Manufacturing bacteriological contamination outbreaks in industrialized meat production systems: The case of E. coli O157:H7

This article outlines aconceptual framework for examining recentoutbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infectionassociated with the consumption of beef in theUnited States. We argue that beef produced inthis country is generally safer frombacteriological contamination than in the past.Paradoxically, increasing intensification andconcentration in the meat subsector since theearly 1980s has (a) altered agro-food ecology,including characteristics of foodborne bacteriaand human physiology; (b) created conditionsfavorable for the rapid amplification of lowconcentrations of pathogens; and (c) reducedthe beef industry's flexibility to introducechanges necessary to preclude and/or controlthe rapid spread of pathogens in meat and meatproducts. As a result, beef industry currentlyis capable of producing large quantities ofbacteriologically safe meat whilesimultaneously becoming more vulnerable to foodcontaminations that can be fatal in some cases.The limitations and effectiveness of a newregulatory regime, the HACCP (Hazard Analysisand Critical Control Points) system as well asother efforts to decontaminate the beef supplyare discussed.     

林麝肠源和圈舍土源大肠埃希菌的分离鉴定及其耐药基因的检测

为了解林麝肠源大肠埃希菌耐药表型和耐药基因及其与圈舍土源大肠埃希菌的关系。从茂县、都江堰、理县、陕西、泸定、汉源6个林麝养殖场采集66份林麝新鲜粪便及养殖场20份土壤样本,通过分离纯化、生化试验、16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定,得到59株林麝肠源大肠埃希菌和12株土源大肠埃希菌,并对其进行药敏试验。据其结果,设计相关12对引物,采用PCR方法对所有菌株的耐药基因进行检测。药敏试验显示,林麝肠源大肠埃希菌对青霉素、庆大霉素、链霉素、四环素、氯霉素具有较强耐药性,在所有菌株中所占比例分别为81.36%、5.08%、13.56%、20.34%和6.78%;土源大肠埃希菌对除氯霉素以外的同种类药物具有较强耐药性,在所有菌株中所占比例为91.67%、16.67%、16.67%、25.00%。PCR结果显示,林麝肠源大肠埃希菌7个基因检出率较高;而土源大肠埃希菌3个基因检出率较高。对于同一种耐药基因而言,林麝肠源大肠埃希菌耐药基因检出率普遍高于土源大肠埃希菌,但从耐药基因检测整体结果来看,林麝肠源大肠埃希菌与土源大肠埃希菌又存在一致性,这说明二者之间可能存在某种相互影响的关系。     

一株可裂解耐黏菌素大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及全基因组分析

为研究耐黏菌素大肠杆菌的噬菌体治疗方法,本研究以耐黏菌素大肠杆菌为宿主菌,采用双层琼脂平板法从山东烟台某养鸡场污水样中分离纯化得到裂解性噬菌体SDYTW1-F1-2-2。通过透射电镜观察,最佳感染复数,一步生长曲线,温度稳定性,酸碱度稳定性等生物学特性测定,并对其进行全基因组测序分析。结果表明：1）噬菌体SDYTW1-F1-2-2噬菌斑呈现透亮,外周无晕圈,形态学观察显示其具有可伸缩性尾鞘。2）生物学特性分析表明,噬菌体最佳感染复数为0.1,潜伏期为50 min,爆发期为40 min,爆发量为（331±9）PFU/cell。在温度4～40℃,pH为4～12的环境下,噬菌体活性较为稳定。3）通过噬菌体全基因组测序及核酸类型鉴定显示,该噬菌体基因组全长为74 752 bp,双链DNA,GC含量42.1%。在噬菌体基因组中共鉴定出121个编码蛋白（CDS）,包括结构组成、DNA代谢与复制和包装以及细菌裂解相关的功能基因,发现一个tRNA基因,且未检测到如stx-1等致病性基因和mcr-1等耐药基因相关的基因。综上,噬菌体SDYTW1-F1-2-2裂解谱较宽,具有良好的酸碱性、热稳定性以及安全...     

Resilience in the US red meat industry: the roles of food safety policy

We use the case of red meat food safety to illustrate the need to problematize policy. Overtime, there have been numerous red meat scandals and scares. We show that the statutes and regulations that arose out of these events provided the industry with a means of demonstrating safety, facilitating large-scale trade, legitimizing conventional production, and limiting interference into its practices. They also created systemic fragility, as evidenced by many recent events, and hindered the development of an alternative, small-scale sector. Thus, the accumulated rules help to structure the sector, create superficial resilience, and are used in place of an actual policy governing safety. We call for rigorous attention to not only food safety, but also the role and effect of agrifood statutes and regulations in general, and engagement in policy more broadly.

