怎样训练犬"跳靠"

在训练犬“前来”时,要求犬来到训犬员面前后,主动靠训犬员左侧坐好。这时一般有以下几种情况一是在犬前来到训犬员面前坐下后,令犬从右侧绕到左侧坐下：二是在犬前来至训犬员面前坐下后,令犬原地起跳靠训犬员左侧坐下．三是在犬前来至训犬员面前时,命令奔跑中的犬直接跃起、前冲、接触训犬员身体后,犬自动调转体位,在落地的同时,完成靠训犬员左侧坐下的动作。     

如何与犬建立"亲和关系"

亲和关系又称犬对训犬员的依恋性,是指采取一定的方法和手段,使犬对训犬员产生信任和依赖,并对训犬员的气味、声音、容貌、行动等特点产生兴奋反应,是犬对训犬员产生的长久、持续的情感联系。“依恋性”的建立并不是一劳永逸的,这种关系的培养,要始终贯穿于犬的整个训练过程之中,同时要不断加以强化和巩固。     

"拔河游戏"对犬牙齿的危害

在训练爱犬的过程中,训犬员经常与犬玩一种“拔河游戏”,以此来提高犬的兴奋性和对物品的占有欲。具体做法是通过逗引让犬衔住物品．例如：毛巾卷、麻棒、PVC管等,训犬员蹲下与犬保持平齐,然后一边鼓励犬,一边拿着物品两端上下左右时紧时松地抖动,让犬有种似有似无的拼抢拉扯感,并最终让犬获胜。这种游戏充分利用犬的猎取反射,     

搜爆犬训练中训犬员要有"三心二意"

在搜爆犬的训练过程中,存在着许多影响训练成效的因素,包括专业知识、受训犬警用品质、后勤保障、训犬员的意识要素,等等。其中,训犬员的意识因要素是一个比较特殊的因素,其特殊之处在于它的隐蔽性、广泛性和实践性。它无法直接感知,却又无处不在地影响着搜爆犬的训练实践。这种影响对于训练成效具有全局性的作用。     

警犬训练中强化的七个"注意"

在训练中我们经常看到，有的犬在执行训犬员的命令时，动作迅速规范且表现出相当高的兴奋性，动作基本达到一令一动，而有的犬则对训犬员的命令表现出被动，动作缓慢不规范，还有的甚至不执行训犬员的命令。造成这样的原因有很多，有犬的原因，也有训犬员的原因，我个人认为主要原因还是训犬员在训练中强化运用不到位所致。     

新训犬员"四做到"

新训犬员由于初次带犬,还不能很好的掌握犬的行为特点和生活习性,个别人甚至对犬存在畏惧心理,在操作技能上也是一片空白,有时会觉得无从下手。如何提高新训犬员的基本技能,笔者认为应做到以下四个方面：     

如何提高犬随行的基本能力

随行是犬重要的服从性科目之一,是一种用以测量人犬之间和谐及协作程度的直接方法。国内外对随行的要求稍有区别。国内要求犬在随行时,犬的体长1／2处不超过训犬员体前,犬的肩胛不超过训犬员体后;而国外要求犬在随行过程中与训犬员平行,不接触训犬员的腿,与训犬员的距离不超过15厘米,犬头部到肩胛这一范围与训犬员左臀平行。     

助训员在搜捕训练中的作用

助训员是指协助训犬员进行训练的技术人员。充分认识助训员在训犬过程中的地位和作用,将刺激操纵的主体越来越多地由训犬员转向助训员,是必要和有效的。通过助训员给犬施加刺激,能尽快使犬建立排他性,提高犬     

训练爱犬"穿跨"的技巧

“穿跨”是一种集娱乐表演、敏捷性训练与一体的科目,是指犬依据训犬员的口令兴奋地按照训犬员的步伐速度在两腿之间连续自由穿行。此科目训练不仅可以训练犬动作敏捷,反应灵活,还可以增进犬与主人间的感情。     

训练犬飞越"三级跳台"

三级跳台训练主要是培养犬的胆量、体质和连续弹跳的能力。口令:“跳”。手势:右手挥向障碍物。具体训练方法及步骤如下:一、培养犬对口令形成条件反射开始训练时,训犬员用训练绳(8～10米)牵引犬,令犬在第一级跳台前3～5米处坐延缓,训犬员手持训练绳的一端先登上第一级跳台,唤犬前来,同时发出“跳”的口令,并收紧训练绳向上提拉,迫使犬跳上第一级跳台,然后及时给予奖励。当犬能顺利跳上第一级跳台后,逐渐过渡到第二级、第三级跳台。犬每跳上一级跳台,都要给予充分奖励,以消除犬的恐惧感。如果犬能逐个跳上后,可令犬在第一级跳台前延缓,训犬…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.