Methane production in the interstitial waters of sulfate-depleted marine sediments

Methane in the interstitial waters of anoxic Long Island Sound sediments does not reach appreciable concentrations until about 90 percent of seawater sulfate is removed by sulfate-reducing bacteria. This is in agreement with laboratory studies of anoxic marine sediments sealed in jars, which indicate that methane production does not occur until dissolved sulfate is totally exhausted. Upward diffusion of methane or its production in sulfate-free microenvironments, or both, can explain the observed coexistence of measurable concentrations of methane and sulfate in the upper portions of anoxic sediments.     

Methane efflux from lake sediments through water lilies

During winter, when water lilies have no surface leaves, the gases in the rhizome lacunae approach equilibrium with the gases of the sediment water. The resulting increase of internal pressure is manifested by the sustained streams of bubbles (up to 37 percent methane and 6 percent carbon dioxide) that escape when emerging leaves are torn in the spring. Methane continues to enter the roots and rhizome during summer, rapidly moves up the petioles, and passes out through the emergent leaves into the atmosphere.     

Pleistocene shoreline sediments in coastal georgia: deposition and modification

New evidence invalidates the former concept that Pleistocene shorelines are "terrace" cut and fill structures. Comparison of Pleistocene and Holocene sediments with morpholo gy of the shoreline indicates that Pleisto cene deposits accumulated in barrier island environments and that the "ter races" are former lagoon-salt marshes. Stratigraphic evidence supports six ma jor Pleistocene shorelines below an elevation of 100 feet (30 meters).     

东北温带次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH4吸收和N2O排放通量

2007年6月-2008年6月,在帽儿山用静态箱/气相色谱法测定了相邻次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH₄和N₂O通量,结果表明:次生林转变为落叶松人工林后土壤年CH₄吸收和年N₂O排放通量均显著增加,分别为次生林的1.2倍和3.6倍。两林分CH₄和N₂O通量表现相似的季节动态,生长季土壤CH₄吸收通量和N₂O排放通量均高于非生长季。次生林和落叶松人工林土壤CH₄吸收通量与土壤温度均呈正相关关系,而与土壤含水量呈负相关关系。土壤N₂O排放通量与土壤温度和土壤铵态氮含量均呈正相关关系,而与土壤含水量没有明显相关性。次生林转变为落叶松人工林后,落叶松林地较厚的凋落物层改变了林地土壤水分的格局,影响了土壤的CH₄和N₂O通量。     

Genesis of acetate and methane by gut bacteria of nutritionally diverse termites

The evolution of different feeding guilds in termites is paralleled by differences in the activity of their gut microbiota. In wood-feeding termites, carbon dioxide-reducing acetogenic bacteria were found to generally outprocess carbon dioxide-reducing methanogenic bacteria for reductant (presumably hydrogen) generated during microbial fermentation in the hindgut. By contrast, acetogenesis from hydrogen and carbon dioxide was of little significance in fungus-growing and soil-feeding termites, which evolved more methane than their wood- and grass-feeding counterparts. Given the large biomass of termites on the earth and especially in the tropics, these findings should help refine global estimates of carbon dioxide reduction in anoxic habitats and the contribution of termite emissions to atmospheric methane concentrations.     

Opaline sediments of the southeastern coastal plain and horizon a: biogenic origin

Scanning electron microscope techniques show that Eocene opaline claystones (fuller's earth and buhrstone) of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, deposits long considered volcanic in origin, are actually highly altered diatomites formed as transgressive facies in normal marine continental shelf environmnents. These findings are in agreement with a biogenic origin for time-equivalent horizon A and A deep-sea cherts of the North Atlantic and Caribbean.     

纳米铁氧化物强化牛粪厌氧发酵产甲烷

为探究金属添加剂对牛粪厌氧发酵产甲烷过程的影响,提升牛粪厌氧发酵效率,本研究以纳米铁氧化物（Iron oxide nanoparticle,INP）为典型金属添加剂,比较了添加INP的反应器和从未添加INP的对照反应器中日产甲烷量、总挥发性酸、纤维素和半纤维素等的变化,并进一步探究INP添加对微生物群落和关键酶活性的影响。结果显示,INP添加促进纤维素水解并有利于挥发性脂肪酸的降解,从而促进产甲烷过程。连续反应器每日添加625 mg∙L^-1 INP时日甲烷产量达到173.4 mL∙g^-1∙d^-1,比对照组提高了38.3%;即使反应器停止添加INP,与对照组相比日产甲烷量依然显著提高（P＜0.05）。16S rRNA分析表明,INP添加富集了乙酸氧化菌Mesotoga和嗜氢产甲烷菌Methanoculleus这一对协同互营菌。宏基因组分析表明,INP添加显著促进嗜乙酸产甲烷途径和嗜氢产甲烷途径相关酶的活性,尤其提高了甲烷合成关键酶-甲基辅酶M还原酶（EC 2.8.4.1）的活性（P<0.05）,这是产甲烷效能提升的主要原因。综上,INP添加剂的施用有利于牛粪厌氧发酵产甲烷,从而提升畜禽粪污能源化利用效率。     