Water quality,agriculture and food safety in China:Current situation,trends, interdependencies,and management

Water quality in China is becoming a severe challenge for agriculture and food safety,and it might also impact health of population via agriculture and food. Thus,it is causing widespread concern. Based on extensive literatures review and data mining,current situation of water pollution in China and its effects on food safety were analyzed. The 2nd National Water Resource Survey in China show that the surface water all over the country was under slight pollution and about 60% of groundwater is polluted. Drinking water quality is basically guaranteed in urban area but it is worrisome in rural areas. In addition,China is the largest consumer of fertilizer and pestici de in the world and the amounts of application still show increasing trends. Fertilizers and pesticides are the most important sources of pollution,which affect human health as persistent organic pollutants and environmental endocrine disruptors. Eutrophication of surface water and nitrate pollution of groundwater are serious threats to drinking water safety. Sewage irrigation is becoming a pollution source to China's water and land because of lacking of effective regulations. Although,with the advance in technology and management level,control of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions and reducing water pollution is still a major challenge for China.     

Safe at any scale? Food scares,food regulation,and scaled alternatives

The 2006 outbreak of E. coli O157:H7, traced to bagged spinach from California, illustrates a number of contradictions. The solutions sought by many politicians and popular food analysts have been to create a centralized federal agency and a uniform set of production standards modeled after those of the animal industry. Such an approach would disproportionately harm smaller-scale producers, whose operations were not responsible for the epidemic, as well as reduce the agroecological diversity that is essential for maintaining healthy human beings and ecosystems. Why should responses that only reinforce the problem be proffered? We use the framework of accumulation and legitimation to suggest corporate and government motives for concealing underlying problems and reinforcing powerful ideologies of individualism, scientism, and centralizing authority. Food safety (or the illusion of safety) is being positioned to secure capital rather than public welfare. We propose implementing the principle of subsidiarity as a more democratic and decentralized alternative. Because full implementation of this principle will be resisted by powerful interests, some promising intermediate steps include peer production or mass collaboration as currently applied to disease prevention and surveillance, as well as studying nascent movements resisting current food safety regulations.     

禽用乳酸菌的筛选与功能鉴定

【目的】从健康鸡肠道中分离筛选优质乳酸菌,为制备禽用微生态制剂提供技术支持。【方法】选用30日龄健康青年鸡,取其盲肠内容物,通过选择性培养基筛选出具有产酸能力的乳酸菌,对其进行耐pH 3.0胃酸和3g/L牛胆盐筛选试验及菌株生长曲线、产酸能力测定,并通过平板抑菌试验筛选出具有较强抑菌效果的菌株。最后对此菌株16SrRNA进行克隆测序,经Blast比对和系统进化树分析,对菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从所取鸡盲肠内容物中分离得到L1~L9 9株乳酸菌,其中L2、L4和L9株耐pH 3.0和3g/L牛胆盐的综合能力较强。经过比较3株菌的生长曲线和产酸曲线,发现L2菌株耐酸耐牛胆盐、生长迅速、产酸能力强,且具有较强的抑制致病性大肠埃希菌的活性。经16SrRNA序列比对和系统进化树鉴定,确定L2为唾液乳酸杆菌。【结论】成功筛选出了1株可用以研制禽用微生态制剂的乳酸菌菌株。     

The role of RFID in agriculture: Applications, limitations and challenges

The recent advances in RFID offer vast opportunities for research, development and innovation in agriculture. The aim of this paper is to give readers a comprehensive view of current applications and new possibilities, but also explain the limitations and challenges of this technology.RFID has been used for years in animal identification and tracking, being a common practice in many farms. Also it has been used in the food chain for traceability control. The implementation of sensors in tags, make possible to monitor the cold chain of perishable food products and the development of new applications in fields like environmental monitoring, irrigation, specialty crops and farm machinery.However, it is not all advantages. There are also challenges and limitations that should be faced in the next years. The operation in harsh environments, with dirt, extreme temperatures; the huge volume of data that are difficult to manage; the need of longer reading ranges, due to the reduction of signal strength due to propagation in crop canopy; the behavior of the different frequencies, understanding what is the right one for each application; the diversity of the standards and the level of granularity are some of them.     

