Assessment of spatial and seasonal changes in groundwater nitrate pollution of agricultural lands through ordinary and indicator kriging techniques

Geostatistical approaches (ordinary kriging (OK) and indicator kriging (IK)) were used in this study to investigate the spatial and temporal variations in groundwater nitrate concentrations in Çar?amba plain of Turkey. Groundwater samples were taken in April 2012, July 2012, September 2012 and March 2013 from 78 groundwater wells. The experimental semivariograms were often fitted well by a Gauss model for April 2012 and September 2012, whereas a spherical model was fitted to experimental semivariograms for July 2012 and March 2013. Spatial distribution maps revealed that groundwater nitrate concentrations were above the threshold value of 50 mg L^?1 specified for drinking water in 4.3% of the study area in April 2012, 40.8% in July 2012, 32.8% in September 2012 and 19.1% in March 2013. Probability maps created with IK showed that 3.1% and 3.2% of the total area had very strong probability (0.8–1.0) of exceeding the threshold nitrate concentration in July 2012 and September 2012, respectively. Current findings revealed that groundwater nitrate concentrations changed seasonally and increased much more in summer. It was concluded that OK and IK may yield significant outcomes for groundwater management, identification of risky sites for potential pollution and identification of the sites with excessive fertilizer uses.     

复合井修复地下水硝酸盐污染的效果

为探寻更适用于农田周边硝酸盐污染地下水的原位生物修复技术,该研究构建了A、B、C3套试验装置,分别刻画管井(A)、大口井与管井组成的复合井(B、C).基于3套物理试验模型,定量对比分析了管井与复合井修复地下水硝酸盐污染的效果.结果表明:受水力停留时间的影响,相同流速条件下,A、B、C三套修复系统的硝酸盐负荷分别介于75...     

Areal identification of groundwater nitrate contamination sources in periurban areas

Background, Aims and Scope  The purpose of this study is to verify a method for groundwater contamination risk assessment in urban and periurban areas using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The method is based on agricultural hazard evaluation. In urban and periurban areas, the problem of dealing with NO₃ concentrations mainly entails identifying nitrate sources from the excessive use of fertilizers, or leaks from the sewage network and old septic systems. Residential areas coexisting with farming, and high and increasing nitrate concentrations, were identified in a densely inhabited area (>2 million inhabitants in about 1,000 km²) with an alluvial aquifer, located in southern Italy. Methods  First of all, comparison between the Contamination Vulnerability Map and the distribution of NO₃ concentrations highlights anomalous areas with low or moderate vulnerability in spite of the diffuse nitrate contamination of the aquifer. Assuming the agricultural origin of the nitrates, the hazard is calculated using the ANHI (Agricultural Nitrate Hazard Index), a parametric index which assesses the potential hazard of nitrate contamination originating from agriculture on a regional scale (Padovani and Trevisan 2002). The ANHI integrates two categories of parameters: the hazard factors (HF), which represent all farming activities that cause, or might cause, an impact on soil quality in terms of nitrate (use of fertilizers, application of livestock and poultry manure, food industry wastewater and urban sludge), and the control factors (CF) which adapt the hazard factors to the characteristics of the site (geographical location, climatic conditions and agronomic practices). Organization, processing and mapping are performed using a Geographical Information System (GIS: ILWIS 3.3 and ARCGIS 9.1). Results  The ANHI Map is obtained by multiplying the hazard factors (HF) and the control factors (CF), and dividing the resulting values into 6 classes. Finally, the Potential risk Map (R) is obtained by coupling the potential hazard of nitrate pollution (ANHI) and the aquifer Contamination Vulnerability Map. Discussion  By using spatial statistics, the Potential Agricultural Nitrate Contamination Risk Map and the Nitrate content of the aquifer correlation can be correlated. Where areas with low correlation in the Land Use Map are in the ‘urban areas and artificial land’ class, the source of the groundwater nitrate is not necessarily related to intensive farming and livestock. Conclusions  The Potential Agricultural Nitrate Contamination Risk Map in urban and periurban environments indicates the relationship between the high nitrate values and land use, giving useful information about the source of nitrate in groundwater. Recommendations and Perspectives  Based on this study, we formulate a hypothesis on the source of groundwater nitrate which should be verified on several case studies using nitrogen isotope techniques.     

