细胞内脂滴定量分析的方法比较

为找出准确定量分析细胞脂滴的方法,以猪卵母细胞为模型,利用2种非破坏性的形态学方法——三维重建分析法和平面光密度法,通过荧光染料特异性标记脂滴,对单个细胞内脂滴含量进行准确定量和对比分析。结果表明:2种方法都能根据荧光图像定量细胞内脂滴,并统计出脂滴大小、密度和分布规律等指标;随机选取100个脂滴含量不等的卵母细胞,三维重建分析法能更准确地反映样本脂滴含量变异情况(变异系数C.V.=0.86),而光密度法的C.V.=0.68;针对同一细胞不同角度的重复观察,三维重建分析法具有更好的重复性(变异系数C.V.=0.07,组内相关系数ICC0.9),而光密度法C.V.=0.37、ICC0.4。因此基于激光共聚焦扫描的三维重建法能够更准确地对细胞内的脂滴含量进行定量分析。     

91WDC-150型风送式喷雾机喷雾系统的试验研究

利用91WDC-150型风送式喷雾机的样机，采用撞击雾滴采集法，通过三因素三水平的正交试验和方差分析得出：喷嘴直径是影响雾滴均匀性的主要因素，其次是药液流量和药箱压力，并找出了最佳参数组合。分析和总结了雾滴密度和雾滴直径在雾流轴线方向上的变化规律。     

农用喷头雾滴粒径对液体黏度的响应

目的 研究农药不同黏度对喷头雾化特性的影响,为农业喷雾施药技术提供理论参考。方法 配制不同质量分数的甘油溶液替代农药试剂进行研究,将喷头喷雾区域网格化,使用粒子动态分析仪测量喷雾区域不同位置处的雾滴参数,利用SPSS分析轴心方向和径向雾滴粒径的分布规律。结果 在喷头喷雾区域轴心方向上,雾滴算术平均直径、雾滴体积平均直径及雾滴索尔特平均直径呈现出先变小然后逐渐变大的规律,外界空气阻力的扰动作用使喷射出的液体表面形成一定模式的表面波,随着距离增大波幅变大,波峰被撕裂下来,破碎成小雾滴,而后在重力的作用下雾滴间发生碰撞聚合,雾滴粒径逐渐变大;喷头喷雾区域径向上,雾滴近似于对称分布,雾滴粒径呈现出中间小两边大的特点,随着径向距离增大雾滴粒径逐渐增大;通过SPSS分析得出,轴心方向上,轴心距离、液体黏度与雾滴粒径的相关系数分别为0.531、0.795;在喷雾区域径向上,径向距离、液体黏度与雾滴粒径的相关系数分别为0.932、0.328。结论 在一定程度上,黏度较大的液体具有一定的防止漂移效果;液体黏度改变对轴心方向上雾滴粒径影响效果显著;在喷头径向上,距离的改变对雾滴粒径大小影响显著。     

Jumping nanodroplets

Flat gold nanostructures on inert substrates like glass or graphite were illuminated by single intensive laser pulses with fluences above the gold melting threshold. The liquid structures produced in this way are far from their equilibrium shape, and a dewetting process sets in. On a time scale of a few nanoseconds, the liquid contracted toward a sphere. During this contraction, the center of mass moved upward, which could lead to detachment of droplets from the surface due to inertia. The resulting velocities were on the order of 10 meters per second for droplets with radii in the range of 100 nanometers.     

EPEC-B1型高压静电喷雾器喷雾性能试验

摘要：采用纸卡法在室内对TEPEC-B1型高压静电喷雾器进行了雾滴大小,喷雾距离,喷雾密度和喷雾量的测试,同时与常规喷雾器进行了比较。测试结果表明：TEPEC-B1型高压静电喷雾器荷电喷雾的雾滴密度显著高于非荷电喷雾,在靶标背面的雾滴密度明显增大。荷电喷雾的雾滴粒径只有常规喷雾雾滴粒径的1/3～1/4,且粒径谱较常规喷雾器窄,雾滴均匀度较高。TEPEC-B1型高压静电喷雾器通过不同档位调节可以控制喷雾量和喷雾距离,适于保护地不同类型蔬菜的病虫害防治。     

农药喷雾粒径的研究现状与发展(综述)

