鸡肿瘤病料中马立克氏病病毒和禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒共感染的研究

采用细胞培养、间接荧光抗体试验(IFA)、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和斑点杂交(Dotblot)的方法从我国不同地区发生肿瘤的病料中同时进行MDV和REV的分离和鉴定。在分离到的13株MDV野毒株中，有4株培养物既能在IFA中与REV的单抗反应，又可以用PCR扩增出REV的LTR；另有4株培养物能扩增出REV的LTR，但在IFA中却不与REV的单抗反应。结果表明我国MD肿瘤中存在着REV的共感染，且我国MDV某些野毒株的基因组中有可能已经整合进了REV的LTR序列。     

禽网状内皮增生病病毒对不同日龄SPF鸡的致病性比较

本研究拟通过禽网状内皮增生病病毒(REV)分子克隆化病毒REV-C99株对1、8日龄SPF鸡的致病性比较,探讨REV的致病性与感染日龄的关系。在1、8日龄SPF鸡,分别腹腔注射REV-C99株1000个TCID50.只-1,以新城疫病毒(NDV)灭活疫苗免疫后HI抗体滴度的测定结果为指标,比较了REV对不同日龄SPF鸡的致病性。结果表明,与对照组相比,1日龄SPF鸡感染REV后,即使经过NDV灭活疫苗的二次、三次免疫,对NDV的HI抗体滴度仍然差异显著(P0.05);而8日龄SPF鸡感染REV后则随着感染时间的延长以及NDV灭活疫苗的二次、三次免疫,对NDV的HI抗体滴度差异不显著(P0.05)。本研究表明,REV感染1日龄SPF鸡可显著抑制对NDV灭活疫苗免疫后的体液免疫反应,并且这种免疫抑制作用可持续至4个月;而8日龄SPF鸡感染REV后更多表现为一过性的致病作用。显然,REV的致病性对雏鸡感染日龄具有很强的依赖性,从而揭示出控制REV早期感染的重要性并具有现实意义。     

SPF雏鸡人工感染禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒后肝组织的超微结构观察

通过对１日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡进行人工接种禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒（ＲＥＶ）,观察其肝脏组织在透射电镜下细胞器的变化,接种ＲＥＶ后７￣１４ｄ,出现线粒体嵴变短、断裂膨大、排列紊乱、细胞核浓缩、核碎裂等。雏鸡感染ＲＥＶ后２１￣４２ｄ,线粒体急性肿胀,嵴很多消失呈现空泡化,线粒体内出现包涵体,粗面内质网网池扩大,网状结构断裂呈单个囊泡状,细胞核溶解,坏死,出现髓样小体,细胞间胶原纤维增多,网状细胞增殖。     

禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒感染对SPF雏鸡法氏囊细胞Bcl-2和C-myc基因表达及凋亡的影响

【目的】 探究禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒(Reticuloendotheliosis virus,REV)感染禽类后导致免疫器官发生细胞凋亡的机理。【方法】 以1日龄SPF雏鸡为试验对象,将100只SPF雏鸡随机均分为REV感染组和未感染病毒的对照组,REV感染组雏鸡经腹腔感染500 μL REV稀释液,对照组雏鸡经相同途径注射等量灭菌生理盐水,于病毒感染后第1、7、14、21、28和42天,2组雏鸡随机各抽取5只,心脏采血处死雏鸡后快速摘取法氏囊。分别应用HE染色和病理切片成像系统测定分析法氏囊细胞核浆比,TUNEL细胞凋亡原位检测试剂盒测定凋亡细胞数,免疫组化法测定Bcl-2和C-myc阳性细胞数量,实时荧光定量PCR和ELISA法分别检测法氏囊Bcl-2和C-myc 基因mRNA表达和蛋白含量。【结果】 ①REV感染1日龄SPF雏鸡后21~42 d,其法氏囊淋巴细胞凋亡百分比显著或极显著高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05;P<0.01);②SPF雏鸡感染REV后21和28 d,其法氏囊细胞核浆比显著低于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05);③REV感染SPF雏鸡法氏囊中Bcl-2和C-myc阳性细胞数在病毒感染后21和28 d显著高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05);④REV感染SPF雏鸡后21 d,其法氏囊Bcl-2和C-myc 基因mRNA表达极显著高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.01)。⑤SPF雏鸡感染REV后,其法氏囊中Bcl-2蛋白含量较对照组雏鸡有不同程度的增加,其中21和28 d分别差异极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05),病毒感染组雏鸡的C-myc蛋白含量也始终高于对照组雏鸡,且21和28 d极显著增高(P<0.01)。【结论】 REV感染所致SPF雏鸡法氏囊细胞Bcl-2和C-myc的mRNA表达以及蛋白含量异常均与病毒感染导致的法氏囊细胞凋亡密切相关,而法氏囊细胞凋亡数量增加与REV感染引发的机体免疫机能抑制密切相关。     

