耕作侵蚀及其对土壤肥力和作物产量的影响研究进展

在坡耕地景观内,由于农耕工具和重力作用而引起的耕作位移使土壤发生向下坡运动或向上坡运动(依赖于耕作方向),导致净余土壤量向下坡传输、堆积,重新分配,从而形成耕作侵蚀。试验研究表明耕作侵蚀是坡耕地的主要侵蚀形式之一,耕作侵蚀发生最严重的区域是坡度较大、坡体短的坡耕地。该文就耕作侵蚀的概念、发生机理、典型的耕作侵蚀模型的发展,以及耕作侵蚀对土壤肥力和作物产量影响的研究现状作了简要论述,特别总结了针对中国的地貌和耕作工具特征而进行的耕作侵蚀的研究成果。指出在一定的景观范围内,耕作侵蚀是十分严重的,甚至其严重程度已经超过了水蚀。但是相对于水蚀而言,耕作侵蚀研究还很少,因此加强耕作侵蚀的研究是十分必要的。只有这样才能正确评价农耕地侵蚀状况,准确制定土壤保持措施和采用减少耕作侵蚀力的耕作工具,从而有效地控制土壤侵蚀。     

Tillage erosion within potato production systems in Atlantic Canada: I. Measurement of tillage translocation by implements used in seedbed preparation

In Canada, there is growing acceptance that tillage erosion is a serious form of soil degradation and a threat to the sustainability of agriculture across the country. To date, the potential risk for tillage erosion within potato production systems has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to generate tillage translocation values for primary and secondary tillage implements common to seedbed preparation within conventionally and conservation tilled potato production systems in Atlantic Canada. Tillage translocation was measured for each implement by labelling a plot of soil with a tracer. The tracer redistribution along the path of tillage was used to generate a summation curve to calculate mean soil movement in the direction of tillage. The results show that each primary and secondary tillage operation moved vast quantities of soil and is potentially erosive. Maximum displacement distances were considerably larger in this project than those reported in previous studies looking at tillage erosion by primary and/or secondary tillage implements. All four tillage implements tested moved soil at least 3 m, with the greatest translocated distances (5.6 m) observed for the chisel plough (CP) and vibrashank (VS). The mass of translocated soil (T_M) was greatest for the CP, followed by the mouldboard plough (MP), VS and offset disc (OD). In addition, compared to travelling downslope, the upslope speed of tillage was reduced by 38%, 21%, 32% and 12% for the MP, CP, OD and VS, respectively, while the depth of tillage was reduced by 6%, 5%, 35% and 2%, respectively. It is apparent that conservation tillage implements (the CP is generally promoted to reduce water erosion in Atlantic Canada) and secondary tillage implements (OD and VS) can move as much soil as conventional tillage implements such as the mouldboard plough, and must be considered when developing plans to reduce soil erosion within potato fields in Atlantic Canada.     

An approach for draft prediction of combination tillage implements in sandy clay loam soil

A methodology to predict the draft requirements of combination tillage implements in any soil and operating conditions was developed. This methodology required the draft requirements of individual tillage implements in undisturbed soil condition and draft utilization ratio of the rear passive set of combination tillage implement, which is defined as the ratio of the drafts of the rear passive set operating in combination and individually. Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the draft requirements of a reference tillage tool (single disk), three scale-model individual (moldboard plow, cultivator and disk gang) and two combination (moldboard plow with disk gang and cultivator with disk gang) tillage implements at different depths (5, 7.5 and 10 cm), speeds (1.2, 2.2, 3.2 and 4.2 km/h), wet bulk densities (in the range of 1.27–1.85 g/cm³) and cone index penetration resistance values (in the range of 445–1450 kPa) in soil bin filled with sandy clay loam soil. The average draft utilization ratio of the reference tillage tool obtained were analyzed by both orthogonal and multiple regression techniques to develop the regression equation considering soil properties, operating and tool parameters. The developed draft equation based on the above mentioned methodology was verified with the data obtained for the draft of scale-model and prototype combination tillage implements in the laboratory and field conditions, respectively. It was found that the developed equation predicted the draft of both combination tillage implements within an average absolute variation of 18.0 and 13.5%, respectively.     