【目的】农药的不合理使用严重威胁着我国农产品质量安全和农业生态环境安全。优化农药喷施方式,提高农药利用率与喷施效果,实现农业生产的良好发展已成为迫切需要解决的问题。【方法】从农药雾滴粒径的检测方法出发,介绍了雾滴粒径检测技术的发展、以及雾滴尺寸与农药防治效果的关系;对农药喷雾最佳粒径的研究进行了分析;总结了农药喷雾最佳粒径的研究以及所存在的不足,并对农药喷雾粒径的研究进行了展望。【结果】人工表面得到的最佳粒径与真实的喷雾最佳粒径具有明显的差异性,人工表面通常倾向于收集大液滴;细小雾滴大量漂移的发生不存在必然性;同一靶标不同时期所对应的喷雾最佳粒径是变化的;小雾滴更容易吸附在靶标表面,能穿透植物冠层杀死冠层内部的害虫。【结论】不同农药、不同靶标、不同药液浓度甚至害虫的不同时期,农药的最佳喷雾粒径大不相同。今后应加强农药雾滴最佳粒径的理论研究,从宏观和微观多角度综合分析,开发精准可控变粒径喷嘴。     

水貂卵母细胞发育过程中脂滴的形态学及组织化学变化的研究

应用电镜及光镜组织化学技术,对水貂卵巢內各发育阶段卵母细胞中的脂滴进行了研究。在水貂卵母细胞中,脂滴的形成是卵母细胞生长开始的标志之一。在生长早期,卵母细胞中脂滴分散在皮质与核之间的胞质中,且脂滴的染色较深,在晚期阶段,脂滴明显增大,聚集到一起,染色变浅。经油红O和酸性氧化苏木素染色证明,在卵泡腔形成之前,脂滴主要是由中性脂肪和磷脂组成,在卵泡腔形成之后,脂滴成分主要是中性脂肪,磷脂消失。实验结果表明,脂滴可能是来自于相对静止期卵母细胞中分布的黑色嗜锇颗粒(直径约0.38μm),经过脂质的不断蓄积而形成脂滴。脂滴量特别多是水貂成熟卵母细胞的特点之一。     

Materials: solidification and ostwald ripening of near-monotectic zinc-lead alloys

Studies of melting and resolidification were carried out on Spacelab 1 on the zinc-lead binary, an alloy which exhibits a miscibility gap in the liquid state. The possibility of maintaining the state of homogeneous dispersion of lead in the zinc matrix in a microgravity environment was verified. The second objective of the experiment was to study Ostwald ripening of the lead droplets (manifested as slow coarsening of the droplets) within the region of immiscibility. An increase in droplet size was observed and may have been due to Ostwald ripening, although the effect on droplet size of precipitation during cooling must be analyzed before this can be determined conclusively.     

Droplet spectra and high-speed wind tunnel evaluation of air induction nozzles

A series of air induction nozzles were tested in a high-speed wind tunnel. Droplet size spectra were measured for four air induction nozzles (IDK-120-01, IDK-120-02, IDK-120-03 and IDK-120-04) each at three spray pressures (0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 MPa) and seven different air velocities (121.7, 153.4, 185.5, 218.4, 253.5, 277.5 and 305.5 km·h⁻¹). The measurement distance (0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 m) from the nozzle orifice was found to be important for the atomization of the droplets. The response surface method was used to analyze the experimental data. The results indicated that Dv_0.1 and Dv_0.5 of the droplets decreased quasi-linearly with increased wind speed, while Dv_0.9 was affected by the quadratic of wind speed. Dv_0.1, Dv_0.5 and Dv_0.9 of the droplets were all proportional to the orifice size, and were not markedly influenced by the spray pressure. The percentage of the spray volume consisting of droplets with a diameter below 100 mm (%<100 mm) was found to be quadratically related to wind speed, and was not markedly influenced by the spray pressure and orifice size. However, the effect of the orifice size on the %< 200 mm could not be ignored.     

Highly supercooled cirrus cloud water: confirmation and climatic implications

Liquid cloud droplets supercooled to temperatures approaching -40 degrees C have been detected at the base of a cirrostratus cloud through a combination of ground-based, polarization laser radar (lidar) and in situ aircraft measurements, Solar and thermal infrared radiative budget calculations based on these observatoins indicate that significant changes in the atmospheric heating distribution and the surface radiative budget may be attributed to liquid layers in cirrus clouds.     

Colloidosomes: selectively permeable capsules composed of colloidal particles

We present an approach to fabricate solid capsules with precise control of size, permeability, mechanical strength, and compatibility. The capsules are fabricated by the self-assembly of colloidal particles onto the interface of emulsion droplets. After the particles are locked together to form elastic shells, the emulsion droplets are transferred to a fresh continuous-phase fluid that is the same as that inside the droplets. The resultant structures, which we call "colloidosomes," are hollow, elastic shells whose permeability and elasticity can be precisely controlled. The generality and robustness of these structures and their potential for cellular immunoisolation are demonstrated by the use of a variety of solvents, particles, and contents.     