硝酸盐对肉牛甲烷产量和生长性能的影响

为研究硝酸盐对肉牛甲烷排放,瘤胃发酵和生长性能的影响,采用体内和体外试验。体外试验用单因素设计,分为对照组,1%硝酸盐组和2%硝酸盐组,试验重复进行3次;在体内试验中,选用8头草原红牛,采用单因素随机分组设计,分为对照组(体重(229.5±50.1)kg)和硝酸盐组((体重232.3±37.7)kg),每组4头。试验共56d,包括14d预饲期,39d生长期以及3d呼吸测热期。结果表明:在体外试验中,在1%和2%硝酸盐下甲烷量分别下降15.2%和46.2%,在体内试验中1%的硝酸盐可以抑制28.5%的甲烷产量,且饲喂后4h内抑制效果显著(P0.05),甲烷产量与干物质采食量之比以及甲烷能与总能比表示时分别下降31.8%,且对总挥发性脂肪酸产量有显著抑制效果(P0.05),但日增重、饲料转化率和营养消化率并未增加。硝酸盐可以持续有效地抑制甲烷,但未对生产性能产生促进作用。     

肉羊甲烷排放测定与模型估测

【目的】研究日粮不同营养物质含量和消化性能对肉羊瘤胃甲烷排放的影响,并建立甲烷排放估测模型。【方法】选取8头月龄相近、体重（50.37±1.13） kg的成年杂交绵羊公羊（杜泊（♂）×小尾寒羊（♀））,分别饲喂8种中性洗涤纤维（neutral detergent fiber,NDF）含量不同（分别为51.83%、50.47%、44.58%、42.34%、38.20%、35.43%、30.10%和27.03%）的全混合日粮,进行8×4不完全拉丁方试验。试验分为4期,每期16 d,于第9-16天采用Sable呼吸测热系统测定甲烷,用全收粪法进行消化试验。【结果】8种日粮每千克可消化有机物的甲烷排放量（L•kg-1 DOM）分别为48.80、46.98、45.38、41.34、35.44、34.66、33.73和37.83。甲烷与NDF回归模型：CH4E/DE（%）=0.14688DNDF/DOM（%）+5.47643（R2=0.9084,P=0.0003）。甲烷与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）回归模型：CH4 （L•kg-1 DOM）=0.14411DADF（g）+23.69940（R2=0.8367,P=0.0015）。甲烷与营养物质摄入量：CH4（L•kg-1 DOM）=-0.22260OMI（g）+0.15234CPI（g）+0.06465NDFI（g）-0.60549EEI（g）+218.23715（R2=0.9786,P=0.0077）。甲烷与可消化营养物质：CH4（L•kg-1 DOM）=0.09722DCP（g）+0.12079DNDF（g）-0.08355DADF（g）-1.71035DEE（g）+47.85414（R2=0.9776,P=0.0083）。【结论】日粮的精粗比或粗饲料含量直接影响单位可消化有机物的甲烷排放量及甲烷能/总能、甲烷能/消化能之比。在直线回归中,与其它营养物质相比,NDF和ADF与肉羊甲烷排放相关性最强。与直线回归相比,多元回归提高了甲烷估测的相关性和准确性。     

Carbon-14 in methane sources and in atmospheric methane: the contribution from fossil carbon

Measurements of carbon-14 in small samples of methane from major biogenic sources, from biomass burning, and in "clean air" samples from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres reveal that methane from ruminants contains contemporary carbon, whereas that from wetlands, pat bogs, rice fields, and tundra is somewhat, depleted in carbon-14. Atmospheric (14)GH(4) seems to have increased from 1986 to 1987, and levels at the end of 1987 were 123.3 +/- 0.8 percent modern carbon (pMC) in the Northern Hemisphere and 120.0 +/- 0.7 pMC in the Southern Hemisphere. Model calculations of source partitioning based on the carbon-14 data, CH(4) concentrations, and delta(13)C in CH(4) indicate that 21 +/- 3% of atmospheric CH(4) was derived from fossil carbon at the end of 1987. The data also indicate that pressurized water reactors are an increasingly important source of (14)CH(4).     