耕作机具能耗模拟研究进展(英文)

耕作机具的能耗模拟研究始于20世纪60年代。近年来,性能强大的计算机应用和先进建模技术与软件的发展,提高了研究人员建模分析和预测不同耕作条件下(如耕作机具所引起的土壤运动、土体破坏分布、作物残茬处理和肥料施用等)机具性能和能耗状况的能力。研究人员使用解析分析、数值模拟和经验法等方法,建立了耕作机具能耗的多种数学模型。该文对耕作机具能耗数学模型进行了系统的概述,总结了已有的研究成果,重点论述了数学模型的分类和特点,模型参数的测定、验证和模型的适用范围,可为耕作机理深入研究和耕作机具优化改进提供参考。     

等高犁耕朝向对紫色土坡面土壤再分布的影响

选择一块坡长15 m、坡度14.16%的坡地,采用磁性示踪法分析等高向下犁耕（向下坡方向翻垈）和等高向上犁耕（向上坡方向翻垈）的土壤再分布特征,利用模拟耕作（15次）检验两种等高犁耕的长期作用下对土壤剖面和微地貌演化的影响。结果表明:等高向下犁耕导致土壤发生向下坡移动,土壤位移量为15.62～28.70 kg/m,坡度对其影响不显著（p=0.93）;等高向上犁耕导致土壤同时发生向下坡和向上坡移动,土壤净位移量为-10.91～8.23 kg/m,坡度对其有显著影响（p < 0.001）,土壤净位移方向随着坡度的增大由向上坡转为向下坡,本研究条件下临界坡度为14%;等高向下犁耕15次后坡顶侵蚀深度是原土层深度的132%,耕作后土层深度与耕作深度相当,表明等高向下犁耕加速土壤侵蚀和促进母岩成土的双重作用共同维持着坡顶土层深度的稳定;等高向上犁耕15次后坡顶土层深度增加了12.7%,表明等高向上犁耕具有保护坡顶土层深度的作用。等高向上犁耕是一种防治类似紫色土的薄层土壤耕作侵蚀和土壤退化的有效措施。     

Comparing soil physical properties from continuous conventional tillage with long‐term reduced tillage affected by one‐time inversion

In addition to various positive aspects, long‐term reduced tillage may cause disadvantages such as increased weed pressure and soil compaction. Thus, single inversion tillage is customarily used for overcoming these drawbacks; however, the effects on the enhanced soil functions are unknown. The main objective of this study was therefore to assess whether improved soil physical properties following long‐term reduced tillage remain after one‐time inversion tillage by mouldboard plough. The study was undertaken on a silt loam field in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1996, this field has been subdivided into three treatments; one was managed conventionally using a mouldboard plough (CT), while on the others a chisel plough (RT1) and a disc harrow (RT2) were employed. In October 2014, the entire field was mouldboard ploughed. The following year, four field campaigns were conducted to compare the soil physical properties of the continuously conventional tilled plot with those affected by one‐time inversion tillage (RT1 and RT2). Dry bulk density (DBD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and infiltration rate [K(h)] were analysed in untrafficked and trafficked areas in each plot. There were clear differences between CT and RT. At all sampling dates, both RT plots had higher Ks and K(h) compared with CT. These differences also occurred to some extent on the trafficked areas. This suggests that improved soil hydraulic properties remained after one‐time inversion tillage of a long‐term reduced tilled field. Thus, one‐time inversion tillage may offer a suitable measure for overcoming some of the main disadvantages associated with long‐term reduced tillage, while preserving the positive effects on soil physical properties.     

Soil displacement and tillage erosion during secondary tillage operations: the case of rotary harrow and seeding equipment

This study reports the results of a series of experiments that were set up on agricultural land in central Belgium to investigate soil translocation and erosivity resulting from a secondary tillage operation using an implement sequence of a rotary harrow and seeder. Aluminium cubes were used as tracers of soil movement. Results show that soil displacement resulting from tillage with such an implement sequence is far from insignificant. This is mainly related to the relatively shallow tillage depth as well as to the loose initial soil condition of such secondary tillage operations. The calculated value for the tillage transport coefficient k (123 kg m⁻¹ per tillage operation) is comparable with k-values from implements that are considered to be more erosive, like mouldboard and chisel implements. In conclusion, this study shows that tillage erosion not only results from relatively aggressive tillage operations such as mouldboard and chisel passes, but that secondary operations contribute significantly to soil displacement and tillage erosion.     

