Mineral content modifications during ripening of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis,L.)

The essential elements: calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) were analyzed in fresh asparagus to determine the effect of the ripening of the asparagus on the mineral content. Asparagus samples were classified in two groups by diameter (<11 mm and >14 mm). Asparagus from a sample group with the same diameter were divided into two portions (apical and basal) according to distance from the tip. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus increased with the ripening process of the asparagus while the content of sodium decreased when the white asparagus turned into a green ripening state. No significant differences were established for potassium. The green ripening state was the group with the greater concentration of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Statistically significant differences (p<0.001) were observed between portions of asparagus (tip and rest of stem) in the contents of the five mineral elements analyzed. The levels of mineral elements investigated increased notably in the tip of the asparagus with the exception of sodium and potassium of which the levels in the apical portion decreased or hardly modified. The variance analyses determined statistically significant differences (p<0.001) in the concentration of magnesium, sodium and phosphorus between asparagus diameters (<11 and >14 mm) and no significant differences (p>0.05) were found for calcium and potassium. The mean element levels were (mg/kg dry weight): Ca=3240±1186; Mg=1818±490; Na=368±86; K=37297±4167 and P=6809±2491.     

定安县耕地土壤微量元素含量及影响因素研究

采集耕地土壤198份样品，分析土壤有机质、pH和4种微量元素含量，并进行了相关性分析。结果表明：有机质含量较为丰富，全县平均含量达27.66 g/kg，各镇之间的差异较大；全县土壤呈酸性或强酸性反应，pH平均值为5.10；土壤有效铜含量符合正态分布，土壤有效铁和锰稍缺乏，铜和锌较丰富；有机质与锰、铜和锌呈正相关，与锰相关关系达极显著水平；pH同4种土壤微量元素均表现为正相关关系，与铁的相关性达到极显著水平。近期在进行农业生产时，应注重微量元素肥料的施用，避免缺素症状的发生，注意调节土壤酸碱度。     

Influence of long-term nitrogen fertilization on micronutrient density in grain of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A long-term (1999–2007) field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 130, and 300 kg N/ha) on micronutrient density in wheat grain and its milling fractions. At maturity, grains were harvested and fractionated into flour, shorts, and bran for micronutrient and N analysis. N fertilization increased iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) density in wheat grain compared to the control. Increase of N application rate from 130 to 300 kg N/ha, however, did not further increase the three micronutrient densities in grain. Micronutrient concentrations were usually highest in the bran and lowest in the flour. High N application increased Zn and Cu densities in all three milling fractions and increased Fe concentration in shorts and bran but not in flour. N application did not affect the manganese (Mn) concentration in grain. N fertilization changed the proportions of Fe and Cu in flour and bran but did not affect the distribution of Zn. Because N fertilization increased micronutrient accumulation in wheat grain, proper management of N fertilization has the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of this important food.     

小麦籽粒矿质元素的基因型差异及对锌强化的响应

为了分析锌强化对不同小麦品种籽粒矿质元素含量的影响,以40个不同小麦品种(系)为材料,在扬花期叶面喷施0.5%的Zn肥,用原子吸收光谱法测定Zn处理与不处理(对照)下不同小麦品种籽粒中6种矿质元素(Zn、Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn)的含量,并分析这些元素对Zn强化的响应。结果表明,Zn处理后各品种籽粒中Zn含量均比对照有极显著上升,但上升幅度因品种而异。籽粒中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn含量对Zn强化的响应因元素种类和品种而异,就品种平均值而言,Mn含量在Zn处理和对照间有极显著差异,Fe、Mg和Cu含量在处理与对照间无显著差异。大部分品种Zn处理后籽粒Ca含量有所下降,Mn则有所增加。对施Zn和对照间被测矿质元素的变幅进行主成分分析,前三个主成分(PC1、PC2、PC3)累积贡献率为0.76,基于前三个主成分对40个品种(系)进行类平均法的聚类分析,将40个品种分为3类:第1类包含有8个品种,Zn处理后籽粒中Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe含量总体呈现降低趋势,而Mn、Zn含量呈增高趋势;第2类包含23个品种,Zn处理后籽粒Ca、Cu含量总体有一定的降低,其余4种元素含量则有一定幅度的提高;第3类共有9个品种,施Zn后Fe含量总体有一定幅度的降低,其余5种元素含量则有一定幅度的增加。来自第2类和第3类中的12个品种在Zn处理后所测定的全部6种元素或者其中大部分元素的含量提高,适宜进行Zn强化,而其余品种Zn强化后部分或全部元素(Zn除外)与对照相比有所下降,不宜作为Zn营养强化的载体品种。     