松材线虫脂滴4种染色方法的比较

  目的  从4种脂滴染色方法中筛选最适合松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的脂滴染色方法。  方法  采用苏丹黑B染色、尼罗红染色、油红O染色和后置油红O染色等4种染色方法来固定和表征松材线虫体内脂滴的分布，对染色后的线虫进行显微观察和拍摄，并用ImageJ软件对皮下和肠道内染色的脂滴像素进行统计。  结果  4种脂滴染色方法对松材线虫的脂滴都有一定的染色效果。显微拍照后观察脂滴与ImageJ软件图像处理后像素强度比较结果显示:苏丹黑B染色脂滴像素为200.00×1017 m2，尼罗红染色脂滴像素41.64×1012 m2，油红O染色脂滴像素52.12×1017 m2，后置油红O染色脂滴像素83.85×1017 m2。苏丹黑B染色脂滴平均像素强度最高，尼罗红染色脂滴平均像素强度最低，而后置油红O法染色脂滴经计算转换产生了与原始图像一致的表征，实现单个脂滴的良好分离。  结论  综合染色方法的简易、染色时间的长短和染色后的效果，改良后的后置油红O法是最佳的松材线虫脂滴染色方法，能清晰显示脂滴大小及分布。图4表1参17     

喷嘴类型对植保无人飞机喷雾性能的影响

【目的】植保无人飞机具有喷雾效率高、适用性好、作物损伤小和操控人员安全系数高等特点,但飘移严重制约着其推广应用,喷嘴作为核心组件,是影响雾滴飘移的关键因素。本文旨在明确不同类型喷嘴对植保无人飞机喷雾的雾化性能及雾滴飘移的影响,为选择合适喷嘴提供理论依据。【方法】筛选20种常见的扇形、气吸型和圆锥形喷嘴,采用激光粒度仪系统测定并计算喷嘴的分布跨度、体积中径（D₅₀）及尺寸<150 μm的雾滴占全部雾粒体积的百分比（ΦVol_{<150 μm}）等表征雾化性能的参数,在开放式风洞中首先测定不同喷嘴在0.3 MPa下的流量,然后采用相片纸法和麦拉片法评价喷嘴型号对喷雾飘移和飘移沉积雾滴粒径特征的影响。【结果】在0.3 MPa喷雾压力下测定不同喷嘴雾化性能表明,在常规扇形喷嘴中,F110-01、F110-015、F110-02和F110-03随着型号的增加,分布跨度和D₅₀显著增加,而ΦVol_{<150 μm}显著减低,气吸型扇形喷嘴AFC-01—AFC-05和圆锥形喷嘴HCC80-0075—HCC80-025具有相同的规律,但相同型号的气吸型扇形喷嘴,ΦVol_{<150 μm}均显著小于扇形喷嘴和圆锥形喷嘴,而分布跨度和D₅₀均大于扇形喷嘴和圆锥形喷嘴;在气吸型扇形喷嘴中,AFC-01及IDK120-015分布跨度和D₅₀显著小于其他类型;IDK120-015 ΦVol_{<150 μm}极显著低于HCC80-02、F110-015和F110-03,分布跨度和D₅₀显著高于HCC80-02和F110-015,HCC80-02的流量分别与IDK120-015、F110-015之间差异不显著,均显著低于F110-03。进一步采用麦拉片和相片纸法评价地面飘移沉积雾滴粒径特征和飘移量,喷嘴类型和飘移距离对飘移沉积雾滴D₅₀和分布跨度的影响均达到极显著,飘移距离3 m的D₅₀和分布跨度均显著低于1 m和2 m的,Depositscan软件计算预估飘移量的趋势和实测飘移量一致,均为HCC80-02>F110-015>F110-03>IDK120-015。计算不同喷嘴防飘移效果可知,IDK120-015的防飘移效果最好,达72.02%,F110-03次之,HCC80-02最差。【结论】麦拉片和相片纸均可收集地面飘移量作为评估雾滴飘移的方法;合理选择喷嘴可降低小雾滴的百分比和扩大相对雾滴粒径,显著减少植保无人飞机施药作业过程中的雾滴飘移。     

A class of microstructured particles through colloidal crystallization

Microstructured particles were synthesized by growing colloidal crystals in aqueous droplets suspended on fluorinated oil. The droplets template highly ordered and smooth particle assemblies, which diffract light and have remarkable structural stability. The method allows control of particle size and shape from spheres through ellipsoids to toroids by varying the droplet composition. Cocrystallization in colloidal mixtures yields anisotropic particles of organic and inorganic materials that can, for example, be oriented and turned over by magnetic fields. The results open the way to controllable formation of a wide variety of microstructures.     