Trends in tillage practices in relation to sustainable crop production with special reference to temperate climates

The concept and some definitions of sustainable agriculture are reviewed. Most of these definitions include economic, environmental and sociological aspects. The finite area of land emphasizes the need for consideration of soil conservation and of soil quality in relation to sustainability. An important element of soil quality is rooting depth. Therefore loss of soil by erosion is a dominant factor in long-term sustainability. The effects of tillage on soil parameters in minimum data sets that have been proposed to describe soil quality are reviewed. Soil organic matter may be one of the most important soil quality characteristics in relation to tillage because of its influence on other soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Conservation tillage practices can increase the organic matter content, aggregate stability and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the topsoil. However, bulk density and penetrometer resistance are also increased, especially with zero tillage. Although such soil quality parameters may form a basis for describing some of the consequences of particular tillage practices, they do not provide a basis for predicting the outcome in terms of crop growth and yield. This is both because critical values of soil quality parameters have not been defined and because in some soils biopore formation in zero or minimally tilled land can modify the soil for water movement and for root growth and function.

The effects of tillage on crop growth and yield in long-term experiments are reviewed. The review only includes experiments in North America, Europe and New Zealand that have lasted 10 years or more to allow for seasonal variation in weather, possible progressive changes in soil conditions and the learning phase often experienced when new tillage methods are used. While there is a good deal of variation in the results of these tillage experiments some patterns have emerged. In long-term experiments, yields of maize in Europe and the US and soybeans in the US have been similar after ploughing and no-tillage, especially on well-drained soils. In Europe, yields of winter cereals have also been similar after traditional and simplified tillage but yields of spring cereals have sometimes been less after direct drilling than ploughing.

Trends in tillage practices are reviewed. Conservation tillage in the US is increasing and is used on about 30% of cropland, including no-till on about 10% of cropland. This increase in use of conservation tillage is mainly attributed to the legal requirement for farmers who are in government price support programs to adopt conservation plans which may involve conservation tillage. However, the allowable rates of erosion in these plans are likely to be in excess of rates of erosion for long-term sustainability. Survey information on tillage practices needs to be considered in relation to predictions on suitability of conservation tillage based on experimental results. In the semi-arid prairies of Canada there is a trend toward fewer cultivation operations, but in eastern Canada the mouldboard plough is still the dominant tillage method. In Europe although erosion is less obvious it is believed to be increasing, but minimum tillage is not widely used. This is because of the need to remove at least some straw for successful minimum tillage in sequential winter wheat and barley crops, but there are few economic uses for straw, and burning is illegal in many countries. In the more moist cooler conditions of Europe grass weed proliferation is another constraint, at least with present technology. So far, the overall success of conservation tillage has not been limited by the growing problem of genetic resistance of weeds to herbicides. Societal attitudes to the continued use of herbicides may pose longer-term problems for some conservation tillage practices.     

耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过9a不同耕作的定位试验,研究了深松、旋耕、免耕和传统耕作4种耕作措施对关中塿土小麦-玉米轮作条件下土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕措施均提高了0～40cm土层中〉2mm和0.25～2mm大团聚体含量、团聚体有机碳贡献率和团聚体平均重量直径,而传统耕作相应地增加了0～40cm土层中0.053～0.25mm微团聚体和〈0.053mm粘砂粒含量及其有机碳贡献率。同时深松、旋耕、免耕措施提高了各土层总有机碳和耕层0～10cm所有级别团聚体有机碳含量,相比较而言,深松的作用效果更大。秸秆还田进一步提高了各土壤层次上总有机碳和所有级别团聚体的有机碳含量及大团聚体的形成与稳定。在玉米秸秆不还田的条件下,隔年深松比连年深松更有利于0～30cm大团聚体形成及总有机碳和各级别团聚体有机碳的积累。     