Grain yield,starch, protein,and nutritional element concentrations of winter wheat exposed to enhanced UV-B during different growth stages

In order to alleviate the damage of UV-B on plants, it is important to determine at which growth stages are plants more sensitive to enhanced UV-B. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of UV-B on wheat yield and quality during different growth stages. Enhanced UV-B during heading, flowering and the whole growth stages (UCK, from seedling to grain filling) decreased yield by 6.6, 4.4 and 9.6%, respectively. Protein content in grain was decreased by enhanced UV-B during flowering and UCK over the control. Amylose, amylopectin and total starch content were not affected by UV-B treatments. UCK treatment resulted in a decrease of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) concentrations, while zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) concentrations increased. Enhanced UV-B during tillering, heading and flowering stages reduced Fe concentration, but increased Mn, copper (Cu) and Zn (except for flowering) concentrations. The results indicated that the changes in wheat yield and quality induced by enhanced UV-B during the whole growth stage were probably from the effects of UV-B radiation during heading and flowering stages. Therefore, to better defend the damage of UV-B to wheat, some methods should be undertaken during heading and flowering stages.     

Genetic Diversity for Seed Mineral Composition in the Wild Legume <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teramnus labialis</Emphasis>

Teramnus labialis (L.) Spreng. is a wild, tropical legume whose seeds are collected and used as a food source by tribal populations. In order to assess the potential of this legume to provide dietary minerals for humans, fourteen diverse accessions were grown under controlled, nutrient-replete conditions and seeds were harvested for mineral analysis. The germplasm originated from Indonesia, Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were found to fall within the range of published values for several cultivated grain legumes, while calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were higher in T. labialis seeds. Mineral concentrations across the diverse accessions showed ranges of 1.3- to 2.3-fold for the macronutrient minerals (Ca, Mg, P, K) and 1.8- to 15.9-fold for the micronutrient minerals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Na). The existing genetic diversity in this wild legume, especially for the essential minerals Ca and Mg, could be exploited to develop T. labialis as a new cultivated legume for tropical regions of the world.     

椰子果皮中营养元素的测定及其种间差异分析

采用原子吸收光谱法对不同品种椰子果皮中8种营养元素进行测定,并分析不同品种间果皮中营养元素含量的差异。对果皮中大量元素的测定结果表明,所选4个品种椰子果皮中K含量最高,Ca含量最低;果皮中Ca含量品种间差异不显著,而K、Na、Mg含量品种间有明显的差异,且有的品种间差异达显著水平。对果皮中微量元素的测定结果表明,4种椰子果皮中Fe含量最高,Mn含量最低;果皮中Mn、Cu、Zn含量品种间有明显的差异,且有的品种间差异达显著水平,而Fe含量品种间差异不显著。本地高种椰子果皮中Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著低于其他3种椰子。     

Assessment of pearl millet vs rice based diets for bioavailability of four trace metals

Cereals including millets are consumed in India as a staple with wide variety of pulses and vegetables in varying proportions. Trace mineral contents of pearl millet are two to ten times higher than that of rice. Comparative performance of pearl millet based (PM) diets as against rice based (RB) diets in terms of trace mineral bioavailability was studied, based on the prevailing dietary patterns in India. In vitro percent dialysability of zinc, iron, copper and manganese under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was considered as indicator of metal bioavailability. Dialysable zinc and iron were estimated using 65 Zn and 59 Fe as tracers, while dialysable copper and manganese were measured by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer for 20 food items and 15 RB and 17 PM diets prepared from these items. Results indicated that percent dialysability of zinc and copper was higher for RB diets than PM diets, while that of iron and manganese were comparable. Total dialysable iron, copper and manganese in PM diet was 2 to 4 times higher than RB diet.     

