Pharmacokinetics of Tramadol and Its Metabolites M1, M2, and M5 in Donkeys after Intravenous and Oral Immediate Release Single-Dose Administration

Tramadol (T) is a centrally acting analgesic structurally related to codeine and morphine. Recently, T has been reported to be metabolized faster to inactive metabolites in goats, dogs, and horses than in cats. Clinical effectiveness of T has been questioned in species that mainly metabolize this molecule to inactive metabolites, suggesting that this drug could be not suitable as effective and safe treatment for pain as in humans. The purpose of the study is to determine the pharmacokinetics of T and its main metabolites in donkeys to evaluate its prospective use in clinical practice. The subjects were 12 male donkeys, 6 to 9 years old and weighing 300 to 380 kg. Each subject received a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg T either orally or intravenously. Plasma T, O-desmethyltramadol (M1), N-desmethyltramadol (M2), and N-,O-didesmethyltramadol (M5) concentrations were evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pharmacokinetic parameters in both administrations were calculated according to a non-compartmental model. After intravenous administration, T was detectable up to 10 hours, whereas M1, M2, and M5 were detectable from 15 minutes up to 6 hours. The total amount of M2 was greater than M1, which was greater than M5. The T area under the concentration/time curve (AUC), T_1/2 λz (terminal half-life), and Cl/F (Clearance/F where F is the fraction of the drug absorbed) were 14,522 ± 2,554 h/ng/mL, 1.55 ± 0.74 hours, and 167 ± 22.3 mL/h/kg, respectively. After oral administration, T was detectable up to 8 hours to a lower extent than after the intravenous route. The total amount of M2 was greater than M5, which was greater than M1. The T AUC, T_1/2 λz, and Cl/F were 4,624 ± 2,002 h/ng/mL, 4.22 ± 2.32 hours, and 495 ± 170 mL/h/kg, respectively. The bioavailability of the oral formulation was 11.7 ± 5.1%. In conclusion, despite the effectiveness of intravenous administration of T, oral administration did not reach the minimum plasma concentration of both M1 and parental drug reported in humans as needed to achieve analgesia in donkeys.     

M148R and M149R are two virulence factors for myxoma virus pathogenesis in the European rabbit

Myxoma virus (MYXV), a member of the Poxviridae family, is the agent responsible for myxomatosis, a fatal disease in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). MYXV has a linear double-stranded DNA genome that encodes several factors important for evasion from the host immune system. Among them, four ankyrin (ANK) repeat proteins were identified: M148R, M149R, M150R and M-T5. To date, only M150R and M-T5 were studied and characterized as critical virulence factors. This article presents the first characterization of M148R and M149R. Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) fusions allowed us to localize them in a viral context. Whereas M149R is only cytoplasmic, interestingly, M148R is in part located in the nucleolus, a unique feature for an ANK repeat poxviral protein. In order to evaluate their implication in viral pathogenicity, targeted M148R, M149R, or both deletions were constructed in the wild type T1 strain of myxoma virus. In vitro infection of rabbit and primate cultured cells as well as primary rabbit cells allowed us to conclude that M148R and M149R are not likely to be implicated in cell tropism or host range functions. However, in vivo experiments revealed that they are virulence factors since after infection of European rabbits with mutant viruses, a delay in the onset of clinical signs, an increase of survival time and a dramatic decrease in mortality rate were observed. Moreover, histological analysis suggests that M148R plays a role in the subversion of host inflammatory response by MYXV.     