Predicting soil workability and fragmentation in tillage: a review

Soil workability and friability are required parameters to consider when creating suitable seedbeds for crop establishment and growth. Knowledge of soil workability is important for scheduling tillage operations and for reducing the risk of tillage‐induced structural degradation of soils. A reliable evaluation of soil workability implies a distinctive definition of the critical water content (wet and dry limits) for tillage. In this review, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the methods for determining soil workability, and the effects of soil properties and tillage systems on soil workability and fragmentation. The strengths and limitations of the different methods for evaluating the water content for soil workability, such as the plastic limit, soil water retention curve (SWRC), standard Proctor compaction test, field assessment, moisture‐pressure‐volume diagram, air permeability and drop‐shatter tests are discussed. Our review reveals that there is limited information on the dry limit and the range of water content for soil workability for different textured soils. We identify the need for further research to evaluate soil workability on undisturbed soils using a combination of SWRC and the drop‐shatter tests or tensile strength; (i) to quantify the effects of soil texture, organic matter and compaction on soil workability; and (ii) to compare soil water content for workability in the field with theoretical soil workability, thereby improving the prediction of soil workability as part of a decision support system for tillage operations.     

拖拉机动力输出轴动态转矩载荷谱编制与验证

拖拉机动力输出轴(power take-off, PTO)室内台架耐久性试验中转矩加载主要以静态加载或静态逐级加载方式为主,这种加载方式输出的载荷与PTO实际作业中承受的载荷动态特性不同,导致试验中PTO的失效形式及测试寿命与实际作业中存在差异。针对此问题,该文对多工况下PTO动态转矩载荷谱编制方法进行研究,测取了沙土、黏土2种土壤类型下旋耕、驱动耙典型作业的PTO转矩,利用希尔伯特黄算法对转矩进行预处理,采用四点循环雨流计数法对转矩均幅值进行频次统计,利用散点矩阵统计方法分析4种作业工况均值、幅值相关性及均值、幅值分布类型。基于Miner法则及轴类20CrMnTi修正S-N曲线,在损伤概率50%、相对误差5%、置信水平95%的统计条件下,确定了转矩样本容量。利用时域外推方法对PTO转矩数据进行外推。以阈值区间内峰谷值均值差的方差为指标,检验了外推过程中选取的阈值造成峰谷值均值波动的可能性。对比外推1次后载荷时间历程与原始载荷时间历程变化趋势。在时域频次外推因子为240、转矩累计频次达到106、平均加权4类转矩时,得到PTO动态转矩载荷谱。利用编制的动态载荷谱,驱动拖拉机传动系动态加载试验台对PTO进行台架耐久性试验,试验结果显示,PTO发生失效的时长为642 h,失效形式为PTO轴头花键磨损,失效时间、失效形式与实际作业一致,验证了动态转矩载荷谱的有效性。     

基于倾角传感器的拖拉机悬挂机组耕深自动测量方法

在拖拉机悬挂机组耕深自动控制系统中,位置测量具有重要的作用,该文提出了一种基于倾角传感器自动测量农机具耕深的方法。通过检测提升臂的水平倾角变化,由悬挂机构几何关系和倾角传感器输出特性推导出耕深值与测量电压值之间的线性关系并换算得到实际耕深。与其他传感方式相比,该方法具有封装小、集成度高、安装和维护方便、标定易操作的特点,测量综合精度为±1.4mm;虚拟终端显示装置可直观反映耕作过程中耕深控制的实时状况,为操作者提供有效的判断依据。田间试验结果表明,耕深稳定在-200mm时的标准差为8.19,低于五轮仪测量方式,测量稳定;耕深从-100mm下降到-200mm时响应时间为3.5s,少于五轮仪测量方式,动态特性更好;耕深稳定性变异系数为3.34%,满足农艺要求。论文提出的耕深测量方法、显示界面和自动控制系统对拖拉机设计具有一定的参考意义。     

Simulation of the redistribution of soil by tillage on complex topographies

Tillage redistributes soil and contributes significantly to the within‐field soil variation, especially on topographically complex terrain. Although the basic principles of the redistribution are well understood, models for simulating the redistribution are poor predictors. This paper presents a modelling structure that allows a simulation of the redistribution of soil constituents on complex topographies for various tillage implements. The model simulates the redistribution of soil constituents by convoluting the probability distribution of the tillage displacement with the spatial distribution of the soil constituents. The probability distributions in two dimensions are derived from a series of tillage experiments conducted with a mouldboard plough at various positions in the landscape. Furthermore, the effects of topography and tillage direction on the probability distributions were characterized and implemented in the model. A first application showed that the direction of tillage significantly affects the long‐term redistribution of soil constituents. The inclusion of other implements in the model was explored, and we found that data in the literature could be used for simulating the long‐term effects of tillage.     

