altering nucleotides in a "variable pocket"

The specificity of tRNA(Arg) (arginine transfer RNA) for aminoacylation (its acceptor identity) were first identified by computer analysis and then examined with amber suppressor tRNAs in Escherichia coli. On replacing two nucleotides in tRNA(Phe) (phenylalanine transfer RNA) with the corresponding nucleotides from tRNA(Arg), the acceptor identity of the resulting tRNA was changed to that of tRNA(Arg). The nucleotides used in the identity transformation occupy a "variable pocket" structure on the surface of the tRNA molecule where two single-stranded loop segments interact. The middle nucleotide in the anticodon also probably contributes to the interaction, since an amber suppressor of tRNA(Arg) had an acceptor identity for lysine as well as arginine.     

De novo design, expression, and characterization of Felix: a four-helix bundle protein of native-like sequence

The protein Felix was designed de novo to fold into an antiparallel four-helix bundle of specific topology. Its sequence of 79 amino acid residues is not homologous to any known protein sequence, but is "native-like" in that it is nonrepetitive and contains 19 of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Felix has been expressed from a synthetic gene cloned in Escherichia coli, and the protein has been purified to homogeneity. Physical characterization of the purified protein indicates that Felix (i) is monomeric in solution, (ii) is predominantly alpha-helical, (iii) contains a designed intramolecular disulfide bond linking the first and fourth helices, and (iv) buries its single tryptophan in an apolar environment and probably in close proximity with the disulfide bond. These physical properties rule out several alternative structures and indicate that Felix indeed folds into approximately the designed three-dimensional structure.     

剧毒农药泛滥的全链条治理研究 ——以山东潍坊"剧毒生姜"事件为例

剧毒农药泛滥严重影响到农产品质量安全。通过对山东潍坊“剧毒生姜”事件的分析,发现在生姜生产过程中普遍存在生产者长期滥用剧毒农药、销售者违法出售剧毒农药、监管者不作为甚至乱作为的现象。从生产主体、政府部门、法律法规等方面对剧毒农药泛滥的原因进行深入分析,提出农产品质量安全领域剧毒农药泛滥的全链条治理对策。     

Global flexibility in a sensory receptor: a site-directed cross-linking approach

The aspartate receptor of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium is a cell surface sensory transducer that binds extracellular aspartate and sends a transmembrane signal to the inside of the bacterium. The flexibility and allostery of this receptor was examined by placing sulfhydryl groups as potential cross-linking sites at targeted locations in the protein. Seven different mutant receptors were constructed, each containing a single cysteine residue at a different position in the primary structure. Intramolecular disulfide bond formation within oligomers of these mutant receptors is shown to trap structural fluctuations and to detect ligand-induced changes in structure. The results indicate that the receptor oligomer has a flexible, dynamic structure which undergoes a global change upon aspartate binding.     

论《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》对《白孔雀》的影响

从《白孔雀》的环境景物描写、作品的人物形象塑造和结构方式几个方面进行比较分析 ,得出结论 :劳伦斯的《白孔雀》受到乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》的影响     

“两型农业”的产业结构及其优化研究

论述了优化农业产业结构的意义,总结了我国农业产业结构的演进规律,阐述了优化"两型农业"产业结构的标准及其具体的产业结构形式,并提出了优化"两型农业"产业结构的政策建议。     

特早熟苹果新品种—“红艳”

"红艳"苹果1996年从美国引入辽宁,经试栽表现为果实生早熟期特早,果面着色好全红,色泽艳丽;果个大;结果早,抗寒、抗病性也较强。介绍该品种的主要性状及栽培技术要点。     

核桃新品种豫丰(暂定名)的选育研究

[目的]选育产量高、品质好的核桃新品种。[方法]按照核桃良种选育标准,详细调查豫丰枝条节间长度和粗度等植物学特征和坚果经济性状。[结果]豫丰核桃早实,极丰产,核仁饱满、色浅、香味浓,品质优。[结论]豫丰是优良的仁用型核桃新品种。