生鲜牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M_1快速检测报告

[目的]为快速、准确检测出生鲜牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M1,保证牛奶卫生安全。[方法]采用SNAP黄曲霉毒素M1快速检测试剂盒检测生鲜牛乳中黄曲霉毒素M1。在2012年4月、9月和2013年6月分别对新疆巴州辖区内16个奶站的奶缸、奶牛养殖小区、运输车辆分别抽16份生鲜乳样品检测黄曲霉毒素M1。[结果]16份生鲜乳样品中检测黄曲霉毒素M1,结果全部为阴性。[结论]对巴州辖区内16个奶站的奶缸、奶牛养殖小区、运输车辆进行了生鲜牛乳黄曲霉毒素M1抽样检测项目,16份生鲜牛乳样品结果全部为阴性,未检出黄曲霉毒素M1,合格率为100%。     

利用聚合酶链反应技术检测牛结核杆菌病的研究

应用聚合酶链反应（ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ） 技术检测牛结核分枝杆菌纯化 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ, 其敏感性为２５０ｆｇ 。所用引物序列对９种抗酸分枝杆菌 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 进行扩增, 经琼脂糖凝胶电泳证实, 只有人型结核分枝杆菌、牛型结核分枝杆菌产生了３１７ｂｐ 的特异性扩增带。将 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 法与皮内变态反应试验（ Ｐ Ｐ Ｄ） 检测方法比较; ５４ 份血样标本中 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 的阳性率为１ ％ , Ｐ Ｐ Ｄ 试验的阳性率为０ 。同时对奶样标本的检测与血样结果一致。结果表明, Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 在直接检测患牛血样、奶样标本中显示出快速、敏感、特异的优点。为今后牛结核病的检测工作提供了一条新的途径。     

中国野桑蚕和日本野桑蚕的RAPD研究

用RAPD PCR技术初步研究了中国野桑蚕与日本福冈野桑蚕之间的DNA多态性。结果表明 ,不同地域中国野桑蚕个体之间及其与日本福冈野桑蚕个体之间均呈现出丰富的DNA多态性。中国野桑蚕同家蚕共有带率达 3 5 5 % ,同日本福冈野桑蚕为 4 5 1% ,而日本福冈野桑蚕同家蚕为 3 2 % ;中国野桑蚕与家蚕的平均遗传距离为0 5 2 ,日本野桑蚕与家蚕的平均遗传距离为 0 6 3,与中国野桑蚕的为 0 5 8,而且与中国沈阳地区野桑蚕之间的遗传距离最近 ,为 0 4 8,以此创建了它们的系统进化树。     

63株IBV分离株M基因的遗传变异与系统进化分析

对1993－2010年从中国不同地区分离的63株传染性支气管炎病毒(infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)野毒株,采用RT-PCR方法克隆测定所分离野毒株的M基因核苷酸序列,并与GenBank中公布的部分国内外IBV毒株的M基因序列进行比较分析,研究中国IBV的分子流行病学特点和分子遗传变异规律。结果显示,所测毒株M基因具有6种不同长度的开放阅读框,这些长度的差异是由于5'端的核苷酸插入或缺失造成的;N端含有1~2个N-糖基化位点,其中1个糖基化位点"Asn-Cys-Thr"(NCT)是高度保守的。63个IBV分离株间氨基酸序列相似性为88.9%~100%,分离株与参考株间相似性为87.2%~100%。系统进化分析结果显示,本研究的63个IBV分离株可分为9个基因型,2005－2010年IBV中国流行株大部分与Mass型疫苗株处于不同的基因型,而且氨基酸序列相似性都小于94%。     

牛支原体、无乳支原体和丝状支原体丝状亚种小克隆三重PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

本研究旨在建立一种可一次性区分牛支原体、丝状支原体丝状亚种小克隆和无乳支原体的三重PCR诊断方法,为临床诊断和流行病学调查提供可靠检测技术.根据GenBank发表的上述3种病原的基因组序列保守区域设计3对特异性引物建立三重PCR方法;确定其检测敏感性,以猪支原体、鸡支原体、无乳支原体和丝状支原体丝状亚种小克隆基因作模板检验其特异性;同时和病原分离鉴定结果对比其准确性.结果表明在优化体系和条件下能够同时得到扩增长度为448、549、375 bp 3条特异性片段,未扩增出猪、鸡支原体模板特异性片段;其敏感性(可检测到的最小模板DNA含量)为0.8 ng·μL-1;36份临床样品检测结果显示,三重PCR检测结果与分离培养鉴定方法一致,均能鉴定出牛支原体阳性病料.本研究建立的三重PCR诊断方法能够一次性鉴别3种支原体,具有高敏感性、特异性和准确性,可用于临床诊断和流行病学调查.     