Model‐based evaluation of agri‐environmental measures in the Federal State of Brandenburg (Germany) concerning N pollution of groundwater and surface water

GIS‐based modeling of soil‐crop interactions and hydrological processes is a valuable instrument to assess land‐use effects on N pollution of water resources from the agricultural sector. A case study is presented using spatial information on soils, climatic zones, land use, and distribution of agri‐environmental measures within the federal State of Brandenburg (Germany) to assess the reduction effect of EU‐funded measures on N pollution of water resources. In a first step, the area was classified concerning the risk for groundwater and surface‐water pollution. For this, spatially distributed model calculations of the soil‐solution exchange frequency were intersected to a vulnerability map for groundwater derived from geological data and zones of different transit times from the root zone into surface waters. In a second step, model calculations of water and N dynamics in the soil‐crop system for different crop and management systems were performed to calculate nitrate leaching from the root zone and to estimate the effect of present agri‐environmental measures to reduce N pollution on groundwater and surface waters. The results indicated that 75% of the agri‐environmental measures were placed in areas with low impact on groundwater and surface waters. Therefore, the effectiveness of the agri‐environmental measures concerning water‐protection aims was moderate.     

上海市浦东地区蔬菜硝酸盐污染分析

对上海市浦东新区蔬菜园艺场和污灌区的蔬菜样品中硝酸盐含量进行测定，研究表明：上海浦东新区大棚蔬菜硝酸盐含量明显高于大田；叶菜类最易吸收氮素，因而硝酸盐含量较高，平均为785．43mg／kg；瓜类、茄果类蔬菜的硝酸盐平均含量较低，其累积规律为瓜类（67．10mg／kg）〉茄果类（26．56mg／kg）；污灌区菜地的大部分蔬菜硝酸盐含量明显高于其他地点。通过蔬菜硝酸盐含量对食用卫生性的评价，发现部分大棚叶菜类硝酸盐严重污染，超过一级标准的占46．67％，杭白菜、空心菜、小青菜、苋菜与青菜已达到三级污染水平，尤其小青菜的三级污染指数达1．28。     

浅层地下水埋深、矿化度及硝酸盐污染的空间分布特征

对银川平原101个观测井取样分析,测定了其浅层地下水位埋深、矿化度及硝酸盐含量。应用地统计学方法结合GIS技术对数据进行了分析。结果表明,地下水埋深服从正态分布,而矿化度和硝酸盐服从对数正态分布。银川平原地下水位埋深、矿化度和硝酸盐含量的平均值分别为1.78m,1.81g/L和3.17mg/L。三者在一定范围内均存在空间相关性,它们的空间相关距离分别为23.7、13.3和12.6km。运用Kriging方法对未测点进行了估值,绘制了三者的空间分布图。银川平原地下水埋深总体较浅,研究区约有75.1%的地区地下水埋深为1.5～2.0m,发现在平原中部的银川地区一带形成了以新旧城区为中心的地下水位降落漏斗区。地下水矿化度在整个平原内自西南向东北呈逐渐升高的趋势,其中66.4%的区域达到了农田灌溉水质标准。仅有3.7%的局部地区的地下水硝酸盐含量超过了饮用水水质标准。     