甘肃部分地区致羔羊腹泻大肠埃希菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为调查甘肃地区大肠埃希菌对新生羔羊腹泻的致病性及其耐药性,从甘肃省8个养殖场采集新生腹泻羔羊粪便92份。采用16S rDNA扩增结合微生物鉴别培养技术对病料中的致病性大肠埃希菌进行鉴定,随机选取分离的6株菌株进行致病性试验,并采用Kirby-Bauer纸片琼脂扩散法对分离得到的菌株进行耐药性分析。结果表明,从92份病料中分离得到21株致病性大肠埃希菌,选取的6株菌均有一定的致病性,耐药性分析结果显示该地的大肠埃希菌对羊场常用的多种抗生素耐药。表明大肠埃希菌仍是引起甘肃地区新生羔羊腹泻的主要病原菌,而且耐药性严重。     

The chisan-chisho movement: Japanese local food movement and its challenges

This paper examines the increasingly popular chisan-chisho movement that has promoted the localization of food consumption in Japan since the late-1990s. Chisan-chisho emerged in the context of a perceived crisis in the Japanese food system, particularly the long-term decline of agriculture and rural community and more recent episodes of food scandals. Although initially started as a grassroots movement, many chisan-chisho initiatives are now organized by governments and farmers’ cooperatives. Acknowledging that the chisan-chisho movement has added some important resources and a conceptual framework, we nonetheless point out that chisan-chisho has been refashioned as a producer movement by government as well as the Japan Agricultural Cooperative, capitalizing on local food’s marketing appeal. Chisan-chisho to date has not been able to become a full-fledged citizen-based political mobilization nor address the issue of marginality in the food system.

山羊肺源肠外致病型大肠杆菌的分离鉴定、耐药性测定和毒力基因检测

为鉴定一例山羊肺炎的细菌性病原,对病羊进行病理剖检观察,并从肺脏中分离鉴定细菌,对分离株进行溶血试验、系统进化群分析、致病性测定、毒力基因检测、耐药性检测,根据药敏试验结果选择敏感药物对患病山羊进行治疗,对全群山羊给药预防。结果发现,病羊肺上半部分散在不规则红色肝变病灶、心肌柔软;肺病变组织接种后分离到40个灰白色菌落,结合革兰氏染色镜检形态特点、选择性培养基上菌落形态特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定为大肠杆菌;系统进化群分析结果表明,该菌属于B1群;致病性测定结果表明,该菌对小鼠的致死率为80%;毒力基因检测结果表明,该菌携带8种毒力基因(ituA、afa、tsh、ompA、fimH、gafD、iucD、traT);药敏试验结果显示,该菌对头孢曲松、氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星和阿米卡星中度敏感,对卡那霉素等9种抗菌药耐药。经用头孢噻呋钠和麻杏石甘散治疗后,羊群病情得到控制。     

食源性大肠杆菌的PCR检测

为了将PCR技术更好地应用于食品安全检测,利用多重PCR对大肠杆菌uidA基因和7种毒理基因进行扩增,并对人为污染大肠杆菌的水和牛奶进行普通和实时定量PCR限度检测。结果发现,2组多重PCR反应即可完成uidA和7种毒理基因的检测;普通PCR和实时定量PCR检测限度相同,对人为污染水检测限度为2.8×10 cfu/mL, 对人为污染牛奶的检测限度为2.8×10⁴ cfu/mL。     

规模农业对农产品质量安全的影响分析——以黑龙江垦区为例

生产经营方式与农产品质量安全有密切的关系,发展以规模农业为主要方向的现代农业是确保农产品质量安全的关键举措之一。基于规模农业对提升农产品质量安全水平、实现全链条质量跟踪和高效监督的积极意义,结合黑龙江垦区现代化规模农业发展的实践,分析规模农业发展对农产品质量安全带来的潜在风险。结果表明,现代农业技术、高度集约化生产、农业产业化经营对公众健康、环境及质量追溯能产生积极的影响,可实现对农产品质量安全的高效监督。但是,在农业技术研究落后于实践需求、集约化生产和组织化监管不完善的条件下,对公众健康安全、环境污染、农产品质量与追溯等则会产生潜在危害和负面影响。研究表明,在以转变农业经营观念为主导的现代农业可持续发展路径选择和实践中,规模农业发展模式在保障我国农产品质量安全中的作用将逐步增强。因此,在发展规模农业的背景下,提出以完善现代农业技术体系、推进可持续的高度集约化经营、提升生产主体执行标准化能力、把握规模与效率的关系等规避规模农业风险和保障农产品安全的具体对策。     