Use of protected methionine (Mepron M 85) in cattle

The ruminal stability of Mepron M 85 and the effect of supplementation with Mepron M 85 on free methionine level of blood were studied in rumen-fistulated cows and rumen- and duodenum-fistulated growing bulls. In five rumen-fistulated cows in situ 69.5% and 64.6% of the methionine content of Mepron M 85 was found after ruminal incubation of 16 h and 24 h, respectively. Daily rations of the rumen-fistulated cows were supplemented with 15.0 g DL-methionine and 17.7 g Mepron M 85, which increased the free methionine level of blood from 13.64 mumol/L to 15.35 and 20.46 mumol/L, respectively, three hours after feeding. In the four rumen- and duodenum-fistulated growing bulls, supplementation with 15.0 g DL-methionine and 17.7 g Mepron M 85 increased the total methionine getting into the duodenum during 24 h from 14.99 g to 16.84 and 20.84 g, respectively. The influence of Mepron M 85 on milk production was studied in 35 pairs of Hungarian Fleckvieh x Holstein-Friesian cows. The animals were coupled on the basis of the number of finished lactations, milk production in the previous lactation, and the date of calving. Daily supplementation of 18.0 g Mepron M 85 increased daily milk production significantly (p < 0.05), by 1.24 litres. Milk fat content also increased significantly (from 3.10% to 3.19%, p < 0.05) in the experimental group. The supplementation did not influence milk protein content.     

IBV安徽分离株膜蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

利用设计的1对特异性引物,通过RT-PCR方法扩增出4株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)安徽地方分离株膜蛋白M基因全长片段并进行了克隆测序。将各IBV安徽地方分离株与GenBank中注册的一些毒株M基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行比较和系统进化关系分析,发现毒株间核苷酸序列同源性为88.5%~100%,其相应的氨基酸序列同源性为90.3%~100%;不同毒株间存着重组、缺失、插入及点突变等变异,从ATG至第140 bp区段的核苷酸序列变异频率最高;4株分离毒株属于同一个进化群的2个不同进化亚群,与我国常用疫苗毒株H120、M41和W 93不属同一个进化亚群。     

Testing meningeal strains of Streptococcus suis to detect M protein genes.

Previous reports have suggested that the surface proteins found in meningeal strains of Streptococcus suis might be similar to the M protein of group A streptococci. Fifty-five strains of S suis, including human and swine meningeal and pneumonic isolates, were tested for M protein genes by DNA probes representing the constant domain of the 3' end of the group A, M protein gene. None of the S suis strains examined was positive, indicating that these organisms either lack M protein genes or harbour different genes, not expressing the constant domains of protein M from group A.     

Experimental mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and M. canadense in the ewe

Twelve strains of M. bovigenitalium and two of three strains of M. canadense caused an infection resulting in a pathogenic effect when experimentally inoculated into the ovine mammary gland. Differences in the pathogenesis were quantified by the duration of continuous mycoplasma excretion and the duration of high milk cell levels, but variation in the susceptability of the experimental animals prevented the establishment of firm conclusions on the relative virulence of the strains. Seven M. bovigenitalium and two M. canadense strains were eventually eliminated naturally from the infected glands, but four M. bovigenitalium strain infections ultimately became sub-clinical with intermittent mycoplasma excretion and low milk cell levels.     

Effect of glucocorticoids on cows suspected of subclinical infection with M. paratuberculosis

Glucocorticoids were administered to 10 heifers suspected of subclinical infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Three animals remained untreated. M. paratuberculosis was isolated from the internal organs of 2 animals after this treatment but not from any of the control group. Delayed type hypersensitivity and lymphocyte reactivity towards Johnin and purified protein derivates of M. avium and M. bovis were depressed. A sharp increase in total leucocyte count, due to an increase in neutrophil numbers, occurred. In the three untreated animals these parameters did not change during the experiment. A decrease of specific immunological reactivity towards M. paratuberculosis occurred, but not to such an extent that clinical disease developed.     