F-对厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷毒性及降解性能的影响

采用厌氧毒性试验(anaerobic toxicity assay,ATA)研究F-对厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷毒性.结果表明:当F-质量浓度为25 mg/L时,产甲烷过程几乎不受影响;当F-质量浓度由25 mg/L上升至100 mg/L时,产甲烷量由96 mL降至64mL;当F-质量浓度由100 mg/L上升至400 mg/L时,产甲烷量仅由64 mL降至60 mL.随之2次连续投加F-的试验结果表明:当F-质量浓度为25 mg/L时,甲烷化过程仍然保持与对照相当的活性;当F-质量浓度为100～400 mg/L时,甲烷化过程则受到了更为严重的抑制.恢复试验结果表明:当F-质量浓度为25和100～400 mg/L时,F-分别属于代谢毒素和生理毒素.此外,蔗糖基质的降解性随着F-质量浓度的增加而降低.     

Purines and pyrimidines in sediments from lake erie

Quantitative analyses of purines and pyrimidines in sequential sections of cores from the central and eastern basins of Lake Erie show steeply increasing concentrations in the youngest sediments. This may be related to increased loading of nutrients and recent cultural eutrophication of the lake. The purine and pyrimidine distributions suggest the operation of a specific degradative process for uracil at an extremely early stage in, or prior to, sediment formation.     

Emissions of methyl halides and methane from rice paddies

Methyl halide gases are important sources of atmospheric inorganic halogen compounds, which in turn are central reactants in many stratospheric and tropospheric chemical processes. By observing emissions of methyl chloride, methyl bromide, and methyl iodide from flooded California rice fields, we estimate the impact of rice agriculture on the atmospheric budgets of these gases. Factors influencing methyl halide emissions are stage of rice growth, soil organic content, halide concentrations, and field-water management. Extrapolating our data implies that about 1 percent of atmospheric methyl bromide and 5 percent of methyl iodide arise from rice fields worldwide. Unplanted flooded fields emit as much methyl chloride as planted, flooded rice fields.     

影响甲烷排放量的两种细菌——产甲烷细菌和甲烷氧化菌的研究进展

产甲烷细菌能够利用环境中的甲酸、乙酸、氢和二氧化碳等小分子化合物生成甲烷,对提高沼气池的甲烷产量具有很高的经济价值。甲烷氧化菌以甲烷为其惟一的碳源和能源,在全球大气甲烷平衡中起着重要的作用。环境中的甲烷在厌氧生境中由产甲烷细菌形成后,经土壤和水层,逸散入大气,在途经土壤和水层时可被栖息于其间的甲烷氧化菌所氧化,土壤中甲烷氧化细菌的氧化作用,大约占大气甲烷消耗量的10%,而且甲烷氧化菌能降解卤化碳氢化合物,具有潜在的商业价值。分别对两种细菌的形态、分类、生理特征、代谢途径、研究方法及其潜在应用价值等进行了综述。     

影响甲烷排放量的两种细菌——产甲烷细菌和甲烷氧化菌的研究进展

产甲烷细菌能够利用环境中的甲酸、乙酸、氢和二氧化碳等小分子化合物生成甲烷,对提高沼气池的甲烷产量具有很高的经济价值.甲烷氧化菌以甲烷为其惟一的碳源和能源,在全球大气甲烷平衡中起着重要的作用.环境中的甲烷在厌氧生境中由产甲烷细菌形成后,经土壤和水层,逸散入大气,在途经土壤和水层时可被栖息于其间的甲烷氧化菌所氧化,土壤中甲烷氧化细菌的氧化作用,大约占大气甲烷消耗量的10%,而且甲烷氧化菌能降解卤化碳氢化合物,具有潜在的商业价值.分别对两种细菌的形态、分类、生理特征、代谢途径、研究方法及其潜在应用价值等进行了综述.     