新疆昌吉地区猪源喹诺酮耐药大肠杆菌PMQR因子检测及分析

为了解2013年新疆昌吉地区猪源喹诺酮类耐药大肠杆菌携带质粒介导喹诺酮耐药基因的流行情况,采用PCR方法对355株喹诺酮耐药猪源大肠杆菌进行PMQR因子(qnrA、qnrB、qnrC、qnrD、qnrS、qepA、oqxA、oqxB和aac(6′)-Ib-cr)检测,对目的条带进行DNA测序确定基因型。结果显示:该地区猪源喹诺酮耐药大肠杆菌PMQR因子的携带率高达86.8%(308/355),其中42.9%(152/355)的菌株携带2种PMQR因子,11.3%(40/355)的菌株携带3种PMQR因子,6.5%(23/355)的菌株携带4种PMQR因子;检出率较高的PMQR因子有qnrS(62.5%,222/355)、aac(6′)-Ib-cr(55.8%,198/355)、oqxA(26.2%,93/355)和oqxB(29.0%,103/355),未检出qnrA,qnrB,qnrC,qnrD,qepA等基因。与本实验室2010年的调查结果比较,该地区猪源喹诺酮耐药大肠杆菌携带的PMQR因子已从oqxA,oqxB为主发展成以qnrS,aac(6′)-Ib-cr,oqxA,oqxB为主,提示应加强PMQR因子监控。     

五味子对禽源大肠杆菌临床分离株抗生素敏感性的影响

研究五味子水煎液的体外抗菌活性及与临床常用6种抗生素联合对临床分离6株耐药大肠杆菌(E.coil)的作用效果.采用微量肉汤稀释法测定南五味子水煎液(SRD)、北五味子水煎液(SCD)以及6种抗生素对临床分离禽源E coli的最低抑菌浓度(MICs);微量棋盘法测定SCD与6种抗生素联合对E.coil的分级抑菌浓度指数(FICI);平板计数法测定SCD以及SCD与CEF联合对E coli ATCC25922生长的影响.结果 显示:SCD对6株耐药菌的MIC均为64 mg·mL-1,SRD对其中5株的MIC为128mg.mL-1,对另一株的MIC＞ 128 mg·mL-1;SCD与头孢噻呋(CEF)联用时对5株菌的FIC≤0.5,呈协同作用;与恩诺沙星(ENR)联用时对6株菌的FIC＞2,呈拮抗作用;与卡那霉素(KAN)、链霉素(STR)、氨苄西林(AMP)和多西环素(DOX)联合时主要呈相加作用;SCD能抑制E.coli生长速度,使其生长量明显降低,且相较于单独处理.1/4MIC SCD与I/4MIC CEF联合处理的抑菌效果更明显.综上,SCD的抗菌活性强于SRD,且能明显增强禽源临床分离耐药Ecoli对CEF的敏感性而呈现协同抑菌作用.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因的原核与真核表达

【目的】构建H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)NS1基因的原核和真核表达载体,将其分别在大肠杆菌和293细胞中进行表达,为进一步研究NS1蛋白的功能及其与宿主的相互作用,以及鉴定禽流感疫苗免疫禽和野毒感染禽ELISA诊断试剂盒的制备提供理论依据。【方法】用RT-PCR方法扩增H9N2亚型AIV的NS1基因,将其定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)中构建NS1基因的原核重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)后,用异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达;同时,将NS1基因克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-C1中,构建NS1基因真核重组质粒,将其瞬时转染293细胞,48h后收集感染细胞,对大肠杆菌表达产物和293细胞表达产物进行Western-blotting分析。【结果】成功构建了NS1基因的原核表达载体pET-32a-NS1和真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-NS1。Western-blotting结果表明,大肠杆菌和293细胞的表达产物均能检测到特异性条带(大肠杆菌的表达产物在约44ku处出现阳性条带,293细胞表达产物在约55ku处出现特异条带)。【结论】NS1基因在大肠杆菌和293细胞中得到成功表达,获得的NS1蛋白具有良好的抗原活性。     

E.coli对藏羊EECs相关凋亡因子表达的影响

为了探究大肠杆菌(E.coli)对藏羊子宫内膜上皮细胞(EECs)相关凋亡因子表达的影响,采用酶消化法培养EECs,用不同感染复数(MOI)进行E.coli感染试验,通过流式细胞术(Flow CytoMetry,FCM)检测EECs的凋亡率,用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)及免疫印迹法(Western Blot)...     