白洋淀流域浅层地下水硝酸盐分布及来源的区域分异特征

白洋淀位于雄安新区规划的核心范围,地下水是白洋淀流域主要的用水水源。由于白洋淀上游工业、生活污水的排放和农田肥料过量施用等农业面源引起的硝酸盐污染来源多样,使得流域内地下水硝酸盐污染较为普遍。然而,目前对全流域尺度地下水硝酸盐分布特征及来源仍不明晰。本文在分析过去近10年地表水和地下水硝酸盐数据的基础上,于2016年12月采集了平原区浅层地下水样品,结合水化学和硝酸盐氮同位素,从全流域尺度解析浅层地下水硝酸盐污染分布的时空差异和不同来源氮对地下水硝酸盐影响的程度。研究表明：山区典型流域河谷沉积带地下水硝酸盐浓度高值主要受农村厕所粪污水和局地污水排放影响（最高达313 mg·L^-1）,而历史时期农田有机肥施用是近年来地下水硝酸盐普遍升高的原因;雨季降水淋滤作用使地下水硝酸盐浓度明显升高,硝酸盐超标率大于旱季的2倍以上。平原区地貌类型控制着不同来源地下水硝酸盐的空间分布和迁移转化。2016年12月平原区130个浅层地下水硝酸盐超标率为21.5%,从上游到下游不同地貌类型地下水硝酸盐浓度中值呈现下降趋势：洪积扇（42.4 mg·L^-1） > 冲洪积扇（24.1 mg·L^-1） > 冲洪积平原（6.0 mg·L^-1）和河道带（6.2 mg·L^-1）,而硝酸盐氮同位素中值呈现上升趋势：洪积扇（12.8‰）和冲洪积扇（11.3‰） < 冲洪积平原（16.7‰） < 河道带（20.9‰）,说明从上游到下游地下水硝酸盐反硝化作用增强。其中山前平原洪积扇和冲洪积扇地区渗透性较好,地下水硝酸盐超标率高达33.3%和34.0%,主要来源于污水和有机肥。湖泊洼淀区典型生活和工业污水河周边,地下水硝酸盐则存在工业、生活和化肥多污染源并存的特征,且随着地表治污措施的影响地表水和地下水硝酸盐浓度变化较大,污水侧渗导致河道周边地下水硝酸盐浓度较高,距河道较远含水层强烈的还原条件使地下水硝酸盐浓度降低（<10 mg·L^-1）,污染风险较低。鉴于以上不同区域地下水硝酸盐脆弱性程度和风险水平的差异,提出了对白洋淀流域上游山区、山前平原洪积/冲洪积扇区、湖泊洼淀污水影响区等硝酸盐脆弱区实施区域分异农田面源污染和水环境整治及管理的建议,为雄安新区水环境安全保障提供科学依据。     

环境因子对大白菜硝酸盐含量的影响

为探索环境条件对大白菜硝酸盐积累的影响,选用3个硝酸盐富集力不同的大白菜品种,利用水培方式栽培;同时创造不同的环境条件,观察在不同的环境条件下不同品系大白菜硝酸盐含量的差异,为降低大白菜硝酸盐含量提供参考.结果表明,在诸多的环境条件中,光照条件、温度条件、水分条件、根际氧气条件、盐胁迫等因素,均对不同品系大白菜硝酸盐含量有明显的影响.同时,在不同品系大白菜中,硝酸盐富集力高的大白菜品系随环境条件的改变,硝酸盐含量变化较大;而硝酸盐富集力低的大白菜品系硝酸盐含量变化较小.因此,可以通过控制环境条件和培育新品种来降低大白菜硝酸盐含量.     

湖南洞庭湖区农地畜禽粪便承载量估算及其风险评价

根据洞庭湖区畜禽养殖现状,采用排泄系数估算法测算了洞庭湖区畜禽粪便产生量,并对不同农地畜禽粪便承载量和畜禽粪便污染风险进行了评估.结果表明:2006年,洞庭湖区年产畜禽粪1 616.93万t,尿液1 248.30万t,BOD5 72.41万t,COD 79.33万t,NH3-N 7.48万t,农地畜禽粪便承载量平均为19.25 t·hm-2,风险预警值平均为0.47,仍未造成环境污染,畜禽养殖业还有较大发展空间.但个别地区的畜禽粪便已对农地造成污染,必须引起注意.     

Regression analyses of weather effects on the annual concentrations of nitrate in soil and groundwater

To control the groundwater pollution by NO₃^–, different monitoring programs have been carried out during more than a decade in drinking water catchments in Germany. The monitoring programs are based on agricultural and hydrological data. Atmospheric influences and irregularities of sampling complicate the interpretation of NO₃^– values in the soil and in the groundwater. To take such complications into account, NO₃^– time series from a drinking water catchment in Lower Saxony were analyzed by multiple regression. A strong correlation between the precipitation during the fall season and the NO₃^– content of the soil was found. The NO₃^– content of the soil is also influenced by the October temperature. While the raw data of NO₃^– content of the soil did not decrease significantly over time, a highly significant yearly decrease of about 3 kg N ha^–1 or 50 % from 1992 to 2002 was observed after atmospheric influences were taken into account. The variability due to precipitation was amplified by changing the date at which samples were taken. The NO₃^– concentration of the groundwater near the surface decreased yearly by about 10 mg l^–1 or 55 % from 1993 to 2001. Beside this decrease, influences of the October temperature and the sampling depth on the NO₃^– concentration of groundwater were identified. It is concluded that a multiple regression analysis is indispensable in interpreting soil and groundwater NO₃^– time series of restricted length.     