禽呼肠孤病毒感染鸡胚成纤维细胞后IL-17、IL-18和IFN-γ mRNA转录水平的动态变化

为了分析禽呼肠孤病毒(avian reovirus,ARV)S1133株感染鸡胚成纤维细胞(chicken embryo fibroblast,CEF)后,对其细胞因子IL-17、IL-18和IFN-γmRNA转录水平的影响,探讨禽呼肠孤病毒感染机制和宿主之间的作用关系。本试验将ARV-S1133感染CEF细胞后,运用荧光定量PCR技术,测定和分析ARV结构蛋白σC和CEF细胞的IL-17、IL-18及IFN-γ的mRNA动态转录水平。结果表明,ARV-S1133感染CEF细胞10h后病毒结构蛋白σC mRNA的相对表达量开始迅速上升,在48h达到最高峰(13 162.73倍);ARV-S1133感染后引起CEF细胞中的IL-17、IL-18和IFN-γmRNA表达量发生变化,IL-17和IFN-γmRNA转录水平在感染早期迅速上调,感染后6h达到第一个峰值,分别上调8.77倍和11.17倍,随后下降,在感染36、48、60h后大幅度上升,且在48h达到峰值,表达量分别为97.19倍和111.58倍。IL-18mRNA转录水平在整个感染过程中表达量较低,在感染6h后微量上调(1.39倍),在感染中后期,其表达量呈下调趋势,感染48h时,IL-18mRNA表达量最低,与对照组相比下调0.19倍;5个不同滴度的ARV病毒感染CEF细胞24h后,3个细胞因子mRNA的表达量与病毒滴度线性相关,IL-17和IFN-γmRNA转录水平与病毒滴度正相关,IL-18mRNA转录水平与病毒滴度负相关。结果表明,ARV感染后可诱导CEF分泌IL-17、IL-18、IFN-γ的mRNA转录水平上调,说明IL-17、IL-18、IFN-γ可能与禽呼肠孤病毒的复制和致病机制相关。     

禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒分子生物学特性与免疫抑制

禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒为反转录病毒科禽类C型反转录病毒.禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒感染后主要引起感染家禽免疫功能抑制和慢性肿瘤,该病的控制对养禽业的健康发展和生物制品质量的提高具有重大影响.文章对禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒的生物学特性与引起免疫抑制机制的研究新进展进行了简要综述.     

核酸探针检测山东省鸡群中马立克病毒、传染性贫血病毒、网状内皮增生病病毒和呼肠孤病毒的流行状况

为对山东家禽业免疫抑制病的流行情况进行调查,从烟台、滨州、临沂、泰安、聊城、青岛大型养殖场共随机收集600只病死鸡的肝脏和脾脏病例组织样品,用斑点杂交的方法检测样品中鸡马立克病毒（Marek’s disease virus, MDV）、传染性贫血病毒（chicken anemia virus,CAV）、网状内皮增生病病毒(reticuloendotheliosis virus,REV)和呼肠孤病毒（reovirus,REOV）的感染情况。结果发现,MDV、CAV、REV、REOV的感染率分别为5.17%、8.17%、1.17%、2.5%,检出率较以前的研究报道有降低趋势,有多种双重感染和三重感染,表明山东家禽业在免疫抑制病方面总体控制较好,但不同的养殖场发病情况差异极显著,管理水平参差不齐,个别地区发病情况严重,检出率超过其他地区的总和。     

禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒的分离鉴定及其体外复制研究

禽网状内皮组织增生病是一种重要的肿瘤病和免疫抑制病。本研究从黑龙江省某鸣场分离到一株禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒,经间接免疫荧光、PCR和电镜鉴定,将该株病毒命名为HLJR090l。克隆HLJR0901主要保护性抗原的基因gp90,并进行了序列分析。HLJR0901与我国早期分离的南方毒株HA9901亲缘关系较远,而与美国和台湾的某些毒株同源性较高。HLJR0901的TCID50为10^52／mL。通过绘制复制动力学曲线对HLJR0901在cEF细胞上的增殖动态规律进行了研究,发现d6和d7REV增殖的滴度最高。该研究丰富了REV流行病学调查,为后续研究REV致病机制、免疫抑制机制等奠定基础。本研究不仅丰富了我国REV流行病学资料,也为深入研究REV致病机制、免疫抑制机制等奠定了基础。     

用单抗介导的免疫荧光试验检测组织切片中的禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒

以禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒(Reticuloendotheliosis virus，REV)的单克隆抗体11B154作为一抗，建立了从组织病理切片中检测REV的免疫荧光技术(Mc-IFA)。运用该技术对人工接种REV的肉鸡和疑似REV病鸡的肝脏、脾脏、心脏和肾脏等器官的组织切片进行了检测，并与病毒分离和斑点杂交试验的敏感性和特异性进行了比较。结果表明，在人工接种的感染肉鸡中，3种方法均为阳性；在30份疑似REV的病料中，用Mc-IFA可以检测出10份阳性，而病毒分离只有8份样品为阳性。由此表明，Mc-IFA的特异性和敏感性均较高，完全可以用于REV的检测。     

禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒套式PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank中登录的禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒(REV)基因组序列,设计合成了2对引物,外部引物的扩增片段大小为467 bp,内部引物的扩增片段大小为314 bp,建立了适合REV快速检测的套式PCR方法。采用该方法对REV毒株进行了检测,结果显示能扩增到314 bp的条带;禽流感病毒(H9亚型)、新城疫病毒、传染性法氏囊病病毒、减蛋综合征病毒、禽白血病病毒、禽呼肠孤病毒、马立克氏病病毒的扩增结果均为阴性。该方法第1次扩增的敏感性是100 pg,第2次扩增的敏感性是1 fg,第2次比第1次扩增的敏感性高105倍。所建立的套式PCR方法具有敏感性高、重复性好、特异性强等优点,可用于禽网状内皮组织增生病的临床诊断和分子流行病学调查。     

Effects of reticuloendotheliosis virus and Marek's disease virus infection and co-infection on IFN-gamma production in SPF chickens

Two experiments were used to examine the potential role of IFN-gamma in chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and Marek's disease virus (MDV). First, chickens were infected with REV and/or MDV at 5 days of age and examined from 3 to 50 days post-infection (dpi). In REV+MDV co-infection chickens, IFN-gamma ELISA demonstrated a 3-fold increase at 7 dpi compared to the controls, while REV alone caused a 5-fold increase, the IFN-gamma levels peaked, and then gradually decreased. IFN-gamma levels significantly decreased in MDV infection at 3 dpi and 15 dpi. Second, experiments were designed to determine the effects of different viruses and ConA on IFN-gamma production. For REV- or MDV-infected chickens, the IFN-gamma levels decreased slightly after adding ConA. This is the first report of IFN-gamma production in SPF chickens infected with REV and MDV measured by directly quantitative method.     