镁素处理对艾纳香药材生物量和营养元素积累的影响

以一年生艾纳香种子苗为实验材料,用七水合硫酸镁提供镁素,测定生长期艾纳香生长指标和生物量,采用 凯氏定氮仪测定艾纳香药材氮含量,采用钼锑抗比色法测定磷含量,以及采用原子吸收光谱法测定艾纳香药材钾、钙、 镁、铁、锰、铜和锌含量,以研究镁素对艾纳香药材生物量和营养元素积累的影响。结果表明：镁素显著增加了艾纳 香叶长、叶宽、株高和地径等生长指标,显著增加了艾纳香药材叶片、茎和叶茎总生物量,对叶茎生物量比影响不显 著;镁素对艾纳香叶片中氮含量影响不显著,钙和铁含量显著降低,1.5 mg/mL 镁素处理组磷、钾和镁含量显著高于其 他处理组,15 mg/mL 镁素处理组锰、锌和铜含量最低,显著低于其他处理组。在艾纳香生长期施加镁素可以促进艾纳 香生长,提高药材生物量,显著促进磷、钾和镁积累,抑制钙和铁的吸收,对氮影响不显著,15 mg/mL 镁素处理组锰、 锌和铜含量最低。     

Environmental and genotypic influences on trace element and mineral concentrations in whole meal flour of einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum)

Trace elements (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) and minerals (Ca, Mg, P and K) concentrations were determined in whole meal flour of five einkorn accessions and one bread wheat cultivar, cropped in four different locations for two years. The major factors influencing mineral levels were year and genotype, as well as their interaction. Einkorn varieties exhibited higher Zn (7.18 ± 0.76 mg/100 g DM), Fe (5.23 ± 0.47), Mn (4.65 ± 0.23), Cu (0.90 ± 0.08), Mg (151.2 ± 9.00) and P (541.1 ± 35.37) concentration than bread wheat. Mg concentration correlated positively with that of other bivalent cations (Zn and Ca). The relevant amount of trace elements consistently found in einkorn further confirms the potential of this cereal in human nutrition, either by direct consumption or by introgression of superior alleles into enhanced polyploid wheat cultivars.     

不同品种橡胶幼树叶片微量元素含量差异研究

以7个橡胶树品种1年生幼树为研究对象,研究橡胶幼树叶片微量元素(铁、锰、铜、锌、硼)含量变化规律,并分析橡胶树产量水平与微量元素含量的相关性。结果表明:不同品种橡胶幼树叶片中,锰含量表现出随月份而逐渐增加的趋势,但铁、铜、锌、硼含量变化规律表现不一致。叶片铁、锰、铜、锌、硼含量较高的品种分别为‘粤390-1’‘热研7-33-97’‘热研8-79’‘热垦525’和‘粤390-1’,不同品种橡胶树叶片微量元素含量顺序均为:锰铁硼锌铜。橡胶树产量水平与叶片锌含量达极显著正相关(r=0.87),与叶片硼含量达显著负相关(r=-0.80)。     

Effects of Zn rates and application forms on protein and some micronutrients accumulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

