广西鸟类新记录--纹胸鹛(Macronous gularis)

2005年在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区采获得4只纹胸鹛（Macronous gularis），这是广西鸟类的新记录。标本现保存于广西大学动物科技学院标本室。在弄岗保护区森林下层鸟类中，纹胸鹛已成为仅次于灰眶雀鹛的优势种之一。     

湖南永顺万民县级自然保护区鸟类资源调查

为掌握湖南永顺万民县级自然保护区的鸟类生物多样性,于2016年8月利用样线法、访问调查法和文献调查法对万民自然保护区进行了调查。万民自然保护区现已记录鸟类131种,隶属于15目44科。从目级分类阶元上看,万民自然保护区的鸟类以雀形目为主,有27科74种,占保护区鸟类物种总数的56.49%。东洋界种类达79种,占保护区鸟类物种总数的60.31%;古北界种类有35种,占26.72%;广布种有17种,占12.98%。由此可见,万民自然保护区的鸟类区系中东洋界种类占明显优势,且表现出与古北界物种相混杂的现象。     

若尔盖湿地保护区生物多样性评价

四川省若尔盖湿地是世界上最大的一块高原泥炭沼泽湿地,也是我国生物多样性保护的热点地区之一.保护区内维管植物共计50科165属414种;鸟类13目28科137种;兽类5目15科38种;两栖类动物1目2科3种;爬行类2目3科3种;鱼类有1目2科15种.其中,国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物3种,中国特有属植物5属;国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类7种,Ⅱ级保护鸟类20种,我国特有鸟类7种;国家Ⅰ级保护兽类1种,国家Ⅱ级保护兽类7种,我国特有兽类6种.笔者选取了生物多样性、稀有性、生态系统的稳定性与安全性、面积的适宜性以及自然属性5个方面17个赋值指标,对保护区的生物多样性质量进行整体评价,总评价得分为73.5,表明保护区具有丰富的生物多样性和极高的保护价值.     

弄岗自然保护区冠斑犀鸟的分布与种群数量

2004年1月~2006年1月,用小区绝对数量统计和访问法对弄岗自然保护区陇呼片与弄岗片冠斑犀鸟(Anthracoceros albirostris)的种群数量进行了调查。共记录到冠斑犀鸟7群22只,其中1群6只位于陇呼片内,6群16只位于弄岗片中。经分析,弄岗保护区的冠斑犀鸟现存种群数量至少为22只,比6年前增长14~16只。但与20年前相比,弄岗自然保护区冠斑犀鸟种群数量已显著下降,其原因可能是由于人类的偷猎和栖息地的减少。对广西冠斑犀鸟的保护提出了建议。     

十万大山国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的多样性

在对广西十万大山国家级自然保护区植物种质资源进行全面调查研究的基础上,根据中国及国际有关珍稀濒危植物评估的标准体系,分析和统计该保护区珍稀濒危植物多样性状况,结果表明:保护区珍稀濒危植物多样性丰富(44科85属145种),其中国家重点保护野生植物15种(其中Ⅰ级2种,Ⅱ级13种),占保护区植物种数的0.67%;被列入《世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)物种红色名录濒危等级和标准》的有27种,占1.21%,,被列入《中国物种红色名录》(第一册)的达110种,占4.92%;被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录的79种(其中附录Ⅰ有1种,附录Ⅱ有77种,附录Ⅲ有1种),占3.54%。     

海南中部生态功能保护区生物多样性研究

海南中部国家级生态功能保护区生物多样性丰富,经调查,保护区内的尖峰岭、五指山陆栖脊椎动物分别占全国的16.3%和12.7%;尖峰岭有国家I级和Ⅱ级珍稀濒危保护植物种41种,占全国的16.0%;保护区热带原始林的生物多样性指标达到5.19-6.28,即便40年天然更新山地雨林物种多样性指标也达到了4.77.     

柳江鱼类区系

柳江跨黔、桂、湘三省区,流经山区及柳江台地,多喀斯特地形的暗河、岩围、深潭,生境复杂,鱼类资源丰富。本文记录了柳江及其支流已知鱼类共156种(亚种),分隶于92属19科8目。其中在中国仅见于柳江的种7个;区内各河流中仅见分布于柳江的种(亚种)共12个;为柳江第一次记录的种(亚种)41个,30属;为广西第一次记录的种7个(包括一亚种),3属。分析了柳江151种纯淡水鱼的区系复合体组成,指出了柳江鱼类区系的热带性质。计列了柳江的广布性鱼类及具有特殊生境的运江及融江一级电站大坝上游缓流区的鱼类分布特点。     