江苏省畜禽粪便污染现状及其风险评价

采用2004年畜禽养殖量数据,利用各类畜禽粪便日排泄系数估算畜禽粪便量,在此基础上计算江苏省各地畜禽粪便农田负荷量,并对各地畜禽粪便污染现状进行评价。结果显示,江苏省畜禽粪便年产生量已达6825万t;畜禽粪便农田年负荷量平均为14.9 t/hm2,污染风险指数平均为0.33,南通、盐城与徐州3市超过环境预警值,属污染最严重区;受养殖业布局的影响,全省畜禽粪便污染严重地区大多靠近水体,对江苏省水环境质量产生威胁。     

北京市农业土壤重金属污染环境风险等级评价

为全面了解北京市农业土壤中重金属污染环境风险等级及空间分布特征,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对1018个采样点的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg 8种重金属进行污染的潜在生态风险评价,并运用指示克里格方法绘制污染风险概率分布图,对整个北京市农业土壤重金属污染风险的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明：北京市农业土壤重金属污染风险已达到中度和低度,低度、中度、重度和严重4个风险等级的样点比例分别为42.63%、34.97%、18.57%、3.83%,8种金属中Cd和Hg元素污染风险最高,Cr、Ni、Zn元素生态风险较低,风险概率图显示城区周围、大兴、通州、密云等地风险等级较高。     

灌溉、施肥和浅水埋深对小麦产量和硝态氮淋溶损失的影响

利用ArcGIS9.0软件中嵌套地质统计模块分析河套灌区浅层地下水埋深（2009年）空间分布状况,结合在2010年3－7月间开展的灌溉量、施氮量和浅层地下水埋深对春小麦产量和土壤中硝态氮淋溶损失影响的显著性以及最优组合研究,确定出适用于河套灌区内不同区域的春小麦农业管理的最优综合模式。研究表明,表层（0～80 cm）土壤含水率随着浅水埋深的增大而减小,当浅水埋深≥2.0 m时,在同一浅水埋深水平下灌溉量成为土壤含水率显著影响因子;对春小麦产量影响程度高低是浅水埋深＞灌溉量＞施氮量,影响显著因子为浅水埋深;对硝态氮淋溶量影响程度高低是灌溉量＞施氮量＞浅水埋深;灌溉量对硝态氮淋溶影响呈极显著性,施氮量对其影响呈显著性,而浅水埋深起到辅助作用。灌区年均浅层地下水埋深主要有3个阈值：1.25～1.75、1.75～2.25和2.25～3.00 m。在灌区内浅水埋深不同区域内（1.5、2.0和2.5 m）时,三因素最优综合组分别为灌溉量（280 mm）+施肥量（尿素150 kg·hm-2,二铵165 kg/hm2）、灌溉量（320 mm）+施肥量（尿素150 kg/hm2,二铵165 kg/hm2）和灌溉量（360 mm）+施肥量（尿素255 kg/hm2,二铵375 kg/hm2）。     

河北省中南部农业环境承载力研究

以环境承载力理论为基础,建立了河北省中南部5地区的农业环境承载力指标体系,并用综合加权的方法进行评价分析,与理想指数和警戒指数进行比较.对区域的生态因素、抗灾能力和农用化学物质施用强度进行定量分析,以表征该区可持续发展的能力.     