不同施肥和耕作制度下土壤微生物多样性研究进展

本文主要介绍了运用Biolog GN、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、核酸分析法进行土壤微生物群落分析的优缺点,综述了施肥、耕作两种农业措施对土壤微生物多样性影响的研究进展。指出不同施肥处理对微生物影响效果不同,合理施用有机肥有利于维持土壤微生物的多样性及活性;由于受其他环境因素(如土壤类型、农作制度、残茬量等)的影响,不同耕作措施对土壤微生物多样性影响有差异,但是大多试验结果显示免耕、少耕能增加微生物多样性和生物量,保持系统的稳定性。文章还指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向做了展望。     

Biological soil properties in a long‐term tillage trial in Germany

After 37 years of different soil‐tillage treatments in a long‐term field experiment in Germany, a number of biological soil characteristics was measured. The field trial comprised six major treatments with different implements and various depths. In this paper, results from a comparison of long‐term use of a plow (to 25 cm depth), a chisel plow (to 15 cm depth), and no‐tillage are presented. The biological soil characteristics measured include the soil‐organic‐carbon (SOC) content, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and the abundance and biomass of earthworms. Long‐term use of a chisel plow and no‐tillage increased the organic‐C content in the uppermost soil layer (0–10 cm) compared with the plow treatment. The microbial biomass and the enzyme activities arginine‐ammonification, β‐glucosidase, and catalase decreased with depth in all treatments. Arginine‐ammonification and catalase were higher in the plow treatment in soil layers 10 to 30 cm. Additionally, the chisel plow caused an increase in number and biomass of earthworms compared to both other tillage treatments. Differences in earthworm numbers and biomass between plowing and no‐tillage were not statistically significant.     

Tillage effects on compaction, earthworms and other soil quality indicators in Hungary

The philosophy toward tillage throughout the last century in Hungary can be characterized as a fight against extreme climatic and economic situations. The ‘Hungarian reasonable tillage’ approach that was promoted by Cserháti at the end of the 1800s was aimed at reducing tillage without increasing the risk of crop failure in arable fields. Recently, new tillage trends and systems have been introduced because of the rise in energy prices and because of the need to cut production costs, conserve soil and water resources and protect the environment. In Hungarian relation, the rationalized plowing, loosening and mulching systems are counted to the new tillage solutions. There are new steps in the sowing methods too, such as seedbed preparation and plant in one pass, till and plant, mulch-till and plant and direct drilling, which are environment capable, throughout improving soil condition and avoiding the environment harms. The applicability of various soil conservation tillage methods is currently being tested in research projects and discussed in workshops throughout the country. In this paper, soil quality problems such as compaction, trends in soil tillage, and factors affecting soil quality or condition as well as improvement and maintenance are summarized. The data show that annual disking and plowing causes subsoil compaction at the depth of tillage within 3 years and that the compacted layer expanded both in surface and deeper layers after the 5th year. Soil quality deterioration by tillage-pans was improved by subsoiling and maintained by direct drilling and planting soil-loosening catch crops. Within a loam and a sandy loam soil there were close correlations between earthworm activity and soil quality. Earthworm numbers increased on undisturbed but noncompacted soils and soils that included stubble residues remaining on the surface, but did not increase on soils that were deteriorated by tillage-pans or left bare by the absence of mulch. Our goal for the new millennium, is to use only enough tillage to create and maintain harmony between soil conservation, soil quality and crop production.     

Tillage methods and soil and water conservation methods in the Caribbean

This review describes the tillage methods and soil conservation methods currently utilized in the Commonwealth Caribbean on a range of slopes. A high percentage of the land has slopes which exceed 20° minimum. In these circumstances, tillage is carried out with hand tools and frequently combined with conservation contour drains or/and barriers of cut vegetation laid across the contour. Many farmers form ridges and furrows on the contour with hand tools and a significant number do not use any conservation measures. Tillage, on flat or gently sloping land, is done largely by tractor drawn implements and the tillage method is mainly determined by the crop to be grown and the soil type. The tillage methods used for the cultivation of sugar cane, rice, banana, vegetables and other small row crops are described. The agronomic, cultural and engineering practices used to conserve the soil against water erosion are also described.     