浙江古田山自然保护区青冈群落特征研究

研究浙江古田山自然保护区青冈群落特征和物种多样性结果表明,青冈群落植物种类丰富,区系成分复杂,其属的地理成分具有较高的热带成分比例。群落生活型以高位芽植物为主,叶性质以小型叶、单叶、革质和非全缘为主。群落垂直结构中灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次递减,乔木层、灌木层物种丰富度和物种多样性指数明显大于草本层。     

黔东典型湿地公园鱼类多样性与区系分析

近年来,湿地生态功能及其保护研究愈加重要。基于此,以黔东地区典型湿地公园贵州碧江国家湿地公园为对象,系统调查与分析了区域内的鱼类资源及区系组成。结果显示:调查区域内鱼类共36种,隶属于4目7科34属,其中鲤形目物种数量最多为27种,占总比为75%;区系分布上,本区域鱼类以江河平原区系复合体与南方平原区系复合体为主,物种数量分别占52.7%与22.2%;本区域的鱼类以杂食性与肉食性为主,分别占52.7%与27.7%。本研究有助于了解贵州湿地公园鱼类资源多样性,为湿地生态保护与资源开发提供数据支撑。     

青藏铁路沿线原生植被多样性分布格局研究

原生植被优势种及生物多样性的空间分布特征对于青藏铁路沿线植被恢复和重建具有重要的理论指导意义。在对青藏铁路沿线1142 km设置27个样带、248个样地、2242个样方进行系统调查的基础上,系统研究了青藏铁路沿线植物群落优势种组成及生物多样性空间分布规律。在铁路沿线样方中共出现种子植物305个种与变种,22个灌木种,283个草本种和亚种,分别隶属于40科、134属;优势种种类相对较少,共40种,灌木4种;物种丰富度（S）沿铁路呈南多北少趋势,在高平原地段丰富度相对较高,且随海拔的升降而升降;α多样性指数也呈南多北少趋势,其值的变化主要受到水热条件的影响,而与海拔变化并没有必然的联系;以相邻样带之间的β多样性指数值为依据,将铁路沿线分为6个不同生境区段。     

Regional significance of peatlands for avifaunal diversity in southern Québec

Altough peatlands in southern Québec are facing increasing pressure, neither specific nor substantial protection measures have been implemented, partly due to a lack of information on this ecosystem. We determined the contribution of peatlands to bird regional diversity by measuring the difference between peatland and associated regional avifaunas. We sampled 112 peatlands located along the Saint Lawrence River during one breeding season. We used data on regional nesting bird assemblages from the Québec breeding bird atlas. Peatland bird species contrasted increasingly with regional avifauna from north to south or from undisturbed to managed landscapes. Of the 17 bird species found significantly more often in peatlands than in surroundings, some preferred peatlands in the whole study area and others preferred peatlands only in particular regions. Peatland avifaunas within regions were more similar to each other than to their regional avifauna, and differences between regions probably reflected changes in peatland physiognomy. We conclude that peatlands contribute to enrich local and regional avian diversity, particularly in the lowlands of the Saint Lawrence River, where industrial pressure on peatlands is highest.     

Responses of birds of different biogeographic origins and habitat requirements to agricultural land abandonment in northern Spain

Agricultural land-use changes in Europe have taken two opposing directions: towards agricultural intensification or land abandonment. While in the Mediterranean region land abandonment is a main cause of avian diversity decline, in northern Europe species diversity often increases with successional age. We examined the hypothesis that the biogeographic origin of the avifauna determines whether abandonment brings conservation benefits or detriment by studying the bird community of agricultural land in northern Spain, at the boundary of the Mediterranean and Eurosiberian regions. Using a successional gradient, we examined landscape-scale effects of agricultural abandonment on birds during the breeding and non-breeding seasons.The trend in avian diversity with successional stage differed little between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian species in winter. In the spring, however, there was an increase in diversity with stage in abandonment for Eurosiberian birds but not for Mediterranean species. Analysis of individual species showed a preference among Eurosiberian birds for more wooded habitats whereas Mediterranean birds preferred open areas and shrubland.The introduction of agricultural policies to geo-political units that do not coincide with eco-regions cannot be assumed to bring uniform conservation benefits. In the Mediterranean region, agricultural mosaics of low intensity cultivation maintain the highest diversity of priority bird species. Agricultural land abandonment should not be assumed to benefit conservation.     

Do regional gradients in land-use influence richness, composition and turnover of bird assemblages in small woods?

