Effects of construction defects on hydraulic performance of Kalpani distributary, NWFP, Pakistan

The hydraulic performance of canals designed to deliver water by proportional allocation is highly dependent on the accuracy of construction of water division structures. If construction is inaccurate then inequity of water delivery is built into the system from the onset. A survey of hydraulic performance of Kalpnai distributary in NWFP Pakistan immediately after construction showed that the canal could only deliver 90% of designed discharge due to deficiencies in construction of two siphons, and that the tail end of the canal only received 70% of designed discharge. When operated at 70% of design discharge tail end reaches received 50% of designed discharge. Measurements of outlet structures showed that 57% of structures were built as intended and had not been damaged. All orifice outlets delivered more than 115% of design discharge and on average delivered 40% more than intended. Only 20% of open flumes were within 10% of design width, while 58% were more than 30% wider. As a result of these construction defects many watercourses were able to obtain much higher discharges than intended. The lack of control gates means there is no managerial remedy to redress the existing inequity. The only solution is to reconstruct a high proportion of outlet structures. Potential causes of poor construction are many, including lack of involvement of the agency responsible for subsequent operation, lack of dialogue with water users, and lack of accountability built into the project framework.     

A model for evaluating grassland management decisions on dairy farms in the UK

The paper describes the structure, use and validation of a farm advisory model designed to evaluate grassland management on dairy farms. Using the model, it is possible to assess the implications of altering the timing and frequency of conservation cuts, of changing the pattern of fertiliser application, of altering the level of concentrate feeding and of changing grazing management. Comparisons of predicted with recorded grass yields, conservation areas and grazing efficiencies have shown that the model, in general, simulates farm and experimental observations reasonably well. However, for individual farms, cut yields and areas, the prediction errors can be large.     

Computer assisted management decisions for beef production systems

A linear programming model was developed to determine management policy for a yearly planning horizon on a typical 1320 acre (535 ha) Southern Colorado mountain ranch. Income producing activities (selling cattle and hay and leasing land) and cost activities (buying cattle, borrowing capital, feeding supplements, purchasing fertiliser and fuel, hiring labour and leasing land) were defined for three land types through four seasons.The purpose of the modelling effort was to determine the level of each activity (cow herd size, yearling herd size and area of meadow to be harvested for hay) that resulted in maximum net return for the ranch subject to resource limitation on land, labour and capital. In addition, sensitivity and shadow price analyses revealed expansion options that would be profitable during existing economic conditions.The optimal management plan, using 3 April, 1975 prices, called for grazing 199 head of 450 lb (204 kg) steers and 52 head of 530 lb (240 kg) steers. The plan also called for purchasing and spreading 42 tons (38 MT) of nitrogen and 10 tons (9 MT) of phosphorus on Land I and for growing, harvesting and selling 742 tons (674 MT) of hay. This optimal management plan produced a net return of $27,642. In addition, the optimal plan showed that hay production began replacing beef production when the price of hay was $35·48/ton (39·08/MT) and that the maximum amount of hay was produced with the price increased to $50·00/ton ($55·00/MT).     

Integrating satellite-based evapotranspiration with simulation models for irrigation management at the scheme level

Improvements in irrigation management are urgently needed in regions where water resources for irrigation are being depleted. This paper combines a water balance model with satellite-based remote-sensing estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) to provide accurate irrigation scheduling guidelines for individual fields. The satellite-derived ET was used in the daily soil water balance model to improve accuracy of field-by-field ET demands and subsequent field-scale irrigation schedules. The combination of satellite-based ET with daily soil water balance incorporates the advantages of satellite remote-sensing and daily calculation time steps, namely, high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution. The procedure was applied to Genil–Cabra Irrigation Scheme of Spain, where irrigation water supply is often limited by regional drought. Compared with traditional applications of water balance models (i.e. without the satellite-based ET), the combined procedure provided significant improvements in irrigation schedules for both the average condition and when considering field-to-field variability. A 24% reduction in application of water was estimated for cotton if the improved irrigation schedules were followed. Irrigation efficiency calculated using satellite-based ET and actual applied irrigation water helped to identify specific agricultural fields experiencing problems in water management, as well as to estimate general irrigation efficiencies of the scheme by irrigation and crop type. Estimation of field irrigation efficiency ranged from 0.72 for cotton to 0.90 for sugar beet.     

