Toxic trace elements: preferential concentration in respirable particles

The toxic trace elements arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, selenium, and thallium were found to be most concentrated in the smallest respirable particles emitted from coal-fired power plants. These elements, or their compounds, are probably volatilized during combustion and preferentially adsorb or condense onto the small particles which can most easily pass through conventional control equipment.     

喷硒对枸杞中微量元素积累的影响

[目的]研究液面喷施硒对宁夏枸杞中微量元素积累的影响,促进富硒枸杞安全生产。[方法]以宁杞1号为供试材料,在枸杞叶面喷施亚硒酸钠,对枸杞中微量元素含量进行相关检测,研究喷硒对枸杞微量元素积累的影响。[结果]设定的0~500 mg/kg喷硒浓度范围,枸杞含硒量均有显著提高,喷施浓度及次数是影响枸杞硒含量的关键因素;铁、锌、锰、铜在硒不同施用量作用下,含量均呈现曲线变化。[结论]在一定浓度范围内,随着喷施浓度的增加,枸杞各微量元素含量在逐渐增加,超过耐受限量时呈下降趋势。     

原子荧光光谱法在测定食品中有毒金属元素的应用

原子荧光光谱法具有操作简单、灵敏度高、检出限低、线性范围宽、分析速度快、干扰少等优点,被广泛应用于测定食品中汞、砷、铅、硒、锑、锡、镉等微量重金属。该文介绍了原子荧光光谱法的基本原理和分类,综述了其在测定食品中多种微量有毒金属元素的应用。     

Trace element composition of the mount st. Helens plume: stratospheric samples from the 18 may eruption

Atmospheric particulate material collected from the stratosphere in the plume of the 18 May 1980 eruption of the Mount St. Helens volcano was quite similar in composition to that of ash that fell to the ground in western Washington. However, there were small but significant differences in concentrations of some elements with altitude, indicating that the stratospheric material was primarily produced from fresh magma, not fragments of the mountain.     

Glazed lunar rocks: origin by impact

The glassy coating of lunar rock 12017 is enriched in 15 trace elements relative to the crystalline interior. It apparently consists chiefly of shock-melted rock, somewhat richer in rare earth elements and alkali metals than rock 12017 itself. The glass has been contaminated by about 0.5 percent carbonaceous-chondrite-like material or, alternatively, by a mixture of 0.06 to 0.3 percent fractionated meteoritic material and approximately 10 to 15 percent local soil. The glazing seems to represent molten material splashed from a nearby meteorite impact and not in situ melting by a sudden increase in solar luminosity.     

章丘大葱产地地质地球化学背景研究

[目的]了解章丘大葱产地表层土壤地球化学环境特征及元素的迁移转化规律。[方法]以生态地球化学理论为指导,利用章丘大葱产地生态地球化学调查的基础数据,系统研究境内表层土壤元素的分布特征、组合特征及剖面特征。[结果]分析土壤中20种元素的地球化学特征,其中大部分元素受深层土壤控制明显,具较强的承继性。但是,S、Se、Hg、N、P等元素受人类活动的影响明显。[结论]研究区土壤中大多数元素基本保持成土母质母岩的原始状况,物质主要来源于深层土壤母质,但一定程度上受表层各种作用的改造。     

基于多项式回归分析的摩尔多瓦葡萄富硒效应

[目的]探讨基于多项式回归分析的摩尔多瓦葡萄富硒效应,为开展广西富硒土原位生产富硒葡萄提供参考依据.[方法]以摩尔多瓦葡萄为试验材料,采用三元二次饱和D-最优设计,以石灰石粉(x1)、AM菌剂(x2)、营养调节剂(x3)为因变量,以试验结果中葡萄硒含量为自变量(y),设11个处理(处理1~处理11),经回归分析明确试验因素对葡萄硒含量的影响,优选生产富硒摩尔多瓦葡萄的外源物质施用量.[结果]施用石灰石粉、AM菌剂和营养调节剂各处理(除处理1外)摩尔多瓦葡萄的硒含量比对照(CK)提高1.1~1.8倍,最高增幅达87.2%.多项式回归方程中单因素效应分析结果显示,当石灰石粉、AM菌剂和营养调节剂施用量分别为2400.00、69.00和39.98 kg/ha时,摩尔多瓦葡萄硒含量最高,为11.56μg/kg;互作效应分析结果显示,两两互作对摩尔多瓦葡萄硒含量的影响排序为x1x3>x1x2>x2x3.[结论]摩尔多瓦葡萄分别开沟施用石灰石粉、AM菌剂和营养调节剂2400.00、69.00和39.98 kg/ha,其果实硒含量达富硒水平.因此,施用石灰石粉、AM菌剂和营养调节剂等外源物质可作为生产富硒葡萄的新型技术手段.     