Small patches of natural or semi-natural habitat have an important role in the conservation of biodiversity in human-dominated environments. The values of such areas are determined by attributes of the patch as well as its context in the surrounding land mosaic. There is a need for better understanding of the ways in which assemblages are influenced by patch context and the scale over which this occurs. Here we examine the influence of regional environmental gradients on the richness, annual turnover and composition of breeding bird species in small woods in south-eastern England. Regional gradients were defined independently of woods by an ordination of attributes for 5 km × 5 km landscape units across a 2100 km² region. Patch-level attributes, particularly area, were the most important predictors for most bird variables. For woodland migrants and woodland-dependent species, variables representing the context of each wood, either at a local or regional scale, explained significant additional variance in species richness after accounting for wood area, but did not do so for species turnover. Significant context effects for woodland-dependent species related to the extent of hedges and woodland cover in the local vicinity (<1 km radius), whereas for woodland seasonal migrants the best predictors of richness after patch area were two regional environmental gradients. The initial cue to settlement for migrants may be at a coarse regional scale, with selection for suitable landscapes that have a greater extent of woodland cover. Edge species showed different responses: they were influenced by the diversity of structural features in woods, and were a more-dominant component of the avifauna in isolated woods in open fenland environments of the region. Significant relationships between coarse regional gradients (25 km² units) and bird assemblages in small woods (0.5-30 ha) suggest that population and community processes in the avifauna operate across a broader scale than local patch neighbourhoods. They also highlight the importance of adopting a landscape or regional perspective on potential changes to land-use in rural environments, and on the conservation management of small reserves.     

Birds in Western Australian wheatbelt reserves—implications for conservation

Bird species richness in 22 reserves in the Western Australian wheatbelt was shown to be related not to isolation from adjacent uncleared land, either spatially or with time since clearing of land in their vicinity, but to area of reserve and certain reserve habitat variables. The nature of these relationships was examined with multiple regression analysis. Reserve area was the most important variable, except in some passerine groups, where numbers of plant species, vegetation associations, and plant life form and density classes in each vegetation stratum were, separately, more important than area. Eighty-two percent of the variation in the number of bird species was explained by area of reserve and number of plant species, indicating the importance of floristics to the total bird assemblage within reserves. The number of formations present (the broadest vegetation structural grouping used) did not explain any of the variation in species numbers in any of the bird groupings.There were more resident passerine species present in wheatbelt reserves than there were breeding passerine species on similar-sized southwestern Australian late-Pleistocene/Holocene islands, although the species versus area relationship of the resident habitat-specific passerines (P₅ group) was very similar to that of the island land-bird faunas. The P₅ species group contained many species which probably responded to wheatbelt reserves as islands; some of these species may fail to persist in the wheatbelt in the long term. Twenty-three species usually resident in reserves and 15 ‘non-residents’ were identified as being ‘vulnerable’ or of uncertain conservation status in the wheatbelt.Some vegetation formations within reserves were more important to birds than others; woodlands were most important both to resident and transient species. Most species do not appear to distinguish between shrublands and heaths as major habitats; Species richness versus formation area relationship suggest that insular patchiness for birds in the wheatbelt was manifest at the level of vegetation formations. Reserves as small as 80 ha were important sanctuaries for birds in the wheatbelt, although 1500 ha was considered a minimum area of reserve to conserve a local avifauna. Reserves of the order of 30,000–94,000 ha were required to contain most of the avifauna of the wheatbelt.     

Small isolated aspen stands enrich bird communities in southwestern ponderosa pine forests

Small aspen stands are disappearing from the landscape in the Southwest, so it is important to understand their contribution to the avian community. We sampled birds in 53 small, isolated aspen stands and 53 paired plots within the ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona, during the 1996 and 1997 breeding seasons. Bird species richness and abundance were higher in aspen than in pine. However, bird species richness and abundance did not vary with size of the aspen patch or isolation index. In addition, direct ordination of species distributions with habitat factors suggested no distinct avian communities. This suggests that aspen stands do not harbor separate populations, but rather are locations where the regional avifauna reaches high local density and richness and may be crucial to birds in years of resource scarcity. Thus it is important for avian conservation to maintain many aspen stands across the landscape, encompassing a diversity of vegetation structure and composition.     