Economic optimization of dairy heifer management decisions

A farmer exercises control over the heifer rearing unit in two main areas: a nutritional plane of growth and the moment of insemination. The two management controls interact with biological aspects of growth thereby influencing future profitability of the dairy heifer. A dynamic programming model was developed to optimize these decisions for individual heifers, using the hierarchic Markov process (HMP) technique. HMP provides a method to model a wide variety of heifer calves, differing in age, season, body weight, reproductive status and prepubertal growth level. Under Dutch conditions the optimal rearing strategy resulted in an average calving age of 22.6 months at a calving weight of 564 kg. Faced with the scarcity of exact information on the interrelationships of rearing strategies with the productivity of the dairy replacement, the strength of this heifer model lies in the field of the sensitivity analyses by providing valuable information regarding the critical components of heifer rearing.     

植保机械用液泵性能测试系统的研究

介绍了一种自动化水平、测试精度和测试效率都很高,而且非常实用的植保机械液泵性能测试系统。该系统采用工控计算机,配12位模拟量数据采集卡和12路16位计数定时器卡,对两个压力、一个流量、一个扭矩和一个转速共5路传感器信号同时实时取样,实时处理,同步显示,试验结束后即可屏显回归的性能曲线和符合标准格式的试验报告,可分别打印输出。该系统可广泛应用于植保液泵性能测试台上。     

WY80型液压挖掘机液压系统的维修

20 0 2年我们对一台WY80型液压挖掘机的液压系统进行了大修 ,该机采用双联斜轴式轴向变量柱塞泵、整体式多路换向阀、斜轴式轴向定量柱塞马达、液压先导操纵等 ,组成双回路全功率变量液压系统 ;驱动变量双泵的动力是F6L91 2型柴油机 ,标定转速 2 5 0 0r min ,标定功率为 70kW( 95Ps)。A8V80型双联斜轴式轴向变量柱塞泵 ,由两个轴向柱塞泵、分动齿轮和全功率调节器组成。双联泵摆角 0～ 2 5°之间 ,排量 80mL r,最大流量 2× 1 69L min ,最大工作压力为 2 5MPa。双联泵共用一个功率调节机构 ,在变量范围内 ,两泵摆角始终一致 ,对两条回…     

Irrigation water management for crop diversification: Application of the WACCROD model

The actual water management practices, in terms of the volumes and intervals of delivery, are examined in a rice-based irrigation subsystem where crop diversification is practised. A simulation model (WACCROD) is used to generate the hypothetical water requirements of the changing crop mixture at quartenary and tertiary levels.Crops other than rice were planted in the dry season to reduce the need for water. Then, as the available water supplies diminished, the volume and timing of water deliveries changed based on the time, hydraulic location and relative importance of the crop.     

海水淡化能量回收透平水力模型优化设计

为提高反渗透海水淡化系统中能量回收透平的回收效率,对透平叶轮的水力模型进行优化设计,分析透平叶轮几何参数交互作用对叶轮性能的影响规律,得到透平叶轮性能最佳时的几何参数.以叶片进口角、叶片出口角和叶片数为试验因素,透平水头和水力效率为试验指标,基于BBD试验设计方法对透平进行多参数组合的数值计算,并采用响应面分析法对试验...     

离心泵多工况水力性能优化设计方法

基于全局优化算法和各项损失计算的离心泵能量性能计算模型,提出一种离心泵多工况水力性能优化设计方法.该方法以原始设计的关键几何参数值为初始条件、设计工况的扬程为约束条件、多个工况的加权平均功率最小为目标,同时采用自适应模拟退火算法对离心泵能量性能计算模型进行求解,采用超传递近似法来确定各目标函数的权重因子,并采用该方法对一比转数为129.3的离心泵进行了多工况优化,最后分别对原设计和多工况优化设计进行了数值计算,计算结果表明：0.6Qd和1.2Qd工况下,多工况优化得到的功率低于原始设计,而设计工况下,多工况优化得到的功率比原始设计略高;多工况优化得到的3工况点加权平均功率比原始设计低0.06%;多工况优化的3点加权平均效率则比原始设计高0.46%.研究结果对于离心泵的节能设计具有比较重要的参考价值.     

