不同品种母猪哺乳期防御性攻击行为研究

文章通过评价哺乳期母猪防御性攻击行为,比较哺乳期民猪、长白及大白母猪防御性攻击行为差异,分析母猪防御性攻击行为与母性行为关系。在"仔猪遇险"和"仔猪呼救"试验中,民猪母猪防御性攻击行为极显著强于长白和大白母猪(P0.01);在"接近圈栏"试验中,民猪母猪哺乳期前两周防御性攻击行为显著强于大白母猪(P0.05)。长白与大白母猪相比,除在哺乳期第2周防御性攻击有显著差异外(P0.05),其他时间两品种无差异。母猪防御性攻击行为与母猪在仔猪被压时反应存在极显著正相关(P0.01);与母猪姿势转换频率存在极显著负相关(P0.01)。由此可见,民猪母猪哺乳期具有较强防御性攻击行为,母猪姿势转换频率较低,对仔猪被压反应更强烈,减少仔猪被压风险。     

三疣梭子蟹对蟹笼网目和刚性矩形逃逸口的逃逸行为比较

为了解东海近海蟹笼逃逸口类型对三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）逃逸行为的影响，本研究使用红外水下摄像装备，对入笼的三疣梭子蟹在不同行为阶段对安装于侧网靠近笼底一侧的刚性矩形逃逸口（40mm高×200mm宽）和网目逃逸口（由2个位置较低的40mm×60mm和1个位置较高的60mm×60mm破目构成）的行为反应进行了观察。根据三疣梭子蟹探索、发现并接近、穿越企图和穿越逃逸口个体连续行为的4个阶段观察结果显示：相比刚性矩形逃逸口，三疣梭子蟹在网目逃逸口实验蟹笼中的探索行为持续时间更长；在笼底探索的个体能定位、发现并接近2种不同类型逃逸口，但发现并接近网目逃逸口时距离入笼的平均时间（P<0.01）和平均次数（P=0.061）均大于刚性矩形逃逸口；约85%发现并接近逃逸口的三疣梭子蟹企图穿越逃逸口，且在逃逸口类型之间没有显著差异；三疣梭子蟹在网目逃逸口前停留了更长的时间（P=0.006），且这一时间显著影响着个体是否企图逃逸的行为。所有个体均采用侧身姿态穿越逃逸口，对于刚性矩形逃逸口，个体甲高与逃逸口高度的关系是决定个体能否成功逃逸的关键因素；对于网目逃逸口，个体优先尝试穿越较低逃逸口，并最终全部逃逸。实验结果表明网目逃逸口可以作为蟹笼渔具逃逸装置，生物可降解材料应用可成为缓解蟹笼幽灵捕捞问题的技术手段之一。     

Adaptive complexity of interactions between feeding and escape in crayfish

If crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) are presented with food or threat stimuli, or both, their feeding behavior and escape from threat by tail flips show flexible patterns of interaction. If they are engaged in eating large, relatively immovable pieces of food, escape is inhibited, whereas if small pieces of food are being eaten, the probability of escape is enhanced. If escape occurs during a feeding bout, large pieces of food are usually released, but small ones are not. These observations suggest that the neural circuitry responsible for coordination of behavior in invertebrates may not be as simple as usually assumed.     

Explosive backpacks in old termite workers

By nature, defensive behavior is risky. In social insects, such behavior is more likely to occur in individuals whose potential for other tasks is diminished. We show that workers of the termite Neocapritermes taracua develop an exceptional two-component suicidal apparatus consisting of copper-containing protein crystals, stored in external pouches, and internal salivary glands. During aggressive encounters, their bodies rupture, and the crystals react with the salivary gland secretion to produce a toxic droplet. Both the amount of defensive substances and the readiness to explode increase with workers' age, as their food-collecting ability declines.     

Somatosensory responses of bulboreticular units in awake cat: relation to escape-producing stimuli

In awake, unrestrained cats, bulboreticular neurons respond after electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerve with increasing discharge as stimulus intensity is raised to levels eliciting escape behavior. These cells discharge most vigorously to noxious natural somatic stimuli and are not driven by other sensory modalities. Electrical stimulation through the recording microelectrode also elicits escape, which further suggests bulboreticular participation in pain sensory mechanisms.     