Avifauna homogenisation by urbanisation: Analysis at different European latitudes

We studied the homogenisation effects of urbanisation on avifauna in towns of three countries selected along a latitudinal gradient: Italy, France and Finland. In each town (n = 19), numbers of species were analysed along an urbanisation gradient using two urban sectors (centre and suburban) and one non-urban sector (periurban), representing the regional species pool. Firstly, we compared the avifauna by using species richness and similarity indexes along the urban gradient (S) and latitudinal gradient (L). In Europe, the number of exotic bird species in towns was low. The number of species decreased from the periurban and suburban sectors to the centre sector. Thus, the generally low number of species and few dominant birds indicate that urban bird communities are structurally simple. In addition, many habitat specialists were lacking from urban centres. The centre species represented about 43% of periurban species (similarity S). There was no correlation between town size and species trend in sectors. However, bird community similarity L was lower between town centres than between periurban areas. Latitude explained 89% of the species difference in periurban sector but only 52% in the centre, supporting the homogenisation effect of urbanisation. Secondly, we examined the homogenisation effect through the variability of some specific life-history traits (diets, nest heights, feeding habitats) by using data on Passeriformes. Our results suggested that urbanisation might cause homogenisation by decreasing the abundance of ground nesting bird species and bird species preferring bush-shrub habitats. Urbanisation appeared a cause of taxonomic homogenisation of the avifauna but the effects of latitude and urban habitat diversity may make generalisation difficult.     

Diversity and structure of the bird community overwintering in the Himalayan subalpine zone: is conservation compatible with tourism?

In this paper data on the bird community overwintering in the subalpine zone of Sagarmatha National Park (Khumbu Himal area, Nepal) are presented, with particular emphasis on habitat structure and bird-habitat relationships. The impact of land use and management on the conservation of diversity is analysed and discussed. Four habitat types were considered: mixed forest, pure juniper forest, dwarf rhododendron shrubbery and cultivations. Mixed forest supports the richest avifauna, but forest birds are sensitive to over-exploitation of their habitat: bird density, species richness and diversity are significantly lower in heavily utilised forest. Here, the lower density of rhododendrons, firs and birches, together with their younger age, seem to be unattractive to insectivorous gleaners and granivores, which prefer tree- and understorey-rich spots of unutilised forest. Terraced cultivations also are a rich habitat for wintering birds, and traditional cultivations with hedgerows and scattered bushes have a great potential for bird conservation. Juniper woods are important habitats mainly for frugivores, whereas dwarf rhododendron shrubberies support the poorest avifauna. This study emphasises that forest birds and habitats are severely threatened. As deforestation is the consequence of the tourist pressure for fuelwood along the trekking route to Mt. Everest Base Camp, a strict regulation of tourist-related developments is essential to preserve biodiversity and manage land uses within sustainability.     

广西沿海红树林区的水鸟

广西沿海地区位于一条重要的候鸟迁徙通道上，那里的红树林区给为数众多的水鸟提供了繁殖、越冬和迁徙中途歇息的场所。在红树林区记录到115种水鸟。这些鸟类中，102种是候鸟，包括13种夏候鸟、64种冬候鸟、25种旅鸟，因此红树林区水鸟类的多样性表现出明显的季节性。迁徙季节水鸟的种类和数量都最多，繁殖季节则最少。黑脸瑟鹭（Platalea minor)是世界上最濒危的鸟类之一，一个越冬种群在该地区红树林中被发现。     

Richness, distribution and conservation status of cavity nesting birds in Mexico

A considerable number of bird species depend on tree cavities availability for nesting in temperate and tropical forests in Mexico. Tree cavity availability is reduced in heavily managed forests, making cavity nesting species particularly vulnerable to the high rates of forest loss and degradation that occur every day in the remaining wilderness areas of the country. We analyzed information about nesting behavior, distribution, and conservation status of resident landbird avifauna from 35 important and protected bird areas of Mexico. The main intention was to determine the proportion of resident bird species that nest in tree cavities and are more sensitive to intensive forest management practices. Our results revealed that 17% (112 species) of the resident landbird avifauna need tree cavities for nesting. Cavity nesters represented a higher proportion of endangered and threatened species than non-cavity nesters. The families Strigidae and Psittacidae represented the highest number of tree cavity nesting species in status. In the 35 avifaunas examined, the mean percentage of cavity nesting species ranged from 17% to 21%. The cloud forest reserve of “El Triunfo” with 43 species, is the area with the highest concentration of cavity nesting species in Mexico.     

Diversity: Quantification and ecological evaluation in freshwater marshes

The primary objective of this study was to test the usefulness of two indices—edge diversity and cover type diversity—in assessing bird species diversity for breeding avian communities in freshwater coastal marshes. Bird species diversity was used in this study as an indicator of ecological quality. Permanent transects in three marshes on the bay of Green Bay, Lake Michigan, provided the basis for vegetation assessments and breeding bird censuses. Four years of field data were subjected to regression analysis. The best equation was found to be a multiple regression of bird species diversity on cover type diversity and edge diversity, showing a significant linear relationship with cover type diversity and a significant curvilinear relationship with edge diversity. Cover type diversity and edge diversity can be readily assessed from aerial imagery. The results are most applicable to ecological evaluation where objectives stress species diversity rather than single-species management.