基于电磁感应原理的沿海滩涂地下水矿化度快速测评技术

系统阐述了电磁感应式地下水矿化度快速测评技术的工作原理及关键设备,研究确定出进行沿海滩涂区地下水矿化度快速精确测评的电磁感应仪测定位或测定位组合,以及与其对应的地下水矿化度信息解译模型。结果表明：基于电磁感应原理的沿海滩涂地下水矿化度快速测评技术具有良好的信息解译精度,具有快速高效、需要投入少等优点;该项研究及其成果将对沿海滩涂地区矿化地下水管理及利用提供技术支撑。     

重庆市城市污泥中的重金属及其农用环境容量

城市污泥农用的环境风险取决于城市污泥中的污染物含量及土壤理化性质。该文分析了重庆市10个城市污水处理厂污泥中的Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量及形态,根据土壤环境容量及氮肥施用量计算了重庆主要旱地土壤的最大施用量和年施用量。结果表明,重庆市城市污泥中的Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量分别为362.12～725.32mg/kg,69.84～170.22mg/kg,21.25～107.24mg/kg和1.26～4.25mg/kg。污泥中不稳定态Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的比例分别为42.89%～44.74%,2.69%～9.45%,0.95%～12.06%和61.05%～79.91%。根据土壤重金属的静态容量,计算出重庆主要旱地土壤紫色土和黄壤城市污泥的一次性最高施用量分别为384.62t/hm2和98.90t/hm2。根据土壤重金属动态容量,以15、20、50为年限,计算出的城市污泥的年施用量,紫色土为66.10,60.91和55.71t/(hm2·a),黄壤为30.32,28.99和27.53t/(hm2·a)。根据作物的需氮量计算城市污泥的年施用量为3.04～6.40t/(hm2·a),该施用量低于根据土壤环境的动态容量计算的施用量,按此用量施用城市污泥更安全。     

典型河源区畜禽粪便农田施用的环境承载力研究

畜禽粪便作为农业面源污染的主要来源之一,对农田土壤质量及河源区水质安全存在严重威胁.本研究选取东辽河源区东辽县畜禽粪便为研究对象,通过分析其重金属与典型抗生素与产生特征,阐明了畜禽粪便农田施用的环境承载力及应对措施.结果表明:畜禽粪便中重金属Cu、Zn含量最高,四环素类抗生素中金霉素残留最高,猪粪中含量高于鸡粪和牛粪....     

中国农业规划环境影响评价指标体系建立

当前中国农业可持续发展面临资源约束趋紧和环境污染加剧的双重压力。农业规划环境影响评价是从源头上控制农业污染、协调环境与农业可持续发展的重要手段,农业规划环境影响评价适用范围划分和指标体系构建是开展农业规划环境影响评价的重要基础性工作。在系统梳理现有研究成果的基础上,采用基本指标体系模式法、专家咨询法和实例验证法,确定了环境影响评价的适用范围及指标体系,提出了将占比最大、影响最直接的县级农业规划纳入到规划环境影响评价范围的建议;构建了种植业和畜牧业两大产业规划环境影响评价指标体系,大大简化了农业规划环评的指标体系,提高了农业规划环评的可操作性,将为推进中国农业规划环境影响评价工作提供有力的技术支撑。     

基于两层土壤计算模式的农业干旱风险评估模型

在分析总结当前农业干旱评估模型的基础上,利用“土壤-作物-大气连续体”理论,建立起水分运动的两层土壤计算模式,对作物蒸散量的变化规律进行描述。在此基础上,从作物受旱程度和产量损失关系出发,借助作物水分生产函数,并综合考虑各作物的权重,建立起农业干旱风险评估的静态、动态模型。实例表明,这些模型与传统模型相比,不仅适用于未来各种时间尺度下的干旱程度风险评估,而且能够提供出产量损失的信息,有较高的推广应用价值。     

华北农业高产粮区地下水硝酸盐污染环境价值损失评估技术研究——以山东省桓台县为例

应用人力资本法、防护支出法和支付意愿调查法评估了华北高产粮区桓台县地下水农业面源硝酸盐污染的环境经济损失,并分析了不同评估技术对农业面源硝酸盐污染地下水环境价值损失评估的适用性,其适用性优先序为防护支出法的深井工程法>脱硝工程法≥人力资本法>支付意愿调查法。2 0 0 2年该县由农业地下水硝酸盐污染造成的年环境价值损失约为880万元(86 0 .8～1170 .1万元/浕) ,占当年农业总产值的1.1%～1.5 %。