In order to investigation the effects of Zn rates and application forms on protein and element contents (Fe, Cu, Mn, N and Zn) in bean plant, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design at greenhouse conditions during 2006. Treatments were included zinc rates in 4 levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1) in ZnSO4 source) and 3 application forms (soil application, seed pelleting and foliar spraying). Results showed that Zn rates had significant effect on accumulation of Zn, Cu, Mn and N in bean leaves. Nitrogen accumulation in leaves reduced with increasing of zinc in the soil. Among Zn application forms, spray application had the highest accumulation of Fe, Zn and Mn in leaves (423.17, 282.89 and 88.17 mg kg(-1), respectively). The highest Zn content in seed was observed in 20 and 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1) levels (46.39 and 45.62 mg kg(-1), respectively). Meanwhile, all treatments of Zn (both rate and application) had not significant effects on Cu and Mn accumulation in bean seeds. According to interaction effects between Zn rates and application forms, the highest Fe content in seed was observed when 40 mg kg(-1) soil(-1) of Zn was applied as foliar spraying. The seed protein content nearly was stable while Zn levels was increased from 20 to 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1). Grain yield had significant correlation to zinc and Cu of leaves but, biomass had significant and negative correlation to Zn content of leaves at p < 0.05% probability levels.     

施肥调控水稻镉污染的研究与应用进展

施肥是我国农业生产上普遍应用的一项增产措施。目前水稻生产上普遍施用氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）等大量元素肥料,而铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、锌（Zn）等微量元素肥料往往被忽视。研究发现,施肥能够影响土壤重金属镉（Cd）的形态变化和水稻Cd积累。本文通过阐述N、P、K、S、Fe、Mn、Zn、Si和有机肥等肥料影响水稻Cd积累的主要作用机理,综述了施肥调控水稻Cd积累的研究进展,以期为更有效地应用施肥技术降低水稻Cd污染,实现水稻安全生产提供理论依据。     

Agronomic fortification of rice grains with secondary and micronutrients under differing crop management and soil moisture regimes in the north Indian Plains

Although the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been reported to produce higher paddy (Oryza sativa L.) yields with better-quality grains, little research has addressed the latter claim. This study investigated the interactive effects of rice cultivation methods with different irrigation schedules and plant density on the uptake and concentration of sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) in the grain and straw of two rice cultivars during two rainy seasons in the northern plains of India. As the two seasons differed in amounts of rainfall, there were impacts of soil moisture differences on nutrient uptake. Plots with SRI cultivation methods enhanced the grain uptake and concentrations of S, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu by 36, 32, 28, 32 and 63%, respectively, compared to conventional transplanting (CT). Under SRI management, the highest concentrations of S, Zn and Cu in the grain and straw occurred with irrigation intervals scheduled at 3 days after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW; 3_D), whereas Fe and Mn concentrations in the grain and straw were higher with irrigation at 1 DADPW (1 _D ) compared with plots under 3 _D or 5 DADPW (5 _D ). The higher nutrient uptakes were also manifested in higher grain yield in 1 _D and 3 _D plots (by 9 and 6%, respectively) compared with 5 _D . Wider spacing (25 × 25 cm) compared with closer spacing (20 × 20 cm) significantly increased yield and the uptake and concentrations of all the said nutrients in the grains. When comparing the performance of two cultivars, the total uptakes of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in both grain and straw were significantly more in Hybrid 6444 than the improved variety Pant Dhan 4. Overall, SRI crop management compared to CT practices led to more biological fortification of rice grains with respect to S and the four micronutrients studied, giving a concomitant yield advantage of about 17% on average in this region.     

In vitro dephytinization and bioavailability of essential minerals in several wheat varieties

Twelve wheat varieties were studied for their phytic acid, calcium, iron, zinc, copper and phosphorus contents, which respectively ranged between 114–166, 25.1–53.5, 3.41–5.55, 0.71–3.00, 0.65–1.32 and 298–314 mg/100 g. The molar ratios as Ca:Phy, Phy:Fe, Phy:Zn, Phy:Cu were found to be 0.14–0.29, 1.96–3.86, 5.11–20.5 and 13.0–23.9, respectively. Significant dephytinization, ranging between 35.3 and 69.3% in different varieties, was achieved on exogenous enzymatic treatment. Enzymatic dephytinization in the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion resulted in significant increase in the bioavailability of essential minerals. The increase in bioavailability of calcium, iron, zinc and copper on exogenous enzymatic dephytinization ranged between, respectively (x-folds): 1.30–1.96, 1.11–1.52, 1.22–1.78 and 1.11–1.73.     