红裙步甲化学防御初探

本文以红裙步甲作为实验昆虫，初步探究昆虫的化学防御行为。通过解剖，发现红裙步甲的防御腺结构由分泌腺、贮液囊、反应室和输出管组成，而且雌雄虫存在着差异。用二氯甲烷作为萃取剂，采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析其化学防御物质成分，获得21个峰，检测出18种化学成分，结果发现，防御物质主要成分是甲基丙烯酸和2-甲基-2-丁烯酸。     

拥挤度和光照条件对赤拟谷盗成虫逃逸行为的影响

【目的】研究赤拟谷盗成虫逃逸活动规律和赤拟谷盗种群控制方法。【方法】以赤拟谷盗成虫为研究对象,分析赤拟谷盗成虫逐日逃逸现象,研究拥挤度、光照条件对其逃逸行为的影响。【结果】全黑暗和自然光周期条件下,赤拟谷盗成虫的逐日逃逸数量与拥挤度呈正相关;拥挤度达到50头/皿以上时,赤拟谷盗成虫逃逸行为频繁,且黑暗条件下的逃逸数量显著小于光照条件。【结论】光照对赤拟谷盗成虫的逃逸行为具有刺激作用,拥挤度的增加,有助于成虫逃逸。     

Identified interneurons produce both primary afferent depolarization and presynaptic inhibition

Crayfish interneurons were identified that appear to be directly responsible for presynaptic inhibition of primary afferent synapses during crayfish escape behavior. The interneurons are fired by a polysynaptic pathway triggered by the giant escape command axons. When directly stimulated, these interneurons produce short-latency, chloride-dependent primary afferent depolarizations and presynaptically inhibit primary afferent input to mechanosensory interneurons.     

Phenomenological models of behavior of domestic pigs toward humans

It is established that the contribution of genotype-food motivation interaction is on average more than 60% of the total variation of passive defensive behavior of domestic pigs toward humans. A combined approach to minimizing modification variability of this adaptive behavior adequately describing its genotypic diversity in farm animals is proposed.     

内环流颗粒污泥床硝化反应器的氮损失

对内环流颗粒污泥床硝化反应器的氮损失现象进行了研究,结果表明氨逃逸是氮损失的主要致因.基于双膜理论和热力学原理,构建了氨逃逸的动力学模型,并分析了氨逃逸的影响因子.该模型预测值与反应器实际运行过程中实测的氮损失量基本吻合.进一步对影响氨逃逸的因素进行了参数灵敏度分析,结果表明,pH值对氨逃逸速率的影响程度最大.     

Quantum mechanics of a macroscopic variable: the phase difference of a josephson junction

Experiments to investigate the quantum behavior of a macroscopic degree of freedom, namely the phase difference across a Josephson tunnel junction, are described. The experiments involve measurements of the escape rate of the junction from its zero voltage state. Low temperature measurements of the escape rate for junctions that are either nearly undamped or moderately damped agree very closely with predictions for macroscopic quantum tunneling, with no adjustable parameters. Microwave spectroscopy reveals quantized energy levels in the potential well of the junction in excellent agreement with quantum-mechanical calculations. The system can be regarded as a "macroscopic nucleus with wires."     

Competition between ant species: outcome controlled by parasitic flies

Experimental evidence demonstrates that the parasitic phorid fly Apocephalus shifts the competitive balance between the ant species Pheidole dentata and Solenopsis texana by interfering with the defensive behavior of Pheidole dentata major workers (soldiers). This represents one of the first examples of a parasite affecting competitive interactions anmong terrestrial animals in natural communities. Similar complex interactions are probably common in many ant communities.     

高校教师沉默现象分析及破解策略

教师沉默是教师保留或过滤观点的一种行为,对学校事业发展会产生负面影响。教师沉默表现为默然性沉默、防御性沉默、漠视性沉默、人际恐惧沉默、个人主义沉默及学术沉默、管理沉默。教师沉默的动因需要从教师职业性格、工作性质、教师心理契约、学校内部组织管理、学院设置、个人性格、传统文化等维度进行分析。通过建立民主的管理模式,培育相互信任的组织文化,建立有效的沟通渠道,构建多元评价体系,建立有效激励措施,以及教师完善自我,形成团队协作等途径,可以有效打破教师沉默现象。     

Alkylpyrazine alarm pheromones in ponerine ants

The mandibular gland secretions of the ponerine ants Odontomachus hastatus, O. clarus, and O. brunneus contain alkylpyrazines. These compounds, 2,5-dimethyl-3-isopentylpyrazine in O. hastatus and O. clarus, and 2,6-dimethyl-3-pentyl-, -butyl-, -propyl-, and -ethyl-pyrazines in O. brunneus, have previously not been found as animal natural products. These compounds function as powerful releasers of alarm behavior for Odontomachus workers and are probably also utilized as defensive compounds.     