The oceanic microcosm of particles

Analyses of suspended particulate matter larger than 1 micrometer, filtered from thousands of liters of surface and deep waters during GEOSECS expeditions to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, have provided new information on the nature and time scales of chemical processes associated with the particles. Trace element and radionuclide data show that particles scavenge trace elements such as Th, Pu, Fe, Pb, and Cu from the ocean column, thereby controlling their concentrations. For other elements, however, particles are a source: carbon and silicon, for example, are introduced at depths as sinking particles dissolve. Studies of both particulate concentrations by filtration of seawater and particulate fluxes by using sediment traps seem necessary to delineate the intricate nature of chemical processes in the oceans.     

Na2SeO3对药食用真菌蛹虫草子实体生长及功能成分腺苷、虫草素的影响

【目的】研究分析Na₂SeO₃对药食用真菌蛹虫草子实体生长及功能成分腺苷、虫草素的影响,大面积人工栽培富硒蛹虫草提供理论依据和技术支持。【方法】以新疆本地蛹虫草菌种作为富硒载体,采用瓶栽法,系统分析不同浓度亚硒酸钠处理对蛹虫草菌丝、子座、子实体生长,产量、生物转化率、总硒及其功能成分腺苷、虫草素含量的影响。【结果】处理1(硒浓度20 mg/L)和处理2(硒浓度40 mg/L)与对照相比其蛹虫草的菌丝体生长、子座生长、子实体出草长度、鲜重、干重、生物转化率等无影响,其子实体中总硒含量最高,功能成分腺苷、虫草素含量明显增加;从处理3(硒浓度60 mg/L)至处理7(硒浓度200 mg/L)与对照相比,其蛹虫草的菌丝体生长、子座生长受到抑制,其子实体出草长度、鲜重、干重、生物转化率等呈显著性差异(P<0.05),呈降低趋势,并随着硒浓度增加,抑制越明显;其子实体中总硒含量逐渐降低,功能成分腺苷、虫草素含量逐渐下降。【结论】以亚硒酸钠作为外源硒,硒浓度20~40 mg/L效果最好,可作为进行蛹虫草富硒栽培较为理想的浓度。     

Tracking the evolution of a hydrothermal event plume with a RAFOS neutrally buoyant drifter

The migration and evolution of a deep ocean hydrothermal event plume were tracked with a neutrally buoyant RAFOS float. The float remained entrained in the plume for 60 days, and the plume vorticity was calculated directly from the anticyclonic motion of the float. Concentrations of suspended particles, particulate iron, and dissolved manganese in the plume did not decay significantly during the 60 days, which indicates that event plumes would be easily detectable a year after formation.     

我国不同林区典型乔木树种枝叶燃烧碳排放特性

[目的]对我国不同林区典型乔木树种燃烧释放含碳物质排放特性的研究,可为了解含碳气体和颗粒物对大气环境和全球碳循环的影响提供科学依据.[方法]本研究运用自主设计的生物质燃烧系统,模拟东北林区、南方林区和西南林区共19种典型乔木树种枝、叶燃烧,分析不同树种、不同树种类型及不同林区的含碳气体(CO2、CO和CxHy)、颗粒物...     

有机富硒肥对青钱柳叶中硒、微量元素及功效成分的影响

研究了叶面喷施有机富硒肥对不同树龄青钱柳叶中硒、重要微量元素及皂苷、黄酮、多糖等功效成分的影响。试验设高、中、低3个喷施剂量组,每100 g有机富硒肥中硒含量分别为6000、3000、1500 mg。分别在4、6、8月对10年生大树和3年生小树进行喷施,5、7、9月采摘。采摘后测定青钱柳叶中硒、微量元素以及功效成分的含量。研究结果表明：叶面喷施可显著提高青钱柳叶中硒含量,硒含量最高可达7.31 mg/kg,是空白组的41倍,且青钱柳叶中硒含量与喷施剂量呈正相关性;青钱柳叶中硒含量与喷施时间有关,5月与7月叶中硒含量相当,9月叶中硒含量明显降低;10年生大树叶中硒含量高于3年生小树。喷施有机富硒肥后青钱柳叶中镁、锌、铬、镍、钒含量增加,锰、铜含量降低。功效成分皂苷、黄酮、多糖含量均有所提高,分别达到2.8%,8.9%,2.4%。     