Holes in a Quantum Spin Liquid

Magnetic neutron scattering provides evidence for nucleation of antiferromagnetic droplets around impurities in a doped nickel oxide-based quantum magnet. The undoped parent compound contains a spin liquid with a cooperative singlet ground state and a gap in the magnetic excitation spectrum. Calcium doping creates excitations below the gap with an incommensurate structure factor. We show that weakly interacting antiferromagnetic droplets with a central phase shift of pi and a size controlled by the correlation length of the quantum liquid can account for the data. The experiment provides a quantitative impression of the magnetic polarization cloud associated with holes in a doped transition metal oxide.     

Spruce budworm mortality as a function of aerial spray droplet size

The size and number of aerial spray drops impinging on spruce budworm in its conifer forest habitat were determined by means of a new tracer method that uses fluorescent particles in a liquid spray. Examination of 1113 larvae affected by an experimental insecticide that had been applied to a 5000-acre (2024-ha) test area in Montana showed that 93 percent had not been contacted by any droplets larger than 50 micro in diameter. Small numbers of droplets 50 to 100 micro in diameter were found on 7 percent of the larvae, along with lethal numbers of smaller drops. No evidence was found that significant numbers of drops larger than 100 micro reached the target insects. Because about 95 percent of the spray applied to forests by current methods consist of droplets larger than 50 micro, the biologically effective portion of the drop spectrum is only a few percent. The data foreshadow a major potential reduction in insecticide requirements for the successful control of spruce budworm.     

番鸭(Cairina moschata)甲状腺的显微与亚微结构

番鸭甲状腺实质由大小不一、近似球形的滤泡组成,其上皮细胞呈低立方形至扁平形.电镜下的滤泡上皮细胞,胞质内存在多量由被吞饮的胶状质与溶酶体相结合的胶质滴,线粒体外围有以核糖体规律排列的粗面内质网,网腔内多被低密度的无定形内容物所扩大.番鸭甲状腺实质存在滤泡旁细胞(C细胞).经Ehrlich苏木素染色的滤泡旁细胞呈球形、体积大、染色较浅,单个散在或2个并列位于滤泡外围的结缔组织内,不与滤泡腔接触,可明显与滤泡上皮细胞相区别.     

Orientation order of dipole molecules in the surface of embryonic droplets

During the growth of embryonic droplets in an imperfect vapor the surface polar molecules pass from a disordered orientation state to an ordered orientation state, the transition size being on the order of 100 molecules. This transition poses an interesting model problem in the study of order-disorder transitions in the thermodynamics of small systems.     

雾滴密度及大小对氯虫苯甲酰胺防治稻纵卷叶螟效果的影响

【目的】分析不同剂量条件下,雾滴密度和雾滴大小对氯虫苯甲酰胺防治稻纵卷叶螟效果的影响,为稻田农药的高效施用提供科学依据。【方法】采用自动行走式喷雾塔模拟田间喷液量,通过添加表面活性剂使不同浓度的氯虫苯甲酰胺药液在水稻叶面上有同等润湿展布能力,利用图像处理方法计算水敏纸上收集到的雾滴密度。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺剂量为2.00 mg•m-2,增加雾滴密度能显著提高防治效果。剂量增加到4.00 mg•m-2,雾滴体积中径VMD 200 μm和VMD 75 μm的雾滴密度在分别达到26.06和66.96 个/cm2后,防治效果即可与高密度处理效果相当。VMD 200 μm的雾滴密度为82.09 个/cm2时,剂量从4.00 mg•m-2减少至2.00 mg•m-2,防治效果没有显著降低。VMD 75 μm的雾滴密度为140.06 个/cm2,剂量从4.00 mg•m-2减少至2.50 mg•m-2,防治效果同样没有显著降低。相同喷液量条件下喷施相同浓度的氯虫苯甲酰胺药液,VMD 75 μm的喷头增加了雾滴密度,提高了防治效果。【结论】氯虫苯甲酰胺低用量时,雾滴密度与防治稻纵卷叶螟的效果密切相关。雾滴密度超过一定数量,减少氯虫苯甲酰胺剂量仍可保证对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果;低容量喷雾时,可通过减小雾滴粒径,增加雾滴密度提高氯虫苯甲酰胺的防治效果。     

Size distributions and mineralogy of ash particles in the stratosphere from eruptions of mount st. Helens

Samples from the stratosphere obtained by U-2 aircraft after the first three major eruptions of Mount St. Helens contained large globules of liquid acid and ash. Because of their large size, these globules had disappeared from the lower stratosphere by late June 1980, leaving behind only smaller acid droplets. Particle-size distributions and mineralogy of the stratospheric ash grains demonstrate in-homogeneity in the eruption clouds.