SPF雏鸡感染REV后IL-2 mRNA表达的动态变化

为研究SPF鸡感染禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒(REV)后白细胞介素2(IL-2) mRNA表达的动态变化,本研究应用荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对SPF鸡感染REV后主要免疫器官的IL-2 mRNA转录水平进行了初步研究.结果显示,与对照组相比,REV感染组鸡的脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊中IL-2基因的表达量在感染后7d、14d、21d、28 d、35 d、42 d和49 d均呈现升高,而且除21日龄、28日龄鸡的脾脏外,均为差异显著(p＜0.05).本研究表明REV感染后可以诱导鸡的机体表达IL-2.     

Effect of reticuloendotheliosis virus on the response of chickens to Salmonella typhimurium infection

Groups of 25 chickens free of maternal antibody to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) were inoculated with either third or seventh passage REV at either one or seven days of age. Some of the birds inoculated at day 1 with REV were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium either concurrently or six or 13 days later while some of those inoculated with REV at day 7 were inoculated concurrently with S typhimurium. At day old, infection with S typhimurium alone caused the death of 12 of 25 chicks whereas in the dual infection, using the third passage REV, 18 of 25 birds died. Similarly no seven or 14 day old chickens died when challenged with S typhimurium alone, but previous day-old infection with REV caused a respective mortality of eight of 25 and five of 25 birds. With the seventh passage REV a similar pattern was seen. At day old S typhimurium infection alone killed seven of 25 birds whereas combined with virus the mortality was 14 of 25 and while S typhimurium alone killed none of 25 chicks infected at seven days old, the mortality in birds also infected with REV was 14 of 25. Combined virus and bacterial infections did not increase the proportion of feathering defects in birds surviving S typhimurium infections. There was a significantly higher proportion of feathering defects in birds infected with third passage virus compared with seventh passage virus. Although a higher proportion of birds had antibody responses to REV in the seventh than in the third passage group, there was no discernible difference in the effect the different viruses had on chickens' susceptibility to S typhimurium.     

Studies on the pathogenesis of chicken infectious anaemia virus infection in six-week-old SPF chickens

The pathogenesis of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CAV) infection was studied in 6-week-old and one-day-old SPF chickens inoculated intramuscularly with graded doses of Cux-1 strain (10(6)-10(2) TCID50/chicken). Viraemia, virus shedding, development of virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies and CAV distribution in the thymus were studied by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunocytochemistry (IP) and in situ hybridization until postinfection day (PID) 28. In 6-week-old chickens infected with high doses of CAV, viraemia and VN antibodies could be detected 4 PID and onward without virus shedding or contact transmission to sentinel birds. However, virus shedding and contact transmission were demonstrated in one-day-old infected chickens. In the 6-week-old groups infected with lower doses, VN antibodies developed by PID 14, transient viraemia and virus shedding were detected. The thymus cortex of all 1-day-old inoculated chickens stained with VP3-specific mAb. Cells with positive in situ hybridization signal were fewer and scattered throughout the thymus tissue of the one-day-old inoculated chickens as compared to IP-positive cells. These results suggest that early immune response induced by high doses of CAV in 6-week-old chickens curtails viral replication and prevents virus shedding.     

禽呼肠孤病毒感染后SPF鸡关节中Toll样受体的mRNA转录水平变化

禽呼肠孤病毒(avian reovirus,ARV)感染主要引起鸡的病毒性关节炎和免疫抑制等,造成养禽业巨大经济损失。近年来Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)在病原体感染中的作用受到广泛关注。在本试验中,将ARV S1133毒株经足垫注射,接种7日龄SPF鸡,感染后1、3、5、7、14、21、28和35d采集鸡关节样品,利用荧光定量PCR方法检测TLR3、TLR5、TLR7、TLR15和TLR21在关节组织中的mRNA表达水平变化,探讨ARV感染对鸡关节中上述TLRs mRNA表达量的影响。结果表明,ARV可引起,尤其感染早期鸡只出现足垫肿胀的症状,并且关节中这些TLRs在感染后3d显著上调并达到峰值(P<0.05或P<0.01),随后表达量开始下调,在感染后14d表达量显著下调到最低值(P<0.05或P<0.01),然后直至试验结束,恢复至与对照组基本持平。以上结果提示TLR3、TLR5、TLR7、TLR15和TLR21可能参与了ARV感染对鸡关节的炎症过程,本试验结果为进一步阐明禽呼肠孤病毒的致病机理提供了依据。     