地衣芽孢杆菌M109高密度发酵条件的优化

试验旨在筛选一株地衣芽孢杆菌M109(Bacillus licheniformis M109)进行培养基和发酵条件的优化。采用单因素试验方法筛选出最佳碳源和氮源的培养基,并利用正交试验方法确定其最佳的碳氮比。为了继续提高地衣芽孢杆菌M109的发酵水平,研究其在发酵过程中的生长曲线、pH和溶氧(DO)水平的变化曲线,通过对发酵过程中生长参数的测定,优化了地衣芽孢杆菌M109最佳的接种量和最适pH。结果发现,溶氧限制是地衣芽孢杆菌M109生长的关键因素;在限定通风量的条件下,通过调节搅拌转速的方法来提高培养基中的溶氧水平,提高发酵密度;通过流加培养基的方法也能提高地衣芽孢杆菌M109的发酵水平。因此,通过对培养基和发酵条件的优化,使地衣芽孢杆菌M109的发酵水平由最初的1.0×10⁹ CFU/mL提高到1.2×10¹⁰ CFU/mL,芽孢形成率为88%。     

Dome epithelial M cells dissociated from rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissues

Dome and dome epithelial cells were selectively dissociated from gut-associated lymphoid tissues of rabbits. Sequential tissue washes in dithiothreitol, EDTA, and collagenase removed the dome epithelium, without disrupting the follicles or villi, and provided a cell suspension containing 74 +/- 6% lymphocytes, 9 +/- 4% columnar epithelial cells, 10 +/- 7% tangible-body macrophages, and 4 +/- 2% M cells (follicle-associated epithelial cells). The last mentioned cells were characterized by transmission electron microscopy as large (20 to 55 microns diameter) cuboidal, round, or oval cells with eccentric nuclei and thin membranous processes surrounding empty vacuoles. The M cells were occasionally joined together by tight junctions. Histochemical and immunocytochemical analyses of M cells with the light microscope showed that they were devoid of immunoglobulins and negative for T-cell antigen and secretory component and had no detectable alkaline phosphatase or endogenous peroxidase activity. The M cells had few vacuoles with faint acid phosphatase activity; nonspecific neutral esterase was abundant. Possible uses for dome and dome epithelial cells are discussed.     

应用单克隆抗体ＡＣ—ＥＬＩＳＡ检测鸡蛋卵黄中鸡毒支原体

采用抗鸡毒支原体阳性血清包被酶标板作为捉抗体，以４株鸡毒支原体特异单克隆抗体作为第二抗体和酶标羊抗鼠ＩgG作为指示体建立了一种检测鸡蛋卵黄中鸡毒支原体的双夹心ＡＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ。该法具有简便、灵敏、快速等优点，从采样到获得结果６小时内完成，检出率高于分离培养法，且重复性良好，该方法的建立鸡群毒支原体感染的检测和净化提供了一种新的可靠方法。     

Identification of the tetracycline resistance gene, tet(M), in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

This is the first report to demonstrate the presence of tet(M) in naturally occurring isolates of tetracycline-resistant Erysipelothrix rbusiopathiae, which causes swine erysipelas. The tet(M) gene was isolated from E. rhusiopathiae strain KY5-42. The nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequence were 99% identical to the tet(M) gene from Enterococcus faecalis. The gene was necessary and sufficient for the expression of tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli. The presence of the tet(M) gene in the 114 tetracycline-resistant E. rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased pigs was detected by the polymerase chain reaction assay. The specific amplified DNA fragment was obtained from all 114 tetracycline-resistant strains. It was suggested that the tet(M) gene was widely present in the field isolates of E. rhusiopathiae resistant to tetracycline.     