JAZ蛋白介导的茉莉酸信号传递

当植物受到生物或非生物因素胁迫时,体内会合成茉莉酸类物质,启动自身的防御反应。茉莉酸途径的抑制因子JAZ(Jasmonate ZIM-domain)蛋白近期被确认,该文对JAZ蛋白在茉莉酸信号传递中的作用作一综述。     

Memory and hibernation in Citellus lateralis

Squirrels learned to escape from a water bath by making a visual discrimination. Twenty-four hours after reaching criterion for learned behavior, the animals were exposed to the first of two 11-day cold exposures. The animals that hibernated had better retention of the learned behavior.     

别里库姆沙漠胡杨与胡杨回涡沙丘形态特征间的关系

为了探究影响胡杨(Populus euphratica)回涡沙丘发育的主导树木因子和影响胡杨生长的沙丘因子,以别里库姆沙漠为研究区,采用无人机航拍与影像解译法获取胡杨与胡杨回涡沙丘的形态参数,并结合相关统计分析法从定量角度对胡杨与胡杨回涡沙丘的形态特征间的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)胡杨回涡沙丘以胡杨为中心,整体形状类似"n"形。胡杨形态参数的大小与胡杨回涡沙丘形态参数的大小基本保持一致。(2)胡杨的形态特征与胡杨回涡沙丘的形态特征具有显著的相关关系,胡杨的生长和胡杨回涡沙丘的发育之间存在协同变化趋势。(3)胡杨株高和冠幅是影响胡杨回涡沙丘的主导树木因子,影响胡杨的主导沙丘因子分别是沙丘表面积、体积、周长、丘体长度。     

异质环境条件下美丽箬竹的形态可塑性

美丽箬竹是优良观赏经济竹种,对环境生态因子变化具有很高的敏感性。设置竹苗密度、光照、养分、水分等几种关键生态因子的不同处理,比较不同处理条件下其地下茎、地上竹株形态特征差异,分析美丽箬竹形态性状对各生态因子的适应情况,为竹子栽培提供依据。结果表明:(1)竹苗密度处理条件下,美丽箬竹地下茎形态指标随竹苗密度增大而逐渐减小,其地上竹株形态特征则以2鞭段处理表现最好,其次分别为3鞭段、对照、4鞭段处理;(2)光照处理美丽箬竹形态指标总体上随光照减弱而逐渐减小;(3)养分处理条件下,梯度2处理形态特征表现最好,对照最差;(4)水分处理条件下,间隔6 d浇水处理形态特征表现最好,对照最差。研究发现:(1)不同处理造成美丽箬竹地下茎、地上竹株形态特征发生复杂变化,最终导致竹子无性系种群生长拓殖能力的差异;(2)多因素藕合异质环境条件下美丽箬竹种群生理生长与生态行为及其形成机制仍需深入研究。     

中华大蟾蜍的胚胎发育观察

对沈阳地区中华大蟾蜍的胚胎发育进行观察,并拍摄各期图片,对各时期的形态特征进行了描述.结果表明:在19～20℃的水温条件下.从受精卵期至鳃盖完全愈合期胚胎发育可分为26期,明确孵化期单独作为胚胎发育的一个时期,胚胎发育历时198.46h.     

Time-resolved measurement of dissipation-induced decoherence in a Josephson junction

We determined the dissipation-induced decoherence time (DIDT) of a superconducting Josephson tunnel junction by time-resolved measurements of its escape dynamics. Double-exponential behavior of the time-dependent escape probability was observed, suggesting the occurrence of a two-level decay-tunneling process in which energy relaxation from the excited to the ground level significantly affects the escape dynamics of the system. The observation of temporal double-exponential dependence enables direct measurements of the DIDT, a property critical to the study of quantum dynamics and the realization of macroscopic quantum coherence and quantum computing. We found that the DIDT was tau(d) > 11 micros at T = 0.55 K, demonstrating good prospects for implementing quantum computing with Josephson devices.