In vitro dephytinization and bioavailability of essential minerals in several wheat varieties

Twelve wheat varieties were studied for their phytic acid, calcium, iron, zinc, copper and phosphorus contents, which respectively ranged between 114–166, 25.1–53.5, 3.41–5.55, 0.71–3.00, 0.65–1.32 and 298–314 mg/100 g. The molar ratios as Ca:Phy, Phy:Fe, Phy:Zn, Phy:Cu were found to be 0.14–0.29, 1.96–3.86, 5.11–20.5 and 13.0–23.9, respectively. Significant dephytinization, ranging between 35.3 and 69.3% in different varieties, was achieved on exogenous enzymatic treatment. Enzymatic dephytinization in the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion resulted in significant increase in the bioavailability of essential minerals. The increase in bioavailability of calcium, iron, zinc and copper on exogenous enzymatic dephytinization ranged between, respectively (x-folds): 1.30–1.96, 1.11–1.52, 1.22–1.78 and 1.11–1.73.     

芦笋种质资源营养品质分析及评价

为评价不同芦笋种质营养品质,筛选出营养物质含量丰富的种质资源,对46份国内外不同芦笋种质资源的Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se、维生素C、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸和芦丁10个营养指标的含量进行测定,并利用模糊数学的隶属函数法,通过计算不同芦笋种质单一营养指标的隶属函数值,对其进行营养品质综合评价。结果表明,不同芦笋种质嫩茎的营养品质存在明显差异,各营养品质指标变异程度不同。46份芦笋种质中,综合营养品质居上的是Pacific Purple、Backlim、JK106、Gijnlim。Pacific Purple营养品质最佳,平均隶属函数值为0.445。     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

粘土中金属组分对天然橡胶／粘土复合材料老化性能的影响

通过还原剂、强酸及添加金属化合物的方法处理３种粘土,并制备相应的粘土胶进行热氧老化性能测试。结果表明,粘土中的铜、锰、钴、铁４种金属组分对粘土胶老化性能产生影响,其中,以钻最为显著,其次是铜,最后是铁和锰。在一定范围内,铁含量变化对粘土胶老化未产生明显作用。由于金属组分在粘土中存在形式的差异,使粘土胶的老化性能与粘土中有害金属含量不存在对应关系。     

Chemical fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in selected paddy soils of Iran

The content and fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined in 28 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) of agricultural topsoil from Isfahan Province in central Iran. The order of abundance of metals in the soils was Fe (1240.4 mg kg^?1) > Mn (95.7 mg kg^?1) > Pb (51.6 mg kg^?1) > Zn (23.8 mg kg^?1) > Ni (13.4 mg kg^?1) > Cu (7.0 mg kg^?1) > Cd (2.8 mg kg^?1). Iron, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn existed in paddy soils mainly in Fe-Mn oxides (53.6 %, 65.2 %, 40.4 %, 40.8 %, 53.3 %, respectively), whereas Cu and Cd occurred essentially as residual mineral phase (41.4 %) and carbonate (36.1 %), respectively. The mobile and bioavailable fractions of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in paddy soils averaged 48.8, 20.8, 0.79, 29.2, 28.5, 41.1, and 24.8 %, respectively, which suggests that the mobility and bioavailability of the seven metals probably decline in the following order: Cd > Pb > Mn ≥ Ni > Zn > Cu ? Fe, suggesting greater contribution of anthropogenic Cd. As Cd in soil is easily accumulated by plants through the root system, the concentration of Cd in these paddy soils could be a concern to human health.