不同耕作措施对东北玉米农田土壤物理性质的影响

为了揭示耕作措施对东北玉米田土壤物理性质的影响,本研究进行了连续4年的田间定位试验,探明了深松(ST)、免耕(NT)以及传统耕作(CT)对东北玉米田土壤物理指标(土壤容重、土壤三相比、土壤结构指数以及颗粒组成)的影响。结果表明：与传统耕作相比,深松处理能够显著降低0～20 cm土层的土壤容重(P<0.05),下层土壤(20～40 cm)各处理间差异不显著,其中免耕处理土壤容重最大;同时,深松处理降低了0～40 cm土层的土壤固相比例,显著增加气相比例(P<0.05),而免耕处理增加了下层土壤(20～40 cm)的固相比例,降低了液相比例;深松处理可以显著提高下层土壤的结构指数,平均增加28.3%(P<0.05),另外,深松处理的土壤三相结构距离为15.0,显著低于其他两个处理(18.4和17.7)(P<0.05),使得耕层土壤物理结构更加接近理想状态,免耕与常规耕作处理间的差异不显著;深松可以增加0.002～0.2 mm粒级的比例,0～40 cm土层中土壤颗粒0.002～0.2 mm等级中所占比例大小依次为深松>免耕>传统耕作。种植玉米后,深松耕作措...     

Soil microbial communities under conventional-till and no-till continuous cotton systems

Soil management practices affect soil microbial communities, which in turn influence soil ecosystem processes. In this study, the effects of conventional- (fall disking, chiseling and spring disking, field cultivation) and no-tillage practices on soil microbial communities were examined under long-term continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) systems on a Decatur silt loam soil. Soil samples were taken in February, May, and October of 2000 at depths of 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, and 12-24 cm. Compared to the conventional-till treatment, the no-till treatment increased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in the surface layer by 130 and 70%, respectively. Microbial biomass C content under no-till treatment was 60, 140, and 75% greater than under conventional-till treatment in February, May, and October, respectively. Principal components analysis of phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) profile indicated soil microbial communities shifted over time and with soil depth. This change appeared to be driven primarily by soil bacterial populations as indicated by the major PLFA contributors (i.e. fatty acids 16:0, 10Me16:0, cy19:0, 16:1 2OH, and i15:0) to the first two principal components. Tillage treatment differences were revealed by analysis of variance on the first principal components (PC 1), which accounted for 62% of the total sample variance, and by the relative abundance of selected PLFAs and PLFA ratios. The impact of tillage practices was significant in February and May, but not in October. During the growing season, changes in the microbial community may be primarily determined by soil conditions responding to cotton growth and environmental variables such as moisture and temperature; during fallow or prior to cotton establishment, community changes associated with tillage practices become more pronounced. These findings have implications for understanding how conservation tillage practices improve soil quality and sustainability in a cotton cropping system.     

Influences of tillage operations on soil translocation over sloping land by hoeing tillage

Very few studies have investigated the factors affecting soil displacement and tillage erosion by hoeing tillage. This study adopted a magnetic tracer method to investigate the influences of hoe form and tillage depth on soil translocation over steep hillslopes in Southwest China using a new type of magnetic tracer, i.e., ilmenite powder. Ilmenite powder enhanced the magnetic sensitivity of soil at the end position of tracer distribution, and improved the accuracy and efficiency of tillage translocation measurements. Tillage translocation by wide and perforated hoes was found to be significantly correlated with slope gradient (P < 0.01), however, no significant correlation was found for narrow and bidentate hoe tillage (P > 0.05). Compared with wide hoes, the tillage erosion rates resulting from the use of narrow, perforated and bidentate hoes were reduced by 12.4%, 11.0%, and 16.3%, respectively, indicating that changes in hoe forms resulted in a marked decrease in downslope soil translocation and tillage erosion. Tillage erosion rate decreased by 64% when the tillage depth was reduced from 0.26 to 0.14 m. These results suggest that innovations in hoe form and reductions in tillage depth are important means to manage tillage erosion due to hoeing.