草海湿地湖滨带不同类型土壤甲烷产生与氧化潜力的研究

采用室内模拟培养技术,研究了草海湿地湖滨带不同类型土壤甲烷产生及氧化潜力规律。结果表明,草海湿地表层土(0～5 cm)为甲烷产生潜力最大区域。甲烷产生潜力大小排序为沼泽草甸>草甸>原生沼泽>耕地,分别为10.448、3.188、0.741、0.042μg/(g·d)。甲烷氧化累积潜力大小排序为沼泽草甸>草甸>耕地>原生沼泽,分别为0.155 7、0.079 6、0.011 9、0.003 7μg/(g·d)。随着土层深度的增加,各类型土地甲烷产生潜力明显下降。草海湿地各类型土壤氧化潜力均低于产生潜力,即草海高原湿地湖滨地土壤不具有从大气中吸收甲烷而使得大气中甲烷减少的潜力。     

混合花卉秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷特性及动力学研究

为研究混合花卉秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷特性,选取玫瑰(Rosa rugosa),百合(Lilium lancifolium),满天星(Gypsophila paniculata),向日葵(Helianthus annuus)花卉秸秆混合物与驯化过的猪粪、牛粪混合物进行厌氧发酵试验。设置3种不同的总固体(Totalsolids,TS)浓度(3%、5%和7%)观察厌氧发酵产甲烷特性及系统稳定性。采用3种模型(修正的Gompertz、Cone和Logistic模型)进行厌氧发酵动力学分析。结果表明,TS浓度3%产甲烷量最高,累计产甲烷量258.07 mL·g^-1 VS。随TS浓度升高(3%～7%),延滞期时间相应延长(19～32 d)。挥发性脂肪酸含量(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)在3种TS浓度中均呈先升高后降低趋势。3种TS浓度化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)平均消解率为60.19%～68.53%。通过动力学分析表明,Cone模型相比修正的Gompertz与Logistic模型,具有较高的拟合优度(R²     

零价铁对猪粪发酵产甲烷和磷转化的影响

为解决猪粪发酵沼液中有机物和磷对环境造成的污染问题,提高清洁能源的生产率,通过在厌氧发酵系统中投加零价铁,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪（Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR）、X射线衍射分析（X-ray diffraction,XRD）、高通量测序等技术分析厌氧发酵过程中产甲烷量、磷的分布与形态、酶活性以及微生物群落等变化,研究零价铁对猪粪厌氧发酵产甲烷和磷转化的影响。结果表明,零价铁富集了Clostridun_sensu_stricto_1、Terripotobacter和Syntrophomonas等酸化菌,促进了水解酶的活性,使蛋白酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性分别提高了0.6倍和2.4倍,增强了系统的水解酸化能力。并且零价铁还富集了产甲烷菌Methanosaeta,使产甲烷菌活性增强,最终提高了产甲烷11.1%。另外,零价铁富集了Ruminofilibacter和WS6_Dojkabacteria等相关磷转化的微生物,使酸（碱）性磷酸酶的活性增强26.3%左右,促进了系统内有机磷向无机磷转化。同时,零价铁显著提高了系统中溶解性Fe²⁺的含量,促进了水溶性磷向Fe结合磷化物的转化,最终固定在蓝铁矿等沉淀物中,显著地降低沼液总磷浓度。研究结果为提高猪粪厌氧发酵产甲烷和磷的固定提供了技术参考。     

设施栽培土壤氧化亚氮排放及其影响因子的研究

采用塑料温室及露地栽培试验方法，研究了土壤氧化亚氮排放规律及其影响因子。结果表明，设施栽培土壤氧化亚氮释放通量比露地蔬菜栽培土壤高1．41倍；施有机肥(酵素菌肥)的土壤中氧化亚氮的释放通量高于施化肥的处理，且分别比对照高2．08和0．74倍；不同形态的氮肥对氧化亚氮释放影响各异，其中长效尿素对氧化亚氮释放的促进作用最微弱；38℃下氧化亚氮的释放量高于15℃时氧化亚氮的释放量；pH为7．3时，土壤释放氧化亚氮的能力最强；不同碳源实验证实，葡萄糖对氧化亚氮释放的促进作用最强。     

Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the cretaceous-tertiary mass extinction

Differences between the carbon isotopic values of carbonates secreted by planktic and benthic organisms did not recover to stable preextinction levels for more than 3 million years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. These decreased differences may have resulted from a smaller proportion of marine biological production sinking to deep water in the postextinction ocean. Under this hypothesis, marine production may have recovered shortly after the mass extinction, but the structure of the open-ocean ecosystem did not fully recover for more than 3 million years.