Pathogenesis of reticuloendotheliosis virus infection in ducks

A new isolate of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) from ducks, RU-1, was used to experimentally infect white pekin ducks. Embryonal or neonatal infection usually resulted in persistent viremias, no REV antibody development, and inability to mount antibody responses against bovine serum albumin (BSA) or sheep red blood cells (SRBC). In contrast, infection at 21 days of age resulted in transient viremias, which terminated coincident with REV antibody development. These ducks remained persistently infected, however, based on virus isolations from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ducks infected at that age were immunologically competent against BSA and SRBC unless they had been embryonally bursectomized, in which case they behaved virologically and immunologically like those infected at an early age. Bursectomy by itself did not prevent responses against the antigens. Total mortality during 4- or 6-month experimental periods ranged from 80 to 100% in REV-infected groups, regardless of age at infection, route of exposure, or whether the ducks were intact or bursectomized. Most deaths were from non-neoplastic conditions (stunting, bacterial infections), but 17 of 69 (25%) infected ducks developed a variety of neoplasms, including lymphosarcomas, histiocytic sarcomas, and spindle-cell sarcomas.     

Pathogenicity and transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus isolated from endangered prairie chickens

The pathogenicity and transmission of a field isolate of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was studied using an experimental model in Japanese quail. Oncogenicity was also evaluated after inoculations in chickens and turkeys. The original REV (designated APC-566) was isolated from Attwater's prairie chickens (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri), an endangered wild avian species of the southern United States. The transmissibility of the REV isolate was studied in young naive Japanese quail in contact with experimentally infected quail. Vertical transmission was not detected by virus isolation and indirect immunofluorescence. Seroconversion was detected in few contact quails, suggesting horizontal transmission. The APC-566 isolate induced tumors beginning at 6 wk of age in quails infected as embryos. Most of the tumors detected in Japanese quail were lymphosarcomas, and 81% of these neoplasias contained CD3+ cells by immunoperoxidase. REV APC-566 was also oncogenic in chickens and turkeys infected at 1 day of age, with tumors appearing as early as 58 days after infection in chickens and at 13 wk of age in turkeys. This study was conducted in part as an attempt to understand the potential for pathogenicity and transmission of REV isolated from endangered avian species.     

Influence of reticuloendotheliosis on the severity of Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chickens

Broiler chickens free of maternal immunity to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) were used in the experiment. Two groups of 25 chickens were inoculated with REV at one day of age. One of these groups and another group of 25 chickens were inoculated with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts at 7 days of age. Chickens inoculated with E. tenella showed bloody diarrhoea from 12 to 14 days of age. Six out of 25 chickens died (P less than 0.05) at 13 and 14 days of age in the dual infected group. At 14 days of age, when chickens were killed, the lesion score in the combined infection group, was statistically different from that in the chickens inoculated with E. tenella alone. Also the weights of the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were lower in the two REV infected groups than in the controls. Although REV infection alone adversely affected the weight gain and feed conversion, with combined infection this effect was much greater. Following REV inoculation most of the chickens showed feathering defects and all the examined chickens were viraemic at 21 days of age. At the same age, all but one chicken failed to show precipitating antigenaemia and about one-half of these chickens showed a very low serum neutralisation titre. None of these chickens showed precipitating antibodies.     

Serological investigations of infectious bursal disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus infections in New Zealand chickens

Extract

Sir:- Between 1975 and 1981, sera were collected from 89 New Zealand chicken farms representing a variety of laying and meat birds of different ages from both primary breeders and commercial flocks. In some instances samples were collected from one or more flocks on a farm. In most cases between ten and 20 birds were sampled in a flock and the sera pooled to give a composite sample for testing.