Evaluation of DRAINMOD using saturated hydraulic conductivity estimated by a pedotransfer function model

Direct measurement of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) is time-consuming and therefore costly. The ROSETTA pedotransfer function model is able to estimate K_s from soil textural data, bulk density and one or two water retention points. This study evaluated the feasibility of running the DRAINMOD field-scale hydrological model with K_s input produced using ROSETTA. A hierarchical approach was adopted to estimate K_s using ROSETTA, with four limited-more extended sets of soil information used as inputs: USDA textural class (H1); texture (H2); texture and bulk density (H3); texture, bulk density, water retention at −33 kPa (θ_33 kPa) and −1500 kPa (θ_1500 kPa) (H4). ROSETTA-estimated K_s values from these four groups (H1-H4) were used in DRAINMOD to simulate drain outflows during a 4-year period from a conventional drainage plot (CD) and two controlled drainage plots (CWT1 and CWT2) located in south-east Sweden. The DRAINMOD results using ROSETTA-estimated K_s values were compared with observed values and with model results using laboratory-measured K_s values (H0). Deviations in simulated drainage outflow (D), infiltration (F) and evapotranspiration (ET) resulting from the use of ROSETTA-estimated rather than laboratory-measured K_s values were evaluated. During the study period, statistical comparisons showed good agreement on a monthly basis between observed and DRAINMOD-simulated drainage rates using five soil datasets (H0, H1, H2, H3 and H4). The monthly mean absolute error (MAE) ranged from 0.57 to 0.82 cm for CD, 0.38 to 0.41 cm for CWT1, and 0.15 to 0.22 cm for CWT2. On a monthly basis, the modified coefficient efficiency (E′) values were in the range of 0.62 to 0.74 for CD, 0.72 to 0.74 for CWT1, and 0.79 to 0.86 for CWT2. The modified index of agreement (d′) for monthly predictions ranged from 0.80 to 0.86 cm for CD, 0.87 to 0.88 cm for CWT1, and 0.89 to 0.93 cm for CWT2. The absolute values of the percent-normalised error (NE) on an overall basis when using ROSETTA-estimated rather than laboratory-measured K_s values were less than 3% in E, less than 1% in F, and less than 15% in D. The results suggest that ROSETTA-estimated K_s values can be used in DRAINMOD to simulate drainage outflows as accurately as laboratory-measured K_s values (H0) in coarse-textured soils.     

Development of a simple potato growth model for use in crop-pest management

A simple whole-plant level potato growth model was developed that accumulates and partitions dry matter into four state variables—leaves, stems, roots and tubers. Daily growth is computed from a function of the total solar radiation, the proportion of total radiation intercepted by the crop, temperature and soil water status. Dry matter is partitioned using modified Michaelis-Menten equations. At initialization, the seed piece size, plant and row spacing, and the values for the dry matter partitioning parameters are required. After initialization, the inputs required are the daily minimum and maximum temperatures and the daily soil water potential. Daily site-specific, seasonal radiation is presently estimated from a sine function. Model parameterization and output plotted against field data are presented for two cultivars, each planted a total of three times in two seasons. The model is intended for use in analyzing the dynamics of yield under variable pest pressures and environmental conditions. Model sensitivity, behavior and use in relation to modeling yield loss due to pests are discussed.     

An optimization model for the management of a South African game ranch

Management of a game ranch is an important issue as many game ranches operate on meagre profits, and some even at a loss, as their part-time owners subsidize the ranches from other sources of income. In this paper, we address the sustainable game ranching problem in a South African context through an optimization model. To obtain a faithful picture of reality, the model includes conflicting objective functions, and takes into account the fact that annual rainfall is known only stochastically. An approach for solving the resulting multiobjective integer linear stochastic program is discussed and illustrated by means of a numerical example from a Northern Cape ranch.     

A scaling based estimation of soil unsaturated hydraulic properties at a field scale

This paper deals with the prediction of the soil water retention h(S) and the soil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity K(S) functions of a clay-loam soil at a field scale (1 ha) where the variable S represents water saturation. The Van Genuchten model and the corresponding Mualem-Van Genuchten model were used to predict h(S) and K(S) functions respectively. The field data (tensiometric and neutron probe measurements) used in this study were provided by the soil water balance (four neutron sites, 0.35 to 1.55 m soil layer) of a soybean crop over a 78 days growing season. The advantages of the scaling approach for describing the field variability of the h(S) function were confirmed. The scaling approach accounted for 73% of the field variability of the soil matrix potential. A simple procedure was proposed in order to predict the K(S) function using scaling theory. This was done by simultaneously applying a ``zero flux method' and ``deep flux method' to compute the soil water balance and fit the saturated hydraulic conductivitiy (K _sat), the only unknown parameter in K(S). Received: 15 November 1995     