城市环境中毛白杨和油松叶片表面颗粒污染物的观察

本文旨在观察北京地区不同环境中毛白杨和油松叶片表面颗粒污染物状况。选择毛白杨和油松分别代表阔叶乔木和针叶常绿树种。在2014年6、10月分别采集样品,利用环境扫描电镜和X-射线能谱仪对2个采样点2种树种叶表滞留的颗粒物进行了粒径与数量统计及来源解析。结果表明:PM2.5是毛白杨和油松叶表总颗粒物的主要成分,颗粒物主要滞留在毛白杨叶片的上表面和油松针叶的平面;在单位叶面积上,油松叶表面的颗粒物较毛白杨多;西直门样地叶表的PM2.5数量多于奥林匹克森林公园,10月份叶表滞留的颗粒物数量多于6月份。西直门样品除硅铝酸盐颗粒外还包括烟尘集合体和飞灰颗粒,且含有较多的S元素;与奥林匹克森林公园相比,PM2.5污染较重的西直门地区样品气孔较小、密度较大。      

凯里地区天胡荽中微量元素含量的测定

[目的]测定凯里地区天胡荽(Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.)样品中微量元素的含量。[方法]采用微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)、氢化物原子发生荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定天胡荽中Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Se 5种微量元素的含量。[结果]凯里下司地区的不同颜色的天胡荽含有丰富的人体必需微量元素Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Se,且含量依次是Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu>Se;其中绿色天胡荽中Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn的含量几乎是红色天胡荽含量的2倍,而Se含量差异不大,所测Se含量均大于0.110μg/g,属于高硒植物。所测元素回收率在98.1%～104.2%之间,RSD在0.01%～2.22%之间。[结论]该研究为当地天胡荽药用价值的科学评价提供了依据。     

植物硒的研究与利用

硒是人和动物必需的微量元素,植物硒资源的状况直接地影响到人类的硒营养状况,植物将土壤中吸收的无机硒转化为有机硒,对植物具有重要的生理作用,有利于植物的生长发育,我国在植物硒资源研究利用方面取得了很多成绩.     

Iridium enrichment in airborne particles from kilauea volcano: january 1983

Airborne particulate matter from the January 1983 eruption of Kilauea volcano was inadvertently collected on air filters at Mauna Loa Observatory at a sampling station used to observe particles in global circulation. Analyses of affected samples revealed unusually large concentrations of selenium, arsenic, indium, gold, and sulfur, as expected for volcanic emissions. Strikingly large concentrations of iridium were also observed, the ratio of iridium to aluminum being 17,000 times its value in Hawaiian basalt. Since iridium enrichments have not previously been observed in volcanic emissions, the results for Kilauea suggest that it is part of an unusual volcanic system which may be fed by magma from the mantle. The iridium enrichment appears to be linked with the high fluorine content of the volcanic gases, which suggests that the iridium is released as a volatile IrF(6).     

A meteoritic component rich in volatile elements: its characterization and implications

An unusual carbon-rich material found in the Abee meteorite is highly enriched in volatile elements, by factors of 10(4) relative to the case for nonvolatile elements. Volatile-rich material of this type might form in the solar nebula toward the end of accretion, when small amounts of residual dust acquire all the uncondensed volatile elements. The mercury enrichment factor of 8500 could explain the paradox of the excess abundance of this element in meteorites.     

FAAS法测定原生态硒米中的微量元素铁和镍

[目的]测定黔东南苗族侗族自治州原生态丹寨精硒米中微量元素铁和镍的含量。[方法]采用正交试验优化仪器最佳工作条件,湿法消解硒米样品,火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）测定微量元素铁和镍。[结果]原生态丹寨精硒米中微量元素铁和镍的含量分别为8.00和0.50 mg/kg。[结论]该研究方法操作简便,灵敏度高,检出限低。     

Selenium and sulfur in a greenland ice sheet: relation to fossil fuel combustion

In the combustion of fossil fuels, selenium is mobilized in the atmosphere to a much lesser extent than is sulfur. This difference is ascribed to the chemical behavior of their respective tetravalent oxides. The ratio of selenium to sulfur in glacial ice is characteristic of terrestrial matter, and these elements may find their way to ice sheets by the formation of volatile compounds in biochemical processes.     

复合锌硒片对尘肺患者血清脂质过氧化水平和微量元素的影响

目的探讨复合锌硒片对尘肺患者血清脂质过氧化水平及微量元素含量的影响.方法将80例单纯Ⅰ期尘肺患者分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组在内科常规治疗基础上加用复合锌硒片治疗3个月.测定服药前、服药1个月后血清SOD,MDA的含量及微量元素锌、硒及铜的含量.结果对照组患者治疗前后血清SOD活力、MDA及硒、锌、铜含量差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,而治疗组患者治疗后血浆SOD活力显著升高,MDA含量降低,微量元素锌、硒含量增高,与治疗前差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,与对照组治疗后相比也有显著性差异（P〈0.01）.结论复合锌硒片能调整体内微量元素比例,提高尘肺患者抗氧化作用,可用于尘肺病的辅助治疗.