食品动物源大肠杆菌耐药性分析及16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的检测

【目的】对四川地区临床分离的437株健康动物源及82株患病动物源大肠杆菌(E.coli)的耐药性及其机制进行研究,为临床合理用药提供理论依据。【方法】用3种氨基糖苷类药物和11种非氨基糖苷类药物对分离的大肠杆菌进行药物敏感性试验(K-B纸片法)。选取至少耐1种氨基糖苷类药的大肠杆菌作为供试菌,通过PCR检测其16SrRNA甲基化酶基因armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD、rmtE和npmA;对阳性菌株进行质粒接合试验;并用K-B纸片法分析临床菌和接合子对抗生素的敏感性。【结果】437株健康动物源和82株患病动物源大肠杆菌对14种抗菌药物表现出不同程度的耐药性。健康动物源大肠杆菌对氨苄西林、氯霉素、磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率较高,分别为69.79%,50.8%和68.72%,对庆大霉素、卡那霉素、阿米卡星比较敏感,敏感率分别为75.97%,67.73%和97.02%;其中有134株分离菌至少对1种氨基糖苷类药物表现出耐药性。患病动物源大肠杆菌除对美罗培兰耐药率较低(为3.66%)外,对其余药物的耐药率在32.93%~100%,且都对至少1种氨基糖苷类药物表现出耐药性。多重耐药分析表明,健康动物源大肠杆菌主要分布于0~4耐,而患病动物源大肠杆菌至少耐7种抗菌药物,主要分布于10~14耐。在134株耐氨基糖苷类抗生素大肠杆菌中,检测到5株含rmtB基因,检测率为3.73%,未检测到armA、rmtA、rmtC、rmtD、rmtE和npmA基因。在82株患病动物源大肠杆菌中,检测到1株含armA基因,10株含rmtB基因,检出率分别为1.22%和12.2%,未检测到rmtA、rmtC、rmtD、rmtE及npmA基因;接合试验的耐药质粒传递率为100%,受体菌接合频率在(9.2×10-9)~(4.8×10-6)。【结论】四川地区健康动物源大肠杆菌对抗生素呈中低水平耐药,多重耐药以4耐及以下为主,占63.84%,主要由rmtB基因引起;而患病动物源大肠杆菌对抗生素则呈高水平耐药,89.02%为10~14耐,主要由rmtB和armA基因引起。     

牛源大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性分析

【目的】了解牛源大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供理论依据。【方法】从不同牛场采集腹泻犊牛粪样分离鉴定大肠杆菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定大肠杆菌对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和诺氟沙星3种氟喹诺酮类药物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,PCR检测质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药（PMQR）基因（qnrA、qnrB、qnrD、qnrS、aac（6′）Ib和qepA基因）及喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）突变（gyrA和parC基因）,并选择2株携带PMQR基因的大肠杆菌经恩诺沙星诱导后检测QRDR的gyrA和parC基因突变。【结果】分离鉴定得到75株大肠杆菌,其中60.00%的菌株对至少2种FQs耐药,40.00%的菌株对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和诺氟沙星均耐药,且对恩诺沙星的耐药程度较为严重。75株大肠杆菌均未检测到qnrA、qnrD和qepA基因,但检测出qnrS、aac(6′)Ib亚型aac(6′)-Ib-cr和qnrB基因,61.33%的菌株至少携带1个PMQR基因,其中以qnrS和aac(6′)-Ib-cr最为常见。58.67%的大肠杆菌发生了QRDR突变,主要突变方式为GyrA:(Ser⁸³Leu＋Asp⁸⁷Asn)＋ParC:Ser⁸⁰Ile,发生突变且携带PMQR基因的大肠杆菌对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和诺氟沙星均耐药。恩诺沙星诱导后,PMQR阳性菌的gyrA基因发生5处碱基突变,PMQR阴性菌无碱基突变。【结论】大肠杆菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物主要与QRDR突变密切相关,因此兽医临床上应合理使用氟喹诺酮类药物来减缓大肠杆菌的耐药性。     

利用Red重组系统敲除APEC毒力岛irp2基因

应用质粒pKD46介导的Red同源重组系统,以质粒pKD3为模板,设计irp2基因序列敲除引物,引物5'端有51 bp的拟敲除基因的同源臂,3 '端为扩增引物,扩增两侧含FRT位点的氯霉素抗性基因,通过第1次同源重组将拟敲除的irp2基因替换为氯霉素抗性基因,再通过重组酶质粒pCP20在FRT位点发生第2次同源重组,消除抗性基因.结果表明,利用该重组系统成功敲除了禽致病性大肠杆菌HPI毒力岛irp2基因.为深入研究irp2基因在禽致病性大肠杆菌致病过程中所发挥的作用打下基础.