光谱检测技术在种子质量检测中的应用

种子质量是影响作物产量关键因素之一,而传统种子质量检测方法难以满足其快速检测的要求,采用光谱检测技术可有效降低种子检验成本、提高检验效率.以玉米种子为研究对象,基于玉米种子光谱检测流程,阐述光谱检测技术在玉米种子活力、含水率与病害、品种与产地等方面的研究现状及现存问题.光谱检测技术已应用于玉米种子质量检测,预测模型的准...     

Using a hydro-dynamic flow model to plan maintenance activities and improve irrigation water distribution: application to the Fordwah distributary in Punjab, Pakistan

In secondary canals in Pakistans Punjab, the waterdistribution depends on the hydraulic characteristicsof channels, cross-structures and tertiary outlets.Maintenance of channels and structures plays a crucialrole in upholding equitable distribution of water tothe tertiary units. In the past, maintenance has beenundertaken by irrigation managers based on experienceand observations. In the present study a hydro-dynamicmodel (SIC – Simulation of Irrigation Canals) is usedto assess a priori the impact of maintenance measureson water distribution. Maintenance measures can thusbe selected that remove existing bottlenecks in thewater distribution in the most cost-effective way. The methodology is applied to a secondary canal insouth-east Punjab. The simulation results show thatthe main cause of present inequity in waterdistribution are deviations in dimensions of tertiaryoutlets, which, if restored, would make the mosteffective contribution to improve the waterdistribution. Maintenance of the channel is necessaryif its capacity diminishes.     

水力瞬变中动态摩阻的改进加权类模型

有压输水管道系统中,由于阀门的启闭或水力元件的不当操作等因素常会发生水锤现象,从而可能会影响水力系统的正常运行甚至发生危险事故.因此,针对上述管道水锤现象进行有效的数值模拟预测具有重要意义.在管道水力瞬变过程模拟计算中,Zielke提出的加权动态摩阻模型可以较好地模拟压力波动过程,是一维水锤模拟中计算结果最接近试验值的数学模型.由于加权函数与历史流速及历史加速度相关,模型计算时需保存每一时步的流速值,占用计算机内存大,故计算效率较低.为提高模型计算效率,尝试利用Matlab 的LSQNONLIN函数模块对Zielke加权函数进行3个指数函数之和型式的近似拟合,得到新的近似加权函数的各系数值,并通过与Zielke加权函数曲线及已有的改进加权函数曲线对比验证新函数的优越性,以及利用试验数据验证新模型的准确性和高效性.结果表明,模型在一定程度上提高了加权类动态摩阻模型的计算效率.     

An optimization model for zero-excess phosphorus management

Livestock production in the 21st century is moving in the direction of higher animal densities. Accompanying livestock expansion is the challenge of manure handling and utilization. A model for zero-excess phosphorus (ZEP) management has been developed for a dairy-crop operation that is based on multicriteria optimization. ZEP management practices are identified by simultaneously minimizing excess manure phosphorus, feed cost, and cropland requirement. System components include commercial fertilizer application, feed crop production, P storage in the soil profile, surface runoff, procurement of feed supplements, ration formulation, dairy herd structure and dynamics, manure handling, manure storage, and manure spreading. Manure is recycled as a fertilizer nutrient source in crop production. ZEP management practices include a cropping system, nutrient applications, and animal rations which are characterized by low feed cost and maximum use of land resources.     

实验室信息管理系统LIMS在农产品检验检测机构中的应用

对农产品检验检测机构建立信息化管理需求进行了分析,设计出符合农产品检验室的功能模块,并对其进行优化。通过LIMS在农产品检验机构的运行,提高农产品安全生产检测工作效率,提升农产品检验检测工作质量,保证数据安全性和可靠性     

GPRS技术在水利监测系统中的应用

针对传统的以人工为主的水情监测模式存在的问题,基于GPRS技术的现代化水情监测调度系统,探讨了数据监控模块与GPRS模块之间的连接和通讯、数据传输的实时性和安全性问题。结合移动无线传输和Internet技术,应用GPRS数据终端,实现了水情监测的自动化和无线化。其使用方便,成本较低,数据传输稳定,有利于大规模监测网络的建立。