Polysaccharide storage myopathy in the M. longissimus lumborum of showjumpers and dressage horses with back pain

This study was designed to investigate whether horses with clinical signs of back pain due to suspected soft tissue injuries were affected by polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). Diagnosis of PSSM in muscle biopsies obtained from the M. longissimus lumborum of 5 showjumpers and 4 dressage horses with a history of back pain is reported. M. longissimus lumborum biopsies of these horses were characterised histopathologically and in 3/9 cases also by electron microscopy. Observations were compared with M. gluteus biopsies of the same horses, and with M. gluteus biopsies obtained from 6 Standardbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis and from 6 healthy trotters. M. longissimus biopsies from horses with back pain showed pathognomonic signs of PSSM, i.e. high glycogen and/or abnormal complex amylase-resistant polysaccharide deposits. Similar features were found in M. gluteus biopsies of the same horses. Sections of horses with rhabdomyolysis had increased PAS stain when compared with healthy horses, but did not show amylase-resistant material. Qualitative observations were corroborated by quantitative histochemistry (optical densities) of sections stained with PAS and amylase PAS. This study demonstrated the presence of PSSM in the M. longissimus of showjumpers and dressage horses with back pain and indicates that epaxial muscle biopsy is an option in diagnosing back problems in horses when clinical examination and imaging techniques do not provide a precise diagnosis.     

禽流感病毒M2蛋白跨膜区基因的缺失

根据禽流感病毒 (AIV ) A/ Chicken/ Korea/ MS96 / 96 (H9N2 )株的核苷酸序列 ,设计并合成引物 ,通过 RT- PCR,从AIV H9N1株感染的 MDCK细胞总 RNA中扩增出 2 94 bp的 AIV全长的 M2基因。通过软件分析其序列中的跨膜区后 ,将其与p GEM- T easy载体连接产物 p GEM- T/ M2为模板 ,通过 PCR扩增出约 90 bp左右 M2的膜外区编码序列和约 16 0 bp左右 M2的胞内区编码序列。将两个扩增产物同时作为模板 ,以 OE- PCR(overlap extension- PCR)扩增出约 2 5 0 bp的缺失跨膜区的 M2基因M2 d。测序结果表明 ,M2 d的序列除在跨膜区以 4个甘氨酸序列替代外 ,其余部分与 M2完全一致 ,由此说明 OE- PCR扩增法成功地将禽流感病毒 M2基因跨膜区缺失     

三株广西狂犬病病毒NS基因和M基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究设计了一对特异性引物NSM1/NSM2,对三株广西狂犬病病毒NS和M基因同时进行了RT_PCR扩增、克隆和测序。同源性分析表明,三株广西野毒NS基因核苷酸同源性为87.2%~98.4%,M基因核苷酸同源性为90.1%~99.7%;与固定毒和狂犬病相关病毒比较,NS基因分别为79.9%~82.8%和69.7%~71.0%;M基因的分别为82.8%~87.8%和75.0%~77.8%。三株野毒NS基因氨基酸同源性为93.3%~98.7%,M基因氨基酸同源性分别为97.5%~100%。表明广西各地毒株之间亲缘关系不同,但最为相近;与狂犬病固定毒株亲缘关系较远;与狂犬病相关病毒亲缘关系最远。     

Effect of glucocorticoids on cows suspected of subclinical infection with M. paratuberculosis

Summary

Glucocorticoids were administered to 10 heifers suspected of subclinical infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Three animals remained untreated.

M. paratuberculosis was isolated from the internal organs of 2 animals after this treatment but not from any of the control group. Delayed type hypersensitivity and lymphocyte reactivity towards Johnin and purified protein derivates of M. avium and M. bovis were depressed. A sharp increase in total leucocyte count, due loan increase in neutrophil numbers, occurred. In the three untreated animals these parameters did not change during the experiment.

A decrease of specific immunological reactivity towards M. paratuberculosis occurred, but not to such